Distributions of the universe horizon distance and universe horizon volume were investigated in the light of five general cosmic models which were constructed in a previous study. Both distributions increase so slowly...Distributions of the universe horizon distance and universe horizon volume were investigated in the light of five general cosmic models which were constructed in a previous study. Both distributions increase so slowly up to t ≈ 21.5444 Myr, then they start raising very fast up to t ≈ 60 Gyr. Afterwards, they increase again very slowly until t ≈ 124 Gyr. Distributions of mass of radiation, matter and dark energy within the horizon volume of the universe were also studied in the five general cosmic models. The masses of both radiation and matter decrease gradually with time while the mass of dark energy increases. The mass of radiation prevailed in the early universe up to t ≈ 34627.5 - 55916.2 yr, where it becomes equal to the mass of matter. Then the mass of matter dominated until t ≈ 9.4525 - 10.0632 Gyr, where it becomes equal to the mass of dark energy. Thenceforward, the mass of dark energy prevails the universe. The cosmic space becomes approximately matter empty in the so far future of the universe.展开更多
Four Cosmological distances were determined in the light of the closed cosmic model which was presented in a previous study. Each of these distances was obtained in terms of the redshift of an extragalactic object. It...Four Cosmological distances were determined in the light of the closed cosmic model which was presented in a previous study. Each of these distances was obtained in terms of the redshift of an extragalactic object. It is found that the luminosity distance of the extragalactic object in the closed cosmic model, the observed model and model are approximately the same up to z = 0.1535. However, the luminosity distance in the close cosmic model approximately agrees with its value in the observed model up to z = 0.6442. Estimations of the horizon distance of the universe, the total mass and the mass of matter within the horizon distance, the equivalent numbers of the Milky Way-like galaxies and the Coma-like clusters of galaxies to the mass of matter were computed in the closed cosmic model at the present time.展开更多
The universe’s horizon distance and volume are constructed in the closed cosmic model. The universe horizon distance distribution increases constantly for t tme and decreases for t > tme. However, the universe’s ...The universe’s horizon distance and volume are constructed in the closed cosmic model. The universe horizon distance distribution increases constantly for t tme and decreases for t > tme. However, the universe’s horizon volume shows a sudden reduction in the range t = 0.5 Gyr - tme due to the change of the universe space from flat to curved then closed in the interval 15.1261 Gyr ≤ t ≤ tme. On the other hand, this distribution exhibits an abrupt rise in the range t = tme - t* due to the change of the universe space from closed then curved to flat in the interval 39.3822 ≤ t ≤ 40.7521 Gyr. The mass of radiation, matter and dark energy within the horizon volume of the universe are also investigated. These distributions reveal similar noticeable changes as the universe’s horizon volume distribution for the same reasons. The mass of radiation dominates up to t = 53221.5 yr, then the mass of matter becomes larger. Afterwards, both distributions of radiation and matter decrease while the distribution of dark energy rises until t = 10.1007 Gyr, where the mass of dark energy prevails up to t = tme. Hence, the distribution of dark energy reduces until t = 40.2892 Gyr, where the mass of matter becomes prominent again. At t = 53.6246 Gyr the masses of both matter and radiation become appreciably high such that the intercluster space will vanish and clusters of galaxies interfere with each other. Furthermore, not only the intergalactic medium will disappear, but also galaxies will collide and merge with each other to form extremely dense and close cosmological bodies. These very dense bodies will undergo further successive collisions and mergers under the action of central gravity, where the interstellar medium will vanish and the universe would develop to big crunch at tbc = 53.6251 Gyr. It is interesting to note that the horizon distance of the universe in the closed model at t = tme is in very good agreement with the maximum horizon distances in the five general cosmic models.展开更多
Four cosmological distances were investigated in the light of the five general cosmic models which were developed in a previous study. These are the proper distance, luminosity distance, angular diameter distance and ...Four cosmological distances were investigated in the light of the five general cosmic models which were developed in a previous study. These are the proper distance, luminosity distance, angular diameter distance and distance modulus. Each of these distances was studied in terms of the redshift of the extragalactic objects. Estimations of the horizon distance of the universe, the total mass and the mass of matter within the horizon distance, the equivalent numbers of the Milky Way-like galaxies and the Coma-like clusters of galaxies to the mass of matter were determined in the general models at the present time.展开更多
A closed model of the universe was constructed according to the assumption that very minor fraction of the dark energy transfers so slowly to matter and radiation. The cosmological parameter is no longer fixed but rep...A closed model of the universe was constructed according to the assumption that very minor fraction of the dark energy transfers so slowly to matter and radiation. The cosmological parameter is no longer fixed but represents so slowly decreasing function with time. In this model the universe expands to maximum limit at tme = 26.81253 Gyr, then it will contract to a big crunch at tbc = 53.6251 Gyr. Observational tests to the closed cosmic model were illustrated. Distributions of the universe expansion and contraction speed established in this model which indicated that the expansion speed in the early universe is appreciably high, then it will decrease rapidly until it vanishes at tme. However, the contraction speed of the universe increases continuously until the time just before tbe. Distributions of the universe expansion and contraction acceleration were performed empirically which confirmed the previous result were performed empirically. In the closed cosmic model the universe history can be categorized into six main stages, these are the first radiation epoch, the first matter epoch, the first dark energy epoch, the last dark energy epoch, the last matter epoch and the last radiation epoch. Distributions of the density parameters of the radiation, matter, dark energy and the total density as well as the distributions of temperature of the radiation and non-relativistic matter were all investigated in this model at all epochs of the universe.展开更多
文摘Distributions of the universe horizon distance and universe horizon volume were investigated in the light of five general cosmic models which were constructed in a previous study. Both distributions increase so slowly up to t ≈ 21.5444 Myr, then they start raising very fast up to t ≈ 60 Gyr. Afterwards, they increase again very slowly until t ≈ 124 Gyr. Distributions of mass of radiation, matter and dark energy within the horizon volume of the universe were also studied in the five general cosmic models. The masses of both radiation and matter decrease gradually with time while the mass of dark energy increases. The mass of radiation prevailed in the early universe up to t ≈ 34627.5 - 55916.2 yr, where it becomes equal to the mass of matter. Then the mass of matter dominated until t ≈ 9.4525 - 10.0632 Gyr, where it becomes equal to the mass of dark energy. Thenceforward, the mass of dark energy prevails the universe. The cosmic space becomes approximately matter empty in the so far future of the universe.
文摘Four Cosmological distances were determined in the light of the closed cosmic model which was presented in a previous study. Each of these distances was obtained in terms of the redshift of an extragalactic object. It is found that the luminosity distance of the extragalactic object in the closed cosmic model, the observed model and model are approximately the same up to z = 0.1535. However, the luminosity distance in the close cosmic model approximately agrees with its value in the observed model up to z = 0.6442. Estimations of the horizon distance of the universe, the total mass and the mass of matter within the horizon distance, the equivalent numbers of the Milky Way-like galaxies and the Coma-like clusters of galaxies to the mass of matter were computed in the closed cosmic model at the present time.
文摘The universe’s horizon distance and volume are constructed in the closed cosmic model. The universe horizon distance distribution increases constantly for t tme and decreases for t > tme. However, the universe’s horizon volume shows a sudden reduction in the range t = 0.5 Gyr - tme due to the change of the universe space from flat to curved then closed in the interval 15.1261 Gyr ≤ t ≤ tme. On the other hand, this distribution exhibits an abrupt rise in the range t = tme - t* due to the change of the universe space from closed then curved to flat in the interval 39.3822 ≤ t ≤ 40.7521 Gyr. The mass of radiation, matter and dark energy within the horizon volume of the universe are also investigated. These distributions reveal similar noticeable changes as the universe’s horizon volume distribution for the same reasons. The mass of radiation dominates up to t = 53221.5 yr, then the mass of matter becomes larger. Afterwards, both distributions of radiation and matter decrease while the distribution of dark energy rises until t = 10.1007 Gyr, where the mass of dark energy prevails up to t = tme. Hence, the distribution of dark energy reduces until t = 40.2892 Gyr, where the mass of matter becomes prominent again. At t = 53.6246 Gyr the masses of both matter and radiation become appreciably high such that the intercluster space will vanish and clusters of galaxies interfere with each other. Furthermore, not only the intergalactic medium will disappear, but also galaxies will collide and merge with each other to form extremely dense and close cosmological bodies. These very dense bodies will undergo further successive collisions and mergers under the action of central gravity, where the interstellar medium will vanish and the universe would develop to big crunch at tbc = 53.6251 Gyr. It is interesting to note that the horizon distance of the universe in the closed model at t = tme is in very good agreement with the maximum horizon distances in the five general cosmic models.
文摘Four cosmological distances were investigated in the light of the five general cosmic models which were developed in a previous study. These are the proper distance, luminosity distance, angular diameter distance and distance modulus. Each of these distances was studied in terms of the redshift of the extragalactic objects. Estimations of the horizon distance of the universe, the total mass and the mass of matter within the horizon distance, the equivalent numbers of the Milky Way-like galaxies and the Coma-like clusters of galaxies to the mass of matter were determined in the general models at the present time.
文摘A closed model of the universe was constructed according to the assumption that very minor fraction of the dark energy transfers so slowly to matter and radiation. The cosmological parameter is no longer fixed but represents so slowly decreasing function with time. In this model the universe expands to maximum limit at tme = 26.81253 Gyr, then it will contract to a big crunch at tbc = 53.6251 Gyr. Observational tests to the closed cosmic model were illustrated. Distributions of the universe expansion and contraction speed established in this model which indicated that the expansion speed in the early universe is appreciably high, then it will decrease rapidly until it vanishes at tme. However, the contraction speed of the universe increases continuously until the time just before tbe. Distributions of the universe expansion and contraction acceleration were performed empirically which confirmed the previous result were performed empirically. In the closed cosmic model the universe history can be categorized into six main stages, these are the first radiation epoch, the first matter epoch, the first dark energy epoch, the last dark energy epoch, the last matter epoch and the last radiation epoch. Distributions of the density parameters of the radiation, matter, dark energy and the total density as well as the distributions of temperature of the radiation and non-relativistic matter were all investigated in this model at all epochs of the universe.
