A global spherical Fourier-Legendre spectral element method is proposed to solve Poisson equations and advective flow over a sphere. In the meridional direction, Legendre polynomials are used and the region is divided...A global spherical Fourier-Legendre spectral element method is proposed to solve Poisson equations and advective flow over a sphere. In the meridional direction, Legendre polynomials are used and the region is divided into several elements. In order to avoid coordinate singularities at the north and south poles in the meridional direction, Legendre-Gauss-Radau points are chosen at the elements involving the two poles. Fourier polynomials are applied in the zonal direction for its periodicity, with only one element. Then, the partial differential equations are solved on the longitude-latitude meshes without coordinate transformation between spherical and Cartesian coordinates. For verification of the proposed method, a few Poisson equations and advective flows are tested. Firstly, the method is found to be valid for test cases with smooth solution. The results of the Poisson equations demonstrate that the present method exhibits high accuracy and exponential convergence. High- precision solutions are also obtained with near negligible numerical diffusion during the time evolution for advective flow with smooth shape. Secondly, the results of advective flow with non-smooth shape and deformational flow are also shown to be reasonable and effective. As a result, the present method is proved to be capable of solving flow through different types of elements, and thereby a desirable method with reliability and high accuracy for solving partial differential equations over a sphere.展开更多
To achieve the Paris Agreement,China pledged to become“Carbon Neutral”by the 2060s.In addition to massive decarbonization,this would require significant changes in ecosystems toward negative CO_(2)emissions.The abil...To achieve the Paris Agreement,China pledged to become“Carbon Neutral”by the 2060s.In addition to massive decarbonization,this would require significant changes in ecosystems toward negative CO_(2)emissions.The ability of coastal blue carbon ecosystems(BCEs),including mangrove,salt marsh,and seagrass meadows,to sequester large amounts of CO_(2)makes their conservation and restoration an important“nature-based solution(NbS)”for climate adaptation and mitigation.In this review,we examine how BCEs in China can contribute to climate mitigation.On the national scale,the BCEs in China store up to 118 Tg C across a total area of 1,440,377 ha,including over 75%as unvegetated tidal flats.The annual sedimental C burial of these BCEs reaches up to 2.06 Tg C year^(−1),of which most occurs in salt marshes and tidal flats.The lateral C flux of mangroves and salt marshes contributes to 1.17 Tg C year^(−1)along the Chinese coastline.Conservation and restoration of BCEs benefit climate change mitigation and provide other ecological services with a value of$32,000 ha^(−1)year^(−1).The potential practices and technologies that can be implemented in China to improve BCE C sequestration,including their constraints and feasibility,are also outlined.Future directions are suggested to improve blue carbon estimates on aerial extent,carbon stocks,sequestration,and mitigation potential.Restoring and preserving BCEs would be a cost-effective step to achieve Carbon Neutral by 2060 in China despite various barriers that should be removed.展开更多
Correction to:Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-024-01934-w,published online 21 August 2024 After online publication of the Article,1 the authors received feedback from a reader t...Correction to:Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-024-01934-w,published online 21 August 2024 After online publication of the Article,1 the authors received feedback from a reader that an inadvertent error was found on earlier understanding on the organizing principle of common beta cytokine signaling.A recent study published in the journal Molecular Cell updates our understanding of the hexameric structural model of theβc family cytokine-receptor complex signaling transduction.2 Unfortunately,we did not catch these new findings during the revision of our manuscript.Here,we update Fig.4 and its legend of the original Article and correct the related descriptions of theβc family cytokine signaling model in the main text.These corrections did not affect any of our key conclusions presented in the original Article.We apologize for any inconvenience this has caused.The original Article has been corrected.展开更多
Coastal blue carbon refers to the carbon taken from atmospheric CO2; fixed by advanced plants(including salt marsh,mangrove, and seagrass), phytoplankton, macroalgae, and marine calcifiers via the interaction of plant...Coastal blue carbon refers to the carbon taken from atmospheric CO2; fixed by advanced plants(including salt marsh,mangrove, and seagrass), phytoplankton, macroalgae, and marine calcifiers via the interaction of plants and microbes; and stored in nearshore sediments and soils; as well as the carbon transported from the coast to the ocean and ocean floor. The carbon sequestration capacity per unit area of coastal blue carbon is far greater than that of the terrestrial carbon pool. The mechanisms and controls of the carbon sink from salt marshes, mangroves, seagrasses, the aquaculture of shellfish and macroalgae, and the microbial carbon pump need to be further studied. The methods to quantify coastal blue carbon include carbon flux measurements, carbon pool measurements, manipulative experiments, and modeling. Restoring, conserving, and enhancing blue carbon will increase carbon sinks and produce carbon credits, which could be traded on the carbon market. The need to tackle climate change and implement China's commitment to cut carbon emissions requires us to improve studies on coastal blue carbon science and policy. The knowledge learned from coastal blue carbon improves the conservation and restoration of salt marshes,mangroves, and seagrasses; enhances the function of the microbial carbon pump; and promotes sustainable aquaculture, such as ocean ranching.展开更多
Mangrove reforestation with introduced species has been an important strategy to restore mangrove ecosystem functioning.However,how such activities affect microbially driven methane(CH4),nitrogen(N),and sulfur(S)cycli...Mangrove reforestation with introduced species has been an important strategy to restore mangrove ecosystem functioning.However,how such activities affect microbially driven methane(CH4),nitrogen(N),and sulfur(S)cycling of rhizosphere microbiomes remains unclear.To understand the effect of environmental selection and the evolutionary process on microbially driven biogeochemical cycles in native and introduced mangrove rhizospheres,we analyzed key genomic and functional profiles of rhizosphere microbiomes from native and introduced mangrove species by metagenome sequencing technologies.Compared with the native mangrove(Kandelia obovata,KO),the introduced mangrove(Sonneratia apetala,SA)rhizosphere microbiome had significantly(p<0.05)higher average genome size(AGS)(5.8 vs.5.5 Mb),average 16S ribosomal RNA gene copy number(3.5 vs.3.1),relative abundances of mobile genetic elements,and functional diversity in terms of the Shannon index(7.88 vs.7.84)but lower functional potentials involved in CH4 cycling(e.g.,mcrABCDG and pmoABC),N2 fixation(nifHDK),and inorganic S cycling(dsrAB,dsrC,dsrMKJOP,soxB,sqr,and fccAB).Similar results were also observed from the recovered Proteobacterial metagenome-assembled genomes with a higher AGS and distinct functions in the introduced mangrove rhizosphere.Additionally,salinity and ammonium were identified as the main environmental drivers of functional profiles of mangrove rhizosphere microbiomes through deterministic processes.This study advances our understanding of microbially mediated biogeochemical cycling of CH_(4),N,and S in the mangrove rhizosphere and provides novel insights into the influence of environmental selection and evolutionary processes on ecosystem functions,which has important implications for future mangrove reforestation.展开更多
Various systems and technologies have been developed in recent years to fulfil the growing needs of high-performance HVAC systems with better performance of energy efficiency,thermal comfort,and occupancy health.Inten...Various systems and technologies have been developed in recent years to fulfil the growing needs of high-performance HVAC systems with better performance of energy efficiency,thermal comfort,and occupancy health.Intensified conditioning of human occupied areas and less intensified conditioning of surrounding areas are able to effectively improve the overall satisfaction by individual control of personalized micro-environments and also,achieve maximum energy efficiency.Four main concepts have been identified chronologically through the devel-opment of personal environmental conditioning,changing the intensified conditioning area closer to the human body and enhancing conditioning efforts,namely the task ambient conditioning(TAC)system,personal envi-ronmental control system(PECS),personal comfort system(PCS),and the personal thermal management(PTM)system.This review follows a clue of the concept progress and system evaluation,summarizes important findings and feasible applications,current gaps as well as future research needs.展开更多
Sulfur(S)is an essential biological element,and S cycling is mainly driven by metabolically versatile microorganisms.The river–wetland–ocean(RWO)continuum here is defined as the dynamically connected region with est...Sulfur(S)is an essential biological element,and S cycling is mainly driven by metabolically versatile microorganisms.The river–wetland–ocean(RWO)continuum here is defined as the dynamically connected region with estuary,wetland,and near-marine ecosystems,and it is considered a hotspot of biogeochemical cycling,especially a major biotope for S cycling.Various forms and oxidation states of S compounds are considered ideal electron donors or acceptors and are widely utilized by microorganisms via inorganic or organic S-cycling processes.The S-cycling pathways are intimately linked to the carbon(C),nitrogen,phosphorus,and metal cycles,playing crucial roles in biogeochemical cycling,C sequestration,and greenhouse gas emissions through various mechanisms in the RWO continuum.This review provides a comprehensive understanding of microbially driven S cycling in the RWO continuum.We first illustrate the importance of S cycling in this continuum,including key microorganisms and functional processes(e.g.,dissimilatory sulfate reduction,S oxidation,dimethylsulfoniopropionate production,and catabolism)as well as their corresponding S flux characteristics.In particular,we emphasize recent advances in the coupling mechanisms of the S cycle with other major element cycles.We further propose important perspectives for developing microbiome engineering of S-cycling microbial communities via integration of current knowledge about the multidimensional diversity,cultivation,evolution,and interaction of S-cycling microorganisms and their coupling mechanisms in the RWO continuum,providing a new window on applying microbiome-based biotechnologies to overcome global climate challenges.展开更多
Aims Forest disturbance from extreme weather events due to climate change could increase the contribution of fresh green leaves to the litter layer of soil and subsequently alter the composition and activity of the so...Aims Forest disturbance from extreme weather events due to climate change could increase the contribution of fresh green leaves to the litter layer of soil and subsequently alter the composition and activity of the soil microbial properties and soil carbon cycling.The objective of this study was to compare the effect of naturally fallen litter and fresh leaves on the soil microbial community composition and their activities.Methods Fresh leaves and normal fallen litter were collected from four tree species(Pinus elliottii,Schima superba,Acacia mangium,A.auriculaeformis)in subtropical China and mixed with soil.Soil microbial community composition was determined using PLFAs,and its activity was quantified by soil respiration.During a 12-month period,the decomposition rate of litter was measured bimonthly using a litterbag method.Soil microbial samples were collected after 6 and 12 months.Soil respiration was measured monthly.Important Findings We found that fresh leaves decomposed faster than their conspecific fallen litter.Although total microbial biomass and bacterial biomass were similar among treatments,soil fungal biomass was higher in fresh leaf than fallen litter treatments,resulting in greater values of the Fungal phospholipid fatty acids(PLFAs)/Bacterial PLFAs ratio.Fungal PLFA values were greater for Schima superba than the other species.The effect of litter type on soil respiration was species-dependent.Specifically,fallen litter released 35%more CO_(2) than fresh leaves of the conifer P.elliottii.The opposite pattern was observed in the broadleaf species whose fresh leaf treatments emitted 17%–32%more CO_(2) than fallen litter.Given future predictions that global climate change will cause more disturbances to forests,these results indicate that conifer and broadleaf forests in subtropical China may respond differently to increased fresh litter inputs,with net soil microbial respiration decreasing in conifer forests and increasing in broadleaf forests.展开更多
The Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription(JAK-STAT)pathway serves as a paradigm for signal transduction from the extracellular environment to the nucleus.It plays a pivotal role in physiologica...The Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription(JAK-STAT)pathway serves as a paradigm for signal transduction from the extracellular environment to the nucleus.It plays a pivotal role in physiological functions,such as hematopoiesis,immune balance,tissue homeostasis,and surveillance against tumors.Dysregulation of this pathway may lead to various disease conditions such as immune deficiencies,autoimmune diseases,hematologic disorders,and cancer.Due to its critical role in maintaining human health and involvement in disease,extensive studies have been conducted on this pathway,ranging from basic research to medical applications.Advances in the structural biology of this pathway have enabled us to gain insights into how the signaling cascade operates at the molecular level,laying the groundwork for therapeutic development targeting this pathway.Various strategies have been developed to restore its normal function,with promising therapeutic potential.Enhanced comprehension of these molecular mechanisms,combined with advances in protein engineering methodologies,has allowed us to engineer cytokines with tailored properties for targeted therapeutic applications,thereby enhancing their efficiency and safety.In this review,we outline the structural basis that governs key nodes in this pathway,offering a comprehensive overview of the signal transduction process.Furthermore,we explore recent advances in cytokine engineering for therapeutic development in this pathway.展开更多
基金supported by the Shandong Post-Doctoral Innovation Fund(Grant No.201303064)the Qingdao Post-Doctoral Application Research Project+1 种基金the National Basic Research(973) Program of China(Grant No.2012CB417402 and 2010CB950402)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41176017)
文摘A global spherical Fourier-Legendre spectral element method is proposed to solve Poisson equations and advective flow over a sphere. In the meridional direction, Legendre polynomials are used and the region is divided into several elements. In order to avoid coordinate singularities at the north and south poles in the meridional direction, Legendre-Gauss-Radau points are chosen at the elements involving the two poles. Fourier polynomials are applied in the zonal direction for its periodicity, with only one element. Then, the partial differential equations are solved on the longitude-latitude meshes without coordinate transformation between spherical and Cartesian coordinates. For verification of the proposed method, a few Poisson equations and advective flows are tested. Firstly, the method is found to be valid for test cases with smooth solution. The results of the Poisson equations demonstrate that the present method exhibits high accuracy and exponential convergence. High- precision solutions are also obtained with near negligible numerical diffusion during the time evolution for advective flow with smooth shape. Secondly, the results of advective flow with non-smooth shape and deformational flow are also shown to be reasonable and effective. As a result, the present method is proved to be capable of solving flow through different types of elements, and thereby a desirable method with reliability and high accuracy for solving partial differential equations over a sphere.
基金CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(YSBR-037)ANSO collaborative research(ANSO-CR-KP-2022-11)+4 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2106209,42141003,42141016,and 32171594)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2021B1515020011 and 2021B1212110004)CAS Youth Innovation Promotion Association(2021347)National Forestry and Grassland Administration Youth Talent Support Program(2020BJ003)R&D program of Guangdong Provincial Department of Science and Technology(2018B030324003).
文摘To achieve the Paris Agreement,China pledged to become“Carbon Neutral”by the 2060s.In addition to massive decarbonization,this would require significant changes in ecosystems toward negative CO_(2)emissions.The ability of coastal blue carbon ecosystems(BCEs),including mangrove,salt marsh,and seagrass meadows,to sequester large amounts of CO_(2)makes their conservation and restoration an important“nature-based solution(NbS)”for climate adaptation and mitigation.In this review,we examine how BCEs in China can contribute to climate mitigation.On the national scale,the BCEs in China store up to 118 Tg C across a total area of 1,440,377 ha,including over 75%as unvegetated tidal flats.The annual sedimental C burial of these BCEs reaches up to 2.06 Tg C year^(−1),of which most occurs in salt marshes and tidal flats.The lateral C flux of mangroves and salt marshes contributes to 1.17 Tg C year^(−1)along the Chinese coastline.Conservation and restoration of BCEs benefit climate change mitigation and provide other ecological services with a value of$32,000 ha^(−1)year^(−1).The potential practices and technologies that can be implemented in China to improve BCE C sequestration,including their constraints and feasibility,are also outlined.Future directions are suggested to improve blue carbon estimates on aerial extent,carbon stocks,sequestration,and mitigation potential.Restoring and preserving BCEs would be a cost-effective step to achieve Carbon Neutral by 2060 in China despite various barriers that should be removed.
文摘Correction to:Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-024-01934-w,published online 21 August 2024 After online publication of the Article,1 the authors received feedback from a reader that an inadvertent error was found on earlier understanding on the organizing principle of common beta cytokine signaling.A recent study published in the journal Molecular Cell updates our understanding of the hexameric structural model of theβc family cytokine-receptor complex signaling transduction.2 Unfortunately,we did not catch these new findings during the revision of our manuscript.Here,we update Fig.4 and its legend of the original Article and correct the related descriptions of theβc family cytokine signaling model in the main text.These corrections did not affect any of our key conclusions presented in the original Article.We apologize for any inconvenience this has caused.The original Article has been corrected.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Overseas and Hong Kong-Macao Scholars Collaborative Research Fund(Grant No.31728003)the Shanghai University Distinguished Professor(Oriental Scholars)Program(Grant No.JZ2016006)
文摘Coastal blue carbon refers to the carbon taken from atmospheric CO2; fixed by advanced plants(including salt marsh,mangrove, and seagrass), phytoplankton, macroalgae, and marine calcifiers via the interaction of plants and microbes; and stored in nearshore sediments and soils; as well as the carbon transported from the coast to the ocean and ocean floor. The carbon sequestration capacity per unit area of coastal blue carbon is far greater than that of the terrestrial carbon pool. The mechanisms and controls of the carbon sink from salt marshes, mangroves, seagrasses, the aquaculture of shellfish and macroalgae, and the microbial carbon pump need to be further studied. The methods to quantify coastal blue carbon include carbon flux measurements, carbon pool measurements, manipulative experiments, and modeling. Restoring, conserving, and enhancing blue carbon will increase carbon sinks and produce carbon credits, which could be traded on the carbon market. The need to tackle climate change and implement China's commitment to cut carbon emissions requires us to improve studies on coastal blue carbon science and policy. The knowledge learned from coastal blue carbon improves the conservation and restoration of salt marshes,mangroves, and seagrasses; enhances the function of the microbial carbon pump; and promotes sustainable aquaculture, such as ocean ranching.
基金supported by the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)(SML2020SP004)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91951207,32100077,31770539,31870469,42177011,41676105,41771095,62170346)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2021M703751).
文摘Mangrove reforestation with introduced species has been an important strategy to restore mangrove ecosystem functioning.However,how such activities affect microbially driven methane(CH4),nitrogen(N),and sulfur(S)cycling of rhizosphere microbiomes remains unclear.To understand the effect of environmental selection and the evolutionary process on microbially driven biogeochemical cycles in native and introduced mangrove rhizospheres,we analyzed key genomic and functional profiles of rhizosphere microbiomes from native and introduced mangrove species by metagenome sequencing technologies.Compared with the native mangrove(Kandelia obovata,KO),the introduced mangrove(Sonneratia apetala,SA)rhizosphere microbiome had significantly(p<0.05)higher average genome size(AGS)(5.8 vs.5.5 Mb),average 16S ribosomal RNA gene copy number(3.5 vs.3.1),relative abundances of mobile genetic elements,and functional diversity in terms of the Shannon index(7.88 vs.7.84)but lower functional potentials involved in CH4 cycling(e.g.,mcrABCDG and pmoABC),N2 fixation(nifHDK),and inorganic S cycling(dsrAB,dsrC,dsrMKJOP,soxB,sqr,and fccAB).Similar results were also observed from the recovered Proteobacterial metagenome-assembled genomes with a higher AGS and distinct functions in the introduced mangrove rhizosphere.Additionally,salinity and ammonium were identified as the main environmental drivers of functional profiles of mangrove rhizosphere microbiomes through deterministic processes.This study advances our understanding of microbially mediated biogeochemical cycling of CH_(4),N,and S in the mangrove rhizosphere and provides novel insights into the influence of environmental selection and evolutionary processes on ecosystem functions,which has important implications for future mangrove reforestation.
文摘Various systems and technologies have been developed in recent years to fulfil the growing needs of high-performance HVAC systems with better performance of energy efficiency,thermal comfort,and occupancy health.Intensified conditioning of human occupied areas and less intensified conditioning of surrounding areas are able to effectively improve the overall satisfaction by individual control of personalized micro-environments and also,achieve maximum energy efficiency.Four main concepts have been identified chronologically through the devel-opment of personal environmental conditioning,changing the intensified conditioning area closer to the human body and enhancing conditioning efforts,namely the task ambient conditioning(TAC)system,personal envi-ronmental control system(PECS),personal comfort system(PCS),and the personal thermal management(PTM)system.This review follows a clue of the concept progress and system evaluation,summarizes important findings and feasible applications,current gaps as well as future research needs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(92251306,91951207,and 321000-77)the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)(SML2020SP004,SML2021SP203,and 311022011)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2021M703751).
文摘Sulfur(S)is an essential biological element,and S cycling is mainly driven by metabolically versatile microorganisms.The river–wetland–ocean(RWO)continuum here is defined as the dynamically connected region with estuary,wetland,and near-marine ecosystems,and it is considered a hotspot of biogeochemical cycling,especially a major biotope for S cycling.Various forms and oxidation states of S compounds are considered ideal electron donors or acceptors and are widely utilized by microorganisms via inorganic or organic S-cycling processes.The S-cycling pathways are intimately linked to the carbon(C),nitrogen,phosphorus,and metal cycles,playing crucial roles in biogeochemical cycling,C sequestration,and greenhouse gas emissions through various mechanisms in the RWO continuum.This review provides a comprehensive understanding of microbially driven S cycling in the RWO continuum.We first illustrate the importance of S cycling in this continuum,including key microorganisms and functional processes(e.g.,dissimilatory sulfate reduction,S oxidation,dimethylsulfoniopropionate production,and catabolism)as well as their corresponding S flux characteristics.In particular,we emphasize recent advances in the coupling mechanisms of the S cycle with other major element cycles.We further propose important perspectives for developing microbiome engineering of S-cycling microbial communities via integration of current knowledge about the multidimensional diversity,cultivation,evolution,and interaction of S-cycling microorganisms and their coupling mechanisms in the RWO continuum,providing a new window on applying microbiome-based biotechnologies to overcome global climate challenges.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42077311 and 41731176)Grantin-Aid for JSPS Postdoctoral Fellowships for Research Abroad(28.601)+1 种基金JSPS KAKENHI(JP19K15879)a grant from the Sumitomo Foundation(153082).
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(30870442)National Basic Research Program of China(2009CB421101 and 2011CB403200)+3 种基金NSFC-Guangdong Joint Project(U1131001)Guangdong Natural Science Foundation(S2011040005712)the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KSCX2-EW-J-28)the‘Strategic Priority Research Program-Climate Change:Carbon Budget and Related Issues’of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA05070307).
文摘Aims Forest disturbance from extreme weather events due to climate change could increase the contribution of fresh green leaves to the litter layer of soil and subsequently alter the composition and activity of the soil microbial properties and soil carbon cycling.The objective of this study was to compare the effect of naturally fallen litter and fresh leaves on the soil microbial community composition and their activities.Methods Fresh leaves and normal fallen litter were collected from four tree species(Pinus elliottii,Schima superba,Acacia mangium,A.auriculaeformis)in subtropical China and mixed with soil.Soil microbial community composition was determined using PLFAs,and its activity was quantified by soil respiration.During a 12-month period,the decomposition rate of litter was measured bimonthly using a litterbag method.Soil microbial samples were collected after 6 and 12 months.Soil respiration was measured monthly.Important Findings We found that fresh leaves decomposed faster than their conspecific fallen litter.Although total microbial biomass and bacterial biomass were similar among treatments,soil fungal biomass was higher in fresh leaf than fallen litter treatments,resulting in greater values of the Fungal phospholipid fatty acids(PLFAs)/Bacterial PLFAs ratio.Fungal PLFA values were greater for Schima superba than the other species.The effect of litter type on soil respiration was species-dependent.Specifically,fallen litter released 35%more CO_(2) than fresh leaves of the conifer P.elliottii.The opposite pattern was observed in the broadleaf species whose fresh leaf treatments emitted 17%–32%more CO_(2) than fallen litter.Given future predictions that global climate change will cause more disturbances to forests,these results indicate that conifer and broadleaf forests in subtropical China may respond differently to increased fresh litter inputs,with net soil microbial respiration decreasing in conifer forests and increasing in broadleaf forests.
基金funded by the XUST seeding grant and a national talent program grant(Grant numbers:2050122039 and 6119924022)funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council(Investigator 2025931)Australian Research Council(Laureate Fellowship FL180100109).
文摘The Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription(JAK-STAT)pathway serves as a paradigm for signal transduction from the extracellular environment to the nucleus.It plays a pivotal role in physiological functions,such as hematopoiesis,immune balance,tissue homeostasis,and surveillance against tumors.Dysregulation of this pathway may lead to various disease conditions such as immune deficiencies,autoimmune diseases,hematologic disorders,and cancer.Due to its critical role in maintaining human health and involvement in disease,extensive studies have been conducted on this pathway,ranging from basic research to medical applications.Advances in the structural biology of this pathway have enabled us to gain insights into how the signaling cascade operates at the molecular level,laying the groundwork for therapeutic development targeting this pathway.Various strategies have been developed to restore its normal function,with promising therapeutic potential.Enhanced comprehension of these molecular mechanisms,combined with advances in protein engineering methodologies,has allowed us to engineer cytokines with tailored properties for targeted therapeutic applications,thereby enhancing their efficiency and safety.In this review,we outline the structural basis that governs key nodes in this pathway,offering a comprehensive overview of the signal transduction process.Furthermore,we explore recent advances in cytokine engineering for therapeutic development in this pathway.
