INDETERMINATE-DOMAIN proteins(IDDs)are a plant-specific transcription factor family characterized by a conserved ID domain with four zinc finger motifs.Previous studies have demonstrated that IDDs coordinate a diversi...INDETERMINATE-DOMAIN proteins(IDDs)are a plant-specific transcription factor family characterized by a conserved ID domain with four zinc finger motifs.Previous studies have demonstrated that IDDs coordinate a diversity of physiological processes and functions in plant growth and development,including floral transition,plant architecture,seed and root development,and hormone signaling.In this review,we especially summarized the latest knowledge on the functions and working models of IDD members in Arabidopsis,rice,and maize,particularly focusing on their role in the regulatory network of biotic and abiotic environmental responses,such as gravity,temperature,water,and pathogens.Understanding these mechanisms underlying the function of IDD proteins in these processes is important for improving crop yields by manipulating their activity.Overall,the review offers valuable insights into the functions and mechanisms of IDD proteins in plants,providing a foundation for further research and potential applications in agriculture.展开更多
Cellular asymmetry,which represents a fundamental characteristic of cell polarity,is prominently illustrated by the apical-basal localization of PINFORMED(PIN)auxin efflux carriers in Arabidopsis thaliana.Although the...Cellular asymmetry,which represents a fundamental characteristic of cell polarity,is prominently illustrated by the apical-basal localization of PINFORMED(PIN)auxin efflux carriers in Arabidopsis thaliana.Although the maintenance of PIN polarity at the plasma membrane(PM)relies on endomembrane trafficking,the pivotal factors responsible for recruiting PIN proteins to the PM remain largely unknown.In this study,we discover that EXO70G1displays a polarized distribution at the PM in root cells.Acting as a putative subunit of the exocyst complex,which mediates the tethering of exocytic vesicles to the PM,EXO70G1 exhibits continuous recycling foci at the PM,and its dynamic behavior is akin to that of SEC6 and SEC8.Disruption of EXO70G1 and its homolog EXO70G2 in Arabidopsis reduces auxin accumulation and primary root length.Importantly,the recycling of PIN2 from the brefeldin A(BFA)compartment to the PM is compromised,and the abundance of PIN2 at the PM is reduced in the exo70G1 exo70G2 backgrounds.Interestingly,live-cell imaging reveals that the polarity of EXO70G1 is established during cytokinesis,prior to that of PIN2,and is maintained throughout the subsequent phases of cell elongation and differentiation.When the lipid raft was disturbed,the accumulation of EXO70G1 at the PM decreased.Our findings highlight the crucial role of EXO70G1 in root development by providing positional cues that facilitate the recycling efficiency of PIN2 to the PM.展开更多
Plants utilize intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat domain-containing receptors (NLRs) to recognize pathogen effectors and induce a robust defense response named effector-triggered immunity (ETI). The ...Plants utilize intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat domain-containing receptors (NLRs) to recognize pathogen effectors and induce a robust defense response named effector-triggered immunity (ETI). The Arabidopsis NLR protein HOPZ-ACTIVATED RESISTANCE 1 (ZAR1) forms a precomplex with HOPZ-ETI-DEFICIENT 1 (ZED1),a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK) XII-2 subfamily member, to recognize the Pseudomonas syringae effector HopZ1 a. We previously described a dominant mutant of Arabi-dopsis ZED1, zed1-D, which displays temperature-sensitive autoimmunity in a ZAR1-dependent manner. Here, we report that the RLCKs SUPPRESSOR OF ZED1-D1 (SZE1) and SZE2 associate with the ZAR1-ZED1 complex and are required for the ZED7-D-activated autoimmune response and HopZ1a-triggered immunity. We show that SZE1 but not SZE2 has autophosphorylation activity, and that the N-terminal myristoylation of both SZE1 and SZE2 is critical for their plasma membrane localization and ZED1-D-activated autoimmunity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that SZE1 and SZE2 both interact with ZAR1 to form ja functional complex and are required for resistance against P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 ex-pressing HopZIa. We also provide evidence that SZE1 and SZE2 interact with HopZ1a and function together with ZED1 to change the intramolecular interactions of ZAR1, leading to its activation. Taken together, our re-sults reveal SZE1 and SZE2 as critical signaling components of HopZ1a-triggered immunity.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31800225 and 32370363)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2020MC027 and ZR2021QC213).
文摘INDETERMINATE-DOMAIN proteins(IDDs)are a plant-specific transcription factor family characterized by a conserved ID domain with four zinc finger motifs.Previous studies have demonstrated that IDDs coordinate a diversity of physiological processes and functions in plant growth and development,including floral transition,plant architecture,seed and root development,and hormone signaling.In this review,we especially summarized the latest knowledge on the functions and working models of IDD members in Arabidopsis,rice,and maize,particularly focusing on their role in the regulatory network of biotic and abiotic environmental responses,such as gravity,temperature,water,and pathogens.Understanding these mechanisms underlying the function of IDD proteins in these processes is important for improving crop yields by manipulating their activity.Overall,the review offers valuable insights into the functions and mechanisms of IDD proteins in plants,providing a foundation for further research and potential applications in agriculture.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31571467)Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation(ZR2021MC141)。
文摘Cellular asymmetry,which represents a fundamental characteristic of cell polarity,is prominently illustrated by the apical-basal localization of PINFORMED(PIN)auxin efflux carriers in Arabidopsis thaliana.Although the maintenance of PIN polarity at the plasma membrane(PM)relies on endomembrane trafficking,the pivotal factors responsible for recruiting PIN proteins to the PM remain largely unknown.In this study,we discover that EXO70G1displays a polarized distribution at the PM in root cells.Acting as a putative subunit of the exocyst complex,which mediates the tethering of exocytic vesicles to the PM,EXO70G1 exhibits continuous recycling foci at the PM,and its dynamic behavior is akin to that of SEC6 and SEC8.Disruption of EXO70G1 and its homolog EXO70G2 in Arabidopsis reduces auxin accumulation and primary root length.Importantly,the recycling of PIN2 from the brefeldin A(BFA)compartment to the PM is compromised,and the abundance of PIN2 at the PM is reduced in the exo70G1 exo70G2 backgrounds.Interestingly,live-cell imaging reveals that the polarity of EXO70G1 is established during cytokinesis,prior to that of PIN2,and is maintained throughout the subsequent phases of cell elongation and differentiation.When the lipid raft was disturbed,the accumulation of EXO70G1 at the PM decreased.Our findings highlight the crucial role of EXO70G1 in root development by providing positional cues that facilitate the recycling efficiency of PIN2 to the PM.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (31471160)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences PCDB27030102).
文摘Plants utilize intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat domain-containing receptors (NLRs) to recognize pathogen effectors and induce a robust defense response named effector-triggered immunity (ETI). The Arabidopsis NLR protein HOPZ-ACTIVATED RESISTANCE 1 (ZAR1) forms a precomplex with HOPZ-ETI-DEFICIENT 1 (ZED1),a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK) XII-2 subfamily member, to recognize the Pseudomonas syringae effector HopZ1 a. We previously described a dominant mutant of Arabi-dopsis ZED1, zed1-D, which displays temperature-sensitive autoimmunity in a ZAR1-dependent manner. Here, we report that the RLCKs SUPPRESSOR OF ZED1-D1 (SZE1) and SZE2 associate with the ZAR1-ZED1 complex and are required for the ZED7-D-activated autoimmune response and HopZ1a-triggered immunity. We show that SZE1 but not SZE2 has autophosphorylation activity, and that the N-terminal myristoylation of both SZE1 and SZE2 is critical for their plasma membrane localization and ZED1-D-activated autoimmunity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that SZE1 and SZE2 both interact with ZAR1 to form ja functional complex and are required for resistance against P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 ex-pressing HopZIa. We also provide evidence that SZE1 and SZE2 interact with HopZ1a and function together with ZED1 to change the intramolecular interactions of ZAR1, leading to its activation. Taken together, our re-sults reveal SZE1 and SZE2 as critical signaling components of HopZ1a-triggered immunity.
