Cancers are highly complex diseases that are characterized by not only the overgrowth of malignant cells but also an altered immune response.The inhibition and reprogramming of the immune system play critical roles in...Cancers are highly complex diseases that are characterized by not only the overgrowth of malignant cells but also an altered immune response.The inhibition and reprogramming of the immune system play critical roles in tumor initiation and progression.Immunotherapy aims to reactivate antitumor immune cells and overcome the immune escape mechanisms of tumors.Represented by immune checkpoint blockade and adoptive cell transfer,tumor immunotherapy has seen tremendous success in the clinic,with the capability to induce long-term regression of some tumors that are refractory to all other treatments.Among them,immune checkpoint blocking therapy,represented by PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors(nivolumab)and CTLA-4 inhibitors(ipilimumab),has shown encouraging therapeutic effects in the treatment of various malignant tumors,such as non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)and melanoma.In addition,with the advent of CAR-T,CAR-M and other novel immunotherapy methods,immunotherapy has entered a new era.At present,evidence indicates that the combination of multiple immunotherapy methods may be one way to improve the therapeutic effect.However,the overall clinical response rate of tumor immunotherapy still needs improvement,which warrants the development of novel therapeutic designs as well as the discovery of biomarkers that can guide the prescription of these agents.Learning from the past success and failure of both clinical and basic research is critical for the rational design of studies in the future.In this article,we describe the efforts to manipulate the immune system against cancer and discuss different targets and cell types that can be exploited to promote the antitumor immune response.展开更多
Flexible dielectric composites with high permittivity have been extensively studied due to their potential applications in highdensity energy capacitors.In this review,effects of interface characteristics on the diele...Flexible dielectric composites with high permittivity have been extensively studied due to their potential applications in highdensity energy capacitors.In this review,effects of interface characteristics on the dielectric properties in the polymer-based nanocomposites with high permittivity are analyzed.The polymer-based dielectric composites are classified into two types:dielectric–dielectric(DD,ceramic particle-polymer)composites and conductor–dielectric(CD,conductive particle-polymer)composites.It is highly desirable for the dielectric–dielectric composites to exhibit high permittivity at low content of ceramic particles,which requires a remarkable interface interaction existing in the composite.For conductor–dielectric composites,a high permittivity can be achieved in composite with a small amount of conductor particle,but associated with a high loss.In this case,the interface between conductor and polymer with a good insulating characteristic is very important.Different methods can be used to modify the surface of ceramic/conductor particles before these particles are dispersed into polymers.The experimental results are summarized on how to design and make the desirable interface,and recent achievements in the development of these nanocomposites are presented.The challenges facing the fundamental understanding on the role of interface in high-permittivity polymer nanocomposites should be paid a more attention.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2019YFC1315701 to Y.S.)sponsored by National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital&Shenzhen Hospital,Chinese Academic of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College,Shenzhen(SZ2020ZD004,E010121002)+2 种基金supported by Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen(No.SZSM201812062,No.SZSM201612097)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(KCXFZ20201221173008022)Shenzhen Key Medical Discipline Construction Fund(No.SZXK075).
文摘Cancers are highly complex diseases that are characterized by not only the overgrowth of malignant cells but also an altered immune response.The inhibition and reprogramming of the immune system play critical roles in tumor initiation and progression.Immunotherapy aims to reactivate antitumor immune cells and overcome the immune escape mechanisms of tumors.Represented by immune checkpoint blockade and adoptive cell transfer,tumor immunotherapy has seen tremendous success in the clinic,with the capability to induce long-term regression of some tumors that are refractory to all other treatments.Among them,immune checkpoint blocking therapy,represented by PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors(nivolumab)and CTLA-4 inhibitors(ipilimumab),has shown encouraging therapeutic effects in the treatment of various malignant tumors,such as non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)and melanoma.In addition,with the advent of CAR-T,CAR-M and other novel immunotherapy methods,immunotherapy has entered a new era.At present,evidence indicates that the combination of multiple immunotherapy methods may be one way to improve the therapeutic effect.However,the overall clinical response rate of tumor immunotherapy still needs improvement,which warrants the development of novel therapeutic designs as well as the discovery of biomarkers that can guide the prescription of these agents.Learning from the past success and failure of both clinical and basic research is critical for the rational design of studies in the future.In this article,we describe the efforts to manipulate the immune system against cancer and discuss different targets and cell types that can be exploited to promote the antitumor immune response.
基金supported by NSF of China(Grant No.51377010)NSF of Beijing City(Grant No.2122040)+1 种基金the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(Grant No.2014CB239503)State Key Laboratory of Power System(SKLD11KZ04)in Tsinghua University.
文摘Flexible dielectric composites with high permittivity have been extensively studied due to their potential applications in highdensity energy capacitors.In this review,effects of interface characteristics on the dielectric properties in the polymer-based nanocomposites with high permittivity are analyzed.The polymer-based dielectric composites are classified into two types:dielectric–dielectric(DD,ceramic particle-polymer)composites and conductor–dielectric(CD,conductive particle-polymer)composites.It is highly desirable for the dielectric–dielectric composites to exhibit high permittivity at low content of ceramic particles,which requires a remarkable interface interaction existing in the composite.For conductor–dielectric composites,a high permittivity can be achieved in composite with a small amount of conductor particle,but associated with a high loss.In this case,the interface between conductor and polymer with a good insulating characteristic is very important.Different methods can be used to modify the surface of ceramic/conductor particles before these particles are dispersed into polymers.The experimental results are summarized on how to design and make the desirable interface,and recent achievements in the development of these nanocomposites are presented.The challenges facing the fundamental understanding on the role of interface in high-permittivity polymer nanocomposites should be paid a more attention.
