This research presents a reputation-based blockchain consensus mechanism called Proof of Intelligent Reputation(PoIR)as an alternative to traditional Proof of Work(PoW).PoIR addresses the limitations of existing reput...This research presents a reputation-based blockchain consensus mechanism called Proof of Intelligent Reputation(PoIR)as an alternative to traditional Proof of Work(PoW).PoIR addresses the limitations of existing reputationbased consensus mechanisms by proposing a more decentralized and fair node selection process.The proposed PoIR consensus combines Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory(BiLSTM)with the Network Entity Reputation Database(NERD)to generate reputation scores for network entities and select authoritative nodes.NERD records network entity profiles based on various sources,i.e.,Warden,Blacklists,DShield,AlienVault Open Threat Exchange(OTX),and MISP(Malware Information Sharing Platform).It summarizes these profile records into a reputation score value.The PoIR consensus mechanism utilizes these reputation scores to select authoritative nodes.The evaluation demonstrates that PoIR exhibits higher centralization resistance than PoS and PoW.Authoritative nodes were selected fairly during the 1000-block proposal round,ensuring a more decentralized blockchain ecosystem.In contrast,malicious nodes successfully monopolized 58%and 32%of transaction processes in PoS and PoW,respectively,but failed to do so in PoIR.The findings also indicate that PoIR offers efficient transaction times of 12 s,outperforms reputation-based consensus such as PoW,and is comparable to reputation-based consensus such as PoS.Furthermore,the model evaluation shows that BiLSTM outperforms other Recurrent Neural Network models,i.e.,BiGRU(Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit),UniLSTM(Unidirectional Long Short-Term Memory),and UniGRU(Unidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit)with 0.022 Root Mean Squared Error(RMSE).This study concludes that the PoIR consensus mechanism is more resistant to centralization than PoS and PoW.Integrating BiLSTM and NERD enhances the fairness and efficiency of blockchain applications.展开更多
This study addresses integrating blockchain technology into lightweight devices,specifically clustered Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs).Integrating blockchain into the WSNs solves the problems of heterogeneity,data inte...This study addresses integrating blockchain technology into lightweight devices,specifically clustered Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs).Integrating blockchain into the WSNs solves the problems of heterogeneity,data integrity,and data confidentiality.However,no blockchain integration considers network lifetime in WSNs.This research focuses on developing a permissioned blockchain system that incorporates a consensus mechanism known as Proof-of-Authority(PoA)within clustered WSNs with two main features.The first feature is to enhance the network lifetime by introducing a rotational selection of block proposers using an Energy-Aware PoA(EAPoA)weighting mechanism.Known as the Multi-Level Blockchain Model(MLBM),the subsequent feature is to create a hierarchical network model within a blockchain network.The MLBM network comprises both local and master blockchains.Each cluster inside a WSN possesses its local blockchain network.In the MLBM,the local blockchain creates a block on the main blockchain by proposing the headers of every 10 blocks to improve data integrity.Each local blockchain has its leader,which can increase block production.The results show that the proposed solution can overcome traditional PoA performance and is suitable for clustered WSNs.In terms of lifetime,the EA-PoA selection method can extend the network lifetime by up to 10%.In addition,the MLBM can increase block production by up to twice each additional cluster compared to a single blockchain network used in traditional PoA.展开更多
基金funded by the Ministry of Education,Culture,Research,and Technology(Kemendikbudristek)of Indonesia under PDD Grant with Grant Number NKB1016/UN2.RST/HKP.05.00/2022.
文摘This research presents a reputation-based blockchain consensus mechanism called Proof of Intelligent Reputation(PoIR)as an alternative to traditional Proof of Work(PoW).PoIR addresses the limitations of existing reputationbased consensus mechanisms by proposing a more decentralized and fair node selection process.The proposed PoIR consensus combines Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory(BiLSTM)with the Network Entity Reputation Database(NERD)to generate reputation scores for network entities and select authoritative nodes.NERD records network entity profiles based on various sources,i.e.,Warden,Blacklists,DShield,AlienVault Open Threat Exchange(OTX),and MISP(Malware Information Sharing Platform).It summarizes these profile records into a reputation score value.The PoIR consensus mechanism utilizes these reputation scores to select authoritative nodes.The evaluation demonstrates that PoIR exhibits higher centralization resistance than PoS and PoW.Authoritative nodes were selected fairly during the 1000-block proposal round,ensuring a more decentralized blockchain ecosystem.In contrast,malicious nodes successfully monopolized 58%and 32%of transaction processes in PoS and PoW,respectively,but failed to do so in PoIR.The findings also indicate that PoIR offers efficient transaction times of 12 s,outperforms reputation-based consensus such as PoW,and is comparable to reputation-based consensus such as PoS.Furthermore,the model evaluation shows that BiLSTM outperforms other Recurrent Neural Network models,i.e.,BiGRU(Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit),UniLSTM(Unidirectional Long Short-Term Memory),and UniGRU(Unidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit)with 0.022 Root Mean Squared Error(RMSE).This study concludes that the PoIR consensus mechanism is more resistant to centralization than PoS and PoW.Integrating BiLSTM and NERD enhances the fairness and efficiency of blockchain applications.
基金The Indonesian Government Scholar-ship PMDSU Grant number NKB-357/UN2.RST/HKP.05.00/2021,Ministry of Research and Technology(BRIN)a UKRI Future Leaders Fellowship(MR/W009560-/1):Digitally Assisted Collective Governance of Smart City Commons-ARTIO.
文摘This study addresses integrating blockchain technology into lightweight devices,specifically clustered Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs).Integrating blockchain into the WSNs solves the problems of heterogeneity,data integrity,and data confidentiality.However,no blockchain integration considers network lifetime in WSNs.This research focuses on developing a permissioned blockchain system that incorporates a consensus mechanism known as Proof-of-Authority(PoA)within clustered WSNs with two main features.The first feature is to enhance the network lifetime by introducing a rotational selection of block proposers using an Energy-Aware PoA(EAPoA)weighting mechanism.Known as the Multi-Level Blockchain Model(MLBM),the subsequent feature is to create a hierarchical network model within a blockchain network.The MLBM network comprises both local and master blockchains.Each cluster inside a WSN possesses its local blockchain network.In the MLBM,the local blockchain creates a block on the main blockchain by proposing the headers of every 10 blocks to improve data integrity.Each local blockchain has its leader,which can increase block production.The results show that the proposed solution can overcome traditional PoA performance and is suitable for clustered WSNs.In terms of lifetime,the EA-PoA selection method can extend the network lifetime by up to 10%.In addition,the MLBM can increase block production by up to twice each additional cluster compared to a single blockchain network used in traditional PoA.
