Soil aggregate stability is a fundamental measure for evaluating soil structure.While numerous tests exist for assessing soil aggregate stability,ultrasonic agitation(UA)is widely recognized for its effectiveness.None...Soil aggregate stability is a fundamental measure for evaluating soil structure.While numerous tests exist for assessing soil aggregate stability,ultrasonic agitation(UA)is widely recognized for its effectiveness.Nonetheless,a significant limitation of UA is the lack of standardized methodologies and stability assessment criteria,resulting in inconsistency and incomparability across studies.Several critical factors influence the assessment of soil aggregate stability,including sample preparation(e.g.,drying,sieving,and settling duration),initial and final aggregate size classes,the definition of final energy form and its calculation,variations in instrumentation and laboratory procedures,and the absence of standardized criteria.Unlike some stability methods,UA produces a broad range of results,with dispersion energy varying significantly(0.5–13440 J g^(-1))across different soil and aggregate types due to divergent procedural settings.These settings encompass factors such as initial power and amplitude,temperature fluctuation,soil/water ratio,probe specification(diameter and insertion depth),and the choice of liquid used during the process.Furthermore,UA faces challenges related to limited reproducibility,raising doubts about its status as a standard stability assessment method.To address these issues,standardization through predefined procedures and stability criteria has the potential to transform UA into a precise and widely accepted method for both qualitative and quantitative assessments of soil stability.In this comprehensive review,we outline the challenges in standardizing UA,elucidate the factors contributing to dispersion energy variation,and offer practical recommendations to establish standardized protocols for UA in soil aggregate stability assessments.展开更多
Salinity poses a significant challenge to global agricultural productivity,impacting plant growth,yield,soil fertility,and the composition of soil microbial communities.Moreover,salinity has a significant impact in sh...Salinity poses a significant challenge to global agricultural productivity,impacting plant growth,yield,soil fertility,and the composition of soil microbial communities.Moreover,salinity has a significant impact in shifting soil microbial communities and their functional profiles.Therefore,we explored and analyzed the intricate relationships among plant-associated microbes/microbiome,including plant growth-promoting bacteria,arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF),archaea,and viruses in alleviating salinity stress in plants.In this review,we have highlighted that salinity stress selectively enhances the growth of certain microbes such as Gammaproteobacteria,Bacteroidetes,Firmicutes,Acidobacteria,Euryarchaeota,Thaumarchaeota,Crenarchaeota,and lysogenic viruses,while decreasing the abundances of others(Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria)and AMF root colonization.These microbes regulate water and nutrient uptake,decrease ionic and osmotic toxicity,enhance the syntheses of antioxidant enzymes(catalase and glutathione S-transferases)and osmolytes(erythrose and galactinol),increase phytohormone(indole-3 acetic acid)production,and activate salinity stress tolerance genes(SOD,APX,and SKOR)in plants.Furthermore,we meticulously examined the significance of soil microbiome and the need for multidisciplinary omics studies on the changes in soil microbiome composition and the relationships of synergistic holobiont in mitigating salinity stress in plants.Such studies will provide insights into the use of microbial components as a sustainable and eco-friendly approach to modulate salinity stress and enhance agricultural productivity.展开更多
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42177299)the Guangdong Province Key Areas Research and Development Plan Project,China—Key Preparation Technology and Application of Green and Efficient Agricultural Input Controlled-Release Materials(No.2023B0202080002)。
文摘Soil aggregate stability is a fundamental measure for evaluating soil structure.While numerous tests exist for assessing soil aggregate stability,ultrasonic agitation(UA)is widely recognized for its effectiveness.Nonetheless,a significant limitation of UA is the lack of standardized methodologies and stability assessment criteria,resulting in inconsistency and incomparability across studies.Several critical factors influence the assessment of soil aggregate stability,including sample preparation(e.g.,drying,sieving,and settling duration),initial and final aggregate size classes,the definition of final energy form and its calculation,variations in instrumentation and laboratory procedures,and the absence of standardized criteria.Unlike some stability methods,UA produces a broad range of results,with dispersion energy varying significantly(0.5–13440 J g^(-1))across different soil and aggregate types due to divergent procedural settings.These settings encompass factors such as initial power and amplitude,temperature fluctuation,soil/water ratio,probe specification(diameter and insertion depth),and the choice of liquid used during the process.Furthermore,UA faces challenges related to limited reproducibility,raising doubts about its status as a standard stability assessment method.To address these issues,standardization through predefined procedures and stability criteria has the potential to transform UA into a precise and widely accepted method for both qualitative and quantitative assessments of soil stability.In this comprehensive review,we outline the challenges in standardizing UA,elucidate the factors contributing to dispersion energy variation,and offer practical recommendations to establish standardized protocols for UA in soil aggregate stability assessments.
基金supported by the Biological Materials Specialized Graduate Program through the Korea Environmental Industry&Technology Institute(KEITI)funded by the Ministry of Environment of Korea,the Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science&Technology Development(No.PJ017033)through the Rural Development Administration of Korea+2 种基金the Regional Researcher Program(No.NRF-2020R1I1A307452212)through the National Research Foundation(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education of Koreathe Korea Basic Science Institute(National Research Facilities and Equipment Center)Grant(No.2021R1A6C101A416)funded by the Ministry of Education through the NGS Core Facility,Kyungpook National University for providing facility for data collection and management。
文摘Salinity poses a significant challenge to global agricultural productivity,impacting plant growth,yield,soil fertility,and the composition of soil microbial communities.Moreover,salinity has a significant impact in shifting soil microbial communities and their functional profiles.Therefore,we explored and analyzed the intricate relationships among plant-associated microbes/microbiome,including plant growth-promoting bacteria,arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF),archaea,and viruses in alleviating salinity stress in plants.In this review,we have highlighted that salinity stress selectively enhances the growth of certain microbes such as Gammaproteobacteria,Bacteroidetes,Firmicutes,Acidobacteria,Euryarchaeota,Thaumarchaeota,Crenarchaeota,and lysogenic viruses,while decreasing the abundances of others(Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria)and AMF root colonization.These microbes regulate water and nutrient uptake,decrease ionic and osmotic toxicity,enhance the syntheses of antioxidant enzymes(catalase and glutathione S-transferases)and osmolytes(erythrose and galactinol),increase phytohormone(indole-3 acetic acid)production,and activate salinity stress tolerance genes(SOD,APX,and SKOR)in plants.Furthermore,we meticulously examined the significance of soil microbiome and the need for multidisciplinary omics studies on the changes in soil microbiome composition and the relationships of synergistic holobiont in mitigating salinity stress in plants.Such studies will provide insights into the use of microbial components as a sustainable and eco-friendly approach to modulate salinity stress and enhance agricultural productivity.
