Microplastics(MPs),defined as plastic fragments smaller than 5 mm in size,have emerged as an environmental concern due to their persistence and widespread presence across ecosystems.They are either purposefully made f...Microplastics(MPs),defined as plastic fragments smaller than 5 mm in size,have emerged as an environmental concern due to their persistence and widespread presence across ecosystems.They are either purposefully made for use in industrial and personal care goods or they are the result of the breakdown of larger plastic components.Once released into the environment,MPs are found not only in marine ecosystems but also in freshwater bodies,soils,and even the atmosphere.Both aquatic and terrestrial animals can consume these particles,which could cause bioaccumulation and possible transmission through the food chain to humans.Their strong adsorption capacity also allows them to carry harmful pollutants,increasing ecological and health risks.This review explores the origin,classification,distribution,and pathways of microplastics in various environmental compartments.It highlights current knowledge gaps in understanding MPs in freshwater and terrestrial systems,which have been less studied compared to marine environments.The review also discusses the possible negative effects on human health,such as toxicity,inflammation,and unidentified long-term consequences.It also looks at how microplastics can get into the human body through food,water,and the air.The assessment highlights the pressing need for more stringent laws,consistent detection techniques,increased public awareness,and a move towards environmentally friendly packaging and materials.A multi-sectoral approach involving researchers,policymakers,industry,and the public is essential to tackle microplastic pollution.This involves identifying major sources,understanding their environmental behaviour,and assessing potential health risks.This review also aims to guide future research and policy development for the effective management of microplastic contamination.展开更多
文摘Microplastics(MPs),defined as plastic fragments smaller than 5 mm in size,have emerged as an environmental concern due to their persistence and widespread presence across ecosystems.They are either purposefully made for use in industrial and personal care goods or they are the result of the breakdown of larger plastic components.Once released into the environment,MPs are found not only in marine ecosystems but also in freshwater bodies,soils,and even the atmosphere.Both aquatic and terrestrial animals can consume these particles,which could cause bioaccumulation and possible transmission through the food chain to humans.Their strong adsorption capacity also allows them to carry harmful pollutants,increasing ecological and health risks.This review explores the origin,classification,distribution,and pathways of microplastics in various environmental compartments.It highlights current knowledge gaps in understanding MPs in freshwater and terrestrial systems,which have been less studied compared to marine environments.The review also discusses the possible negative effects on human health,such as toxicity,inflammation,and unidentified long-term consequences.It also looks at how microplastics can get into the human body through food,water,and the air.The assessment highlights the pressing need for more stringent laws,consistent detection techniques,increased public awareness,and a move towards environmentally friendly packaging and materials.A multi-sectoral approach involving researchers,policymakers,industry,and the public is essential to tackle microplastic pollution.This involves identifying major sources,understanding their environmental behaviour,and assessing potential health risks.This review also aims to guide future research and policy development for the effective management of microplastic contamination.
