Wheat is a crucial crop for global food security,and effective in vitro plant regeneration techniques are considered a precondition for genetic engineering in wheat breeding programs.A practical approach for in vitro ...Wheat is a crucial crop for global food security,and effective in vitro plant regeneration techniques are considered a precondition for genetic engineering in wheat breeding programs.A practical approach for in vitro regeneration of the Kirik bread wheat cultivar via somatic embryogenesis was investigated using endospermsupported mature embryos.Callus cultures were initiated from mature embryos supported by endosperm,cultured on phytagel-based Murashige and Skoog(MS)basal mediumcontaining dicamba(12mg/L)and indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)(0.5 mg/L)under dark conditions.This research was designed to examine the impact of putrescine(Put)(0.0 and 1.0 mM)on inducing embryonic callus and the effects of thidiazuron(TDZ)(0.0,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,and 0.5 mg/L)on wheat regeneration.Adding 1.0mM putrescine to MS mediumsignificantly increased(p<0.01)embryogenic callus formation,resulting in a complete(100%)induction rate.Moreover,the highest number of regenerated plants per explant(5.8)was obtained through the synergistic interaction between 1.0 mM putrescine and 0.5 mg/L TDZ.To assess the genetic homogeneity of regenerated plants,10 different inter-simple sequence repeat(ISSR)primers were utilized,revealing a high level of genetic stability.The results of all the applications of a particular plant tissue culture technique showed a level of somaclonal variation within acceptable limits,indicating that the genetic diversity of the plant populations was protectedwithout compromising the desired traits.These improvements offer a promising tool forwheat biotechnology,especially for genetic transformation.展开更多
Plants are continuously exposed to abiotic and biotic stresses that threaten their growth,reproduction,and survival.Adaptation to these stresses requires complex regulatory networks that coordinate physiological,molec...Plants are continuously exposed to abiotic and biotic stresses that threaten their growth,reproduction,and survival.Adaptation to these stresses requires complex regulatory networks that coordinate physiological,molecular,and ecological responses.However,such adaptation often incurs significant costs,including reduced growth,yield penalties,and altered ecological interactions.This review systematically synthesizes recent advances published between 2018 and 2025,following PRISMA criteria,on plant responses to abiotic and biotic stressors,with an emphasis on the trade-offs between adaptation and productivity.It also highlights major discrepancies in the literature and discusses strategies for enhancing plant stress tolerance in agriculture.By integrating findings from genomics,transcriptomics,proteomics,and metabolomics,the review categorizes both mechanistic insights and ecological consequences.The findings underscore the need for multi-stress,systems-level,field-based research that connects molecular processes to ecological and agricultural outcomes.Accordingly,critical gaps are identified—particularly the scarcity of multi-stress and field-based studies—and future directions that integrate omics approaches,systems biology,and eco-physiological frameworks are proposed.Understanding the costs of adaptation is essential not only for breeding resilient,high-yielding crops but also for ensuring their successful incorporation into sustainable agricultural practices under changing climate conditions.展开更多
文摘Wheat is a crucial crop for global food security,and effective in vitro plant regeneration techniques are considered a precondition for genetic engineering in wheat breeding programs.A practical approach for in vitro regeneration of the Kirik bread wheat cultivar via somatic embryogenesis was investigated using endospermsupported mature embryos.Callus cultures were initiated from mature embryos supported by endosperm,cultured on phytagel-based Murashige and Skoog(MS)basal mediumcontaining dicamba(12mg/L)and indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)(0.5 mg/L)under dark conditions.This research was designed to examine the impact of putrescine(Put)(0.0 and 1.0 mM)on inducing embryonic callus and the effects of thidiazuron(TDZ)(0.0,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,and 0.5 mg/L)on wheat regeneration.Adding 1.0mM putrescine to MS mediumsignificantly increased(p<0.01)embryogenic callus formation,resulting in a complete(100%)induction rate.Moreover,the highest number of regenerated plants per explant(5.8)was obtained through the synergistic interaction between 1.0 mM putrescine and 0.5 mg/L TDZ.To assess the genetic homogeneity of regenerated plants,10 different inter-simple sequence repeat(ISSR)primers were utilized,revealing a high level of genetic stability.The results of all the applications of a particular plant tissue culture technique showed a level of somaclonal variation within acceptable limits,indicating that the genetic diversity of the plant populations was protectedwithout compromising the desired traits.These improvements offer a promising tool forwheat biotechnology,especially for genetic transformation.
文摘Plants are continuously exposed to abiotic and biotic stresses that threaten their growth,reproduction,and survival.Adaptation to these stresses requires complex regulatory networks that coordinate physiological,molecular,and ecological responses.However,such adaptation often incurs significant costs,including reduced growth,yield penalties,and altered ecological interactions.This review systematically synthesizes recent advances published between 2018 and 2025,following PRISMA criteria,on plant responses to abiotic and biotic stressors,with an emphasis on the trade-offs between adaptation and productivity.It also highlights major discrepancies in the literature and discusses strategies for enhancing plant stress tolerance in agriculture.By integrating findings from genomics,transcriptomics,proteomics,and metabolomics,the review categorizes both mechanistic insights and ecological consequences.The findings underscore the need for multi-stress,systems-level,field-based research that connects molecular processes to ecological and agricultural outcomes.Accordingly,critical gaps are identified—particularly the scarcity of multi-stress and field-based studies—and future directions that integrate omics approaches,systems biology,and eco-physiological frameworks are proposed.Understanding the costs of adaptation is essential not only for breeding resilient,high-yielding crops but also for ensuring their successful incorporation into sustainable agricultural practices under changing climate conditions.
