The star-labelling programme for residential buildings was introduced by India in 2020 and applies to all residential buildings with no lower limit on the built-up area or electrical demand.The energy-star label for a...The star-labelling programme for residential buildings was introduced by India in 2020 and applies to all residential buildings with no lower limit on the built-up area or electrical demand.The energy-star label for a residential building is awarded against the notified standard by the regulatory body and electric vehicles(EVs)have not been accommodated as a load for residential buildings.The en-ergy consumption of an existing residential building is taken from a study already carried out and compared with the requirement of the Indian residential star-labelling programme with an EV as a plugged-in load.An annual energy gap of 6060 kWh for the existing residential buildings considered in this study for five-star building energy labels increases to 7784 kWh if the EV load is added to the building load.The residential building will lose two energy stars if it caters to the EV load and,to bridge this energy gap,the replace-ment of existing electrical appliances with five-star-rated energy appliances,employing grid-connected rooftop solar photovoltaics(PV)and retrofit of the building envelope are considered.The techno-economic potential of rooftop solar PV and building envelope retrofitting for existing residential buildings is explored using RETScreen®and eQUEST software,respectively.The study establishes that the installation of rooftop solar PV can accommodate the additional load of EVs and can bridge half and three-quarters of the energy gap to achieve five energy stars for an existing building with and without EVs,respectively.It is the most economical option among the options explored in this study.The target Energy Performance Index is achievable by high-end energy consumers(12000 kWh/year)by additional measures,the replacement of inefficient electrical appliances and building envelope retrofitting in addition to the installation of rooftop solar PV.展开更多
The paradigm shift towards electric mobility has catalysed a substantial surge in research endeavours aimed at augmenting both the performance,life,and durability of lithium-ion batteries deployed within the confines ...The paradigm shift towards electric mobility has catalysed a substantial surge in research endeavours aimed at augmenting both the performance,life,and durability of lithium-ion batteries deployed within the confines of small electric vehicles.At the crux of this pursuit lies the imperative development of robust battery thermal management systems,indispensable for the meticulous regulation of battery temperature,thereby ensuring seamless operation and bolstering safety protocols.This review paper undertakes a comprehensive synthesis of recent strides achieved in battery thermal management systems for small electric vehicles propelled by lithium-ion batteries.Encompassing a spectrum of methodologies,ranging from passive to active cooling techniques,alongside the incorporation of phase change materials and innovative thermal interface materials,it critically evaluates these strategies.Furthermore,the discourse navigates through the prevailing challenges and charts out prospective trajectories in this domain,poised to foster the evolution of efficient and dependable battery thermal management systems tailored specifically for small electric vehicles.Numerous investigations have focused on the thermal regulation of lithium-ion batteries.Despite the prevalent excitement surrounding small electric vehicles today,the crucial matter of implementing effective battery thermal management systems in small electric vehicles has not received adequate attention,potentially diminishing customer satisfaction with small electric vehicle performance.Thus,the current study aims to delve into the thermal optimization of lithium-ion batteries for small electric vehicles.Initially,the study investigates into discussing design parameters for battery thermal management systems,referencing research conducted on thermal stability,particularly concerning thermal runaway,and the performance of electric vehicles in subzero temperatures regarding battery thermal management systems.Furthermore,the study places emphasis on reviewing and analysing various theoretical and practical heat transfer techniques applied by researchers to lithium-ion batteries to enhance battery thermal management systems.Consequently,the paper’s novel contribution lies in bridging the gap between researchers and manufacturers regarding battery thermal management systems in small electric vehicles,thus propelling innovative battery designs for improved battery thermal management systems in small electric vehicles.展开更多
文摘The star-labelling programme for residential buildings was introduced by India in 2020 and applies to all residential buildings with no lower limit on the built-up area or electrical demand.The energy-star label for a residential building is awarded against the notified standard by the regulatory body and electric vehicles(EVs)have not been accommodated as a load for residential buildings.The en-ergy consumption of an existing residential building is taken from a study already carried out and compared with the requirement of the Indian residential star-labelling programme with an EV as a plugged-in load.An annual energy gap of 6060 kWh for the existing residential buildings considered in this study for five-star building energy labels increases to 7784 kWh if the EV load is added to the building load.The residential building will lose two energy stars if it caters to the EV load and,to bridge this energy gap,the replace-ment of existing electrical appliances with five-star-rated energy appliances,employing grid-connected rooftop solar photovoltaics(PV)and retrofit of the building envelope are considered.The techno-economic potential of rooftop solar PV and building envelope retrofitting for existing residential buildings is explored using RETScreen®and eQUEST software,respectively.The study establishes that the installation of rooftop solar PV can accommodate the additional load of EVs and can bridge half and three-quarters of the energy gap to achieve five energy stars for an existing building with and without EVs,respectively.It is the most economical option among the options explored in this study.The target Energy Performance Index is achievable by high-end energy consumers(12000 kWh/year)by additional measures,the replacement of inefficient electrical appliances and building envelope retrofitting in addition to the installation of rooftop solar PV.
文摘The paradigm shift towards electric mobility has catalysed a substantial surge in research endeavours aimed at augmenting both the performance,life,and durability of lithium-ion batteries deployed within the confines of small electric vehicles.At the crux of this pursuit lies the imperative development of robust battery thermal management systems,indispensable for the meticulous regulation of battery temperature,thereby ensuring seamless operation and bolstering safety protocols.This review paper undertakes a comprehensive synthesis of recent strides achieved in battery thermal management systems for small electric vehicles propelled by lithium-ion batteries.Encompassing a spectrum of methodologies,ranging from passive to active cooling techniques,alongside the incorporation of phase change materials and innovative thermal interface materials,it critically evaluates these strategies.Furthermore,the discourse navigates through the prevailing challenges and charts out prospective trajectories in this domain,poised to foster the evolution of efficient and dependable battery thermal management systems tailored specifically for small electric vehicles.Numerous investigations have focused on the thermal regulation of lithium-ion batteries.Despite the prevalent excitement surrounding small electric vehicles today,the crucial matter of implementing effective battery thermal management systems in small electric vehicles has not received adequate attention,potentially diminishing customer satisfaction with small electric vehicle performance.Thus,the current study aims to delve into the thermal optimization of lithium-ion batteries for small electric vehicles.Initially,the study investigates into discussing design parameters for battery thermal management systems,referencing research conducted on thermal stability,particularly concerning thermal runaway,and the performance of electric vehicles in subzero temperatures regarding battery thermal management systems.Furthermore,the study places emphasis on reviewing and analysing various theoretical and practical heat transfer techniques applied by researchers to lithium-ion batteries to enhance battery thermal management systems.Consequently,the paper’s novel contribution lies in bridging the gap between researchers and manufacturers regarding battery thermal management systems in small electric vehicles,thus propelling innovative battery designs for improved battery thermal management systems in small electric vehicles.
