Badminton is a fast and fun sport.Two or four players can play.One or two players stand on each side of a net.You use a racket to hit a shuttlecock back and forth over the net.You try to hit the shuttlecock so the pla...Badminton is a fast and fun sport.Two or four players can play.One or two players stand on each side of a net.You use a racket to hit a shuttlecock back and forth over the net.You try to hit the shuttlecock so the players on the other side can't hit it back.Badminton makes you move fast and think quickly.Many people play badminton indoors in a gym.Others play outside with friends or family.展开更多
Sepsis, which refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection, represents the leading cause of death in intensive care units. The pathogenesis of sepsis remains poorly understo...Sepsis, which refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection, represents the leading cause of death in intensive care units. The pathogenesis of sepsis remains poorly understood although it is attributable to dysregulated immune responses orchestrated by innate immune cells that sequentially release early(e.g., tumor necrosis factor(TNF), interleukin-1(IL-1), and interferon-γ(IFN-γ) and late(e.g., high mobility group box 1(HMGB1)) pro-inflammatory mediators. As a ubiquitous nuclear protein, HMGB1 can be passively released from pathologically damaged cells, thereby converging infection and injury on commonly dysregulated inflammatory responses. We review evidence that supports extracellular HMGB1 as a late mediator of inflammatory diseases and discuss the potential of several Chinese herbal components as HMGB1-targeting therapies. We propose that it is important to develop strategies for specifically attenuating injury-elicited inflammatory responses without compromising the infection-mediated innate immunity for the clinical management of sepsis and other inflammatory diseases.展开更多
While Bitcoin gains increasing popularity in different payment scenarios,the transaction fees make it difficult to be applied to micropayment.Given the wide applicability of micropayment,it is crucial for all cryptocu...While Bitcoin gains increasing popularity in different payment scenarios,the transaction fees make it difficult to be applied to micropayment.Given the wide applicability of micropayment,it is crucial for all cryptocurrencies including Bitcoin to provide effective support therein.In light of this,a number of low-cost micropayment schemes for Bitcoin have been proposed recently to reduce micropayment costs.Existing schemes,however,suffer from drawbacks such as high computation cost,inflexible payment value,and possibly unfair exchanges.The paper proposes two new micropayment schemes,namely the basic MicroBTC and the advanced MicroBTC,for Bitcoin by integrating the hash chain technique into cryptocurrency transactions.The basic MicroBTC realizes micropayment by exposing hash pre-images on the hash chain one by one,and it can also make arbitrary micropayments by exposing multiple hash pre-images.We further design the advanced MicroBTC to achieve non-interactive refund and efficient hash chain verification.We analyze the complexity and security of the both MicroBTC schemes and implement them using the Bitcoin source code.Extensive experiments were conducted to validate their performance,and the result showed that a micropayment session can be processed within about 18 ms for the basic MicroBTC and 9 ms for the advanced MicroBTC on a laptop.Both schemes enjoy great efficiency in computation and flexibility in micropayments,and they also achieve fairness for both the payer and the payee.展开更多
文摘Badminton is a fast and fun sport.Two or four players can play.One or two players stand on each side of a net.You use a racket to hit a shuttlecock back and forth over the net.You try to hit the shuttlecock so the players on the other side can't hit it back.Badminton makes you move fast and think quickly.Many people play badminton indoors in a gym.Others play outside with friends or family.
基金supported by grants from the National Center of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM, R01AT005076)the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS, R01GM063075)
文摘Sepsis, which refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection, represents the leading cause of death in intensive care units. The pathogenesis of sepsis remains poorly understood although it is attributable to dysregulated immune responses orchestrated by innate immune cells that sequentially release early(e.g., tumor necrosis factor(TNF), interleukin-1(IL-1), and interferon-γ(IFN-γ) and late(e.g., high mobility group box 1(HMGB1)) pro-inflammatory mediators. As a ubiquitous nuclear protein, HMGB1 can be passively released from pathologically damaged cells, thereby converging infection and injury on commonly dysregulated inflammatory responses. We review evidence that supports extracellular HMGB1 as a late mediator of inflammatory diseases and discuss the potential of several Chinese herbal components as HMGB1-targeting therapies. We propose that it is important to develop strategies for specifically attenuating injury-elicited inflammatory responses without compromising the infection-mediated innate immunity for the clinical management of sepsis and other inflammatory diseases.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.61370027 and 61832012.
文摘While Bitcoin gains increasing popularity in different payment scenarios,the transaction fees make it difficult to be applied to micropayment.Given the wide applicability of micropayment,it is crucial for all cryptocurrencies including Bitcoin to provide effective support therein.In light of this,a number of low-cost micropayment schemes for Bitcoin have been proposed recently to reduce micropayment costs.Existing schemes,however,suffer from drawbacks such as high computation cost,inflexible payment value,and possibly unfair exchanges.The paper proposes two new micropayment schemes,namely the basic MicroBTC and the advanced MicroBTC,for Bitcoin by integrating the hash chain technique into cryptocurrency transactions.The basic MicroBTC realizes micropayment by exposing hash pre-images on the hash chain one by one,and it can also make arbitrary micropayments by exposing multiple hash pre-images.We further design the advanced MicroBTC to achieve non-interactive refund and efficient hash chain verification.We analyze the complexity and security of the both MicroBTC schemes and implement them using the Bitcoin source code.Extensive experiments were conducted to validate their performance,and the result showed that a micropayment session can be processed within about 18 ms for the basic MicroBTC and 9 ms for the advanced MicroBTC on a laptop.Both schemes enjoy great efficiency in computation and flexibility in micropayments,and they also achieve fairness for both the payer and the payee.
