Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) returns to rivers in Ireland have fallen in the last decade resulting in the dramatic closure or curtailment of traditional fisheries. Concerns that stocks were slow to recover prompted f...Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) returns to rivers in Ireland have fallen in the last decade resulting in the dramatic closure or curtailment of traditional fisheries. Concerns that stocks were slow to recover prompted further investigation of all factors believed to impact on salmon. In examining geographic and temporal trends in Atlantic salmon stock abundance at a River Basin District level, the effect of salmon aquaculture sites and freshwater habitat quality as potential drivers of stock abundance are evaluated. This study found no correlation between the presence of aquaculture and the performance of adjacent wild salmon stocks. Freshwater habitat quality was found to have a highly significant correlation with stock status, suggesting that it may be a key driver, implicated in the survival of individual stocks.展开更多
SeekingAlpha是提供股票市场及投资分析的专业博客网站。有八十多位业内专家及媒体知名人士为其撰写文章。David Jackson是SeekingAlpha．com和The China Stock Blog的创始人，并曾经是摩根士丹利互联网技术及市场方向的资深分析师。日...SeekingAlpha是提供股票市场及投资分析的专业博客网站。有八十多位业内专家及媒体知名人士为其撰写文章。David Jackson是SeekingAlpha．com和The China Stock Blog的创始人，并曾经是摩根士丹利互联网技术及市场方向的资深分析师。日前本刊对他进行了独家采访。展开更多
Maize,a cornerstone of global food security,has undergone remarkable transformations through breeding,yet further increase in global maize production faces mounting challenges in a changing world.In this Perspective p...Maize,a cornerstone of global food security,has undergone remarkable transformations through breeding,yet further increase in global maize production faces mounting challenges in a changing world.In this Perspective paper,we overview the historical successes of maize breeding that laid the foundation for present opportunities.We examine both the specific and shared breeding goals related to diverse geographies and end-use demands.Achieving these coordinated breeding objectives requires a holistic approach to trait improvement for sustainable agriculture.We discuss cutting-edge solutions,including multi-omics approaches from single-cell analysis to holobionts,smart breeding with advanced technologies and algorithms,and the transformative potential of rational design with synthetic biology approaches.A transition toward a data-driven future is currently underway,with large-scale precision agriculture and autonomous systems poised to revolutionize farming practice.Realizing these futuristic opportunities hinges on collaborative efforts spanning scientific discoveries,technology translations,and socioeconomic considerations in maximizing human and environmental well-being.展开更多
Haploid induction (HI) is an important tool in crop breeding. Phospholipase A1 (ZmPLA1)/NOT LIKE DAD (NLD)/MATRILINEAL (MTL) is a key gene controlling HI in maize;however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains un...Haploid induction (HI) is an important tool in crop breeding. Phospholipase A1 (ZmPLA1)/NOT LIKE DAD (NLD)/MATRILINEAL (MTL) is a key gene controlling HI in maize;however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, to dissect why loss of ZmPLA1 function could mediate HI we performed a comprehensive multiple omics analysis of zmpla1 mutant anthers by integrating transcriptome, metabolome, quantitative proteome, and protein modification data. Functional classes of significantly enriched or differentially abundant molecular entities were found to be associated with the oxidative stress response, suggesting that a reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst plays a critical role in HI. In support of this, we further discovered that a simple chemical treatment of pollen with ROS reagents could lead to HI. Moreover, we identified ZmPOD65, which encodes a sperm-specific peroxidase, as a new gene controlling HI. Taken together, our study revealed a likely mechanism of HI, discovered a new gene controlling HI, and created a new method for HI in maize, indicating the importance of ROS balance in maintaining normal reproduction and providing a potential route to accelerate crop breeding.展开更多
Meristems are stem cell-containing structures that produce all plant organs and are therefore important targets for crop improvement.Developmental regulators control the balance and rate of cell divisions within the m...Meristems are stem cell-containing structures that produce all plant organs and are therefore important targets for crop improvement.Developmental regulators control the balance and rate of cell divisions within the meristem.Altering these regulators impacts meristem architecture and,as a consequence,plant form.In this review,we discuss genes involved in regulating the shoot apical meristem,inflorescence meristem,axillary meristem,root apical meristem,and vascular cambium in plants.We highlight several examples showing how crop breeders have manipulated developmental regulators to modify meristem growth and alter crop traits such as inflorescence size and branching patterns.Plant transformation techniques are another innovation related to plant meristem research because they make crop genome engineering possible.We discuss recent advances on plant transformation made possible by studying genes controlling meristem development.Finally,we conclude with discussions about how meristem research can contribute to crop improvement in the coming decades.展开更多
Maize develops separate ear and tassel inflorescences with initially similar morphology but ultimately different architecture and sexuality.The detailed regulatory mechanisms underlying these changes still remain larg...Maize develops separate ear and tassel inflorescences with initially similar morphology but ultimately different architecture and sexuality.The detailed regulatory mechanisms underlying these changes still remain largely unclear.In this study,through analyzing the time-course meristem transcriptomes and floret single-cell transcriptomes of ear and tassel,we revealed the regulatory dynamics and pathways underlying inflorescence development and sex differentiation.We identified 16 diverse gene clusters with differential spatiotemporal expression patterns and revealed biased regulation of redox,programmed cell death,and hormone signals during meristem differentiation between ear and tassel.Notably,based on their dynamic expression patterns,we revealed the roles of two RNA-binding proteins in regulating inflorescence meristem activity and axillary meristem formation.Moreover,using the transcriptional profiles of 53910 single cells,we uncovered the cellular heterogeneity between ear and tassel florets.We found that multiple signals associatedwith either enhancedcell death or reduced growth are responsiblefortassel pistil suppression,while part of the gibberellic acid signal may act non-cell-autonomously to regulate ear stamen arrest during sex differentiation.We further showed that the pistil-protection gene SILKLESS 1(SK1)functions antagonistically to the known pistil-suppression genes through regulating common molecular pathways,and constructed a regulatory network for pistil-fate determination.Collectively,our study provides a deep understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying inflorescence development and sex differentiation in maize,laying the foundation for identifying new regulators and pathways for maize hybrid breeding and improvement.展开更多
文摘Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) returns to rivers in Ireland have fallen in the last decade resulting in the dramatic closure or curtailment of traditional fisheries. Concerns that stocks were slow to recover prompted further investigation of all factors believed to impact on salmon. In examining geographic and temporal trends in Atlantic salmon stock abundance at a River Basin District level, the effect of salmon aquaculture sites and freshwater habitat quality as potential drivers of stock abundance are evaluated. This study found no correlation between the presence of aquaculture and the performance of adjacent wild salmon stocks. Freshwater habitat quality was found to have a highly significant correlation with stock status, suggesting that it may be a key driver, implicated in the survival of individual stocks.
文摘SeekingAlpha是提供股票市场及投资分析的专业博客网站。有八十多位业内专家及媒体知名人士为其撰写文章。David Jackson是SeekingAlpha．com和The China Stock Blog的创始人，并曾经是摩根士丹利互联网技术及市场方向的资深分析师。日前本刊对他进行了独家采访。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32321005)the National Key R&D Program of China(2022 YFD1201502)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Major Program of Hubei Province(2021ABA011)the 111 Project Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding(B20051).
文摘Maize,a cornerstone of global food security,has undergone remarkable transformations through breeding,yet further increase in global maize production faces mounting challenges in a changing world.In this Perspective paper,we overview the historical successes of maize breeding that laid the foundation for present opportunities.We examine both the specific and shared breeding goals related to diverse geographies and end-use demands.Achieving these coordinated breeding objectives requires a holistic approach to trait improvement for sustainable agriculture.We discuss cutting-edge solutions,including multi-omics approaches from single-cell analysis to holobionts,smart breeding with advanced technologies and algorithms,and the transformative potential of rational design with synthetic biology approaches.A transition toward a data-driven future is currently underway,with large-scale precision agriculture and autonomous systems poised to revolutionize farming practice.Realizing these futuristic opportunities hinges on collaborative efforts spanning scientific discoveries,technology translations,and socioeconomic considerations in maximizing human and environmental well-being.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31730064)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0100303)+1 种基金NSFIOS-2129189 to D.J.X.Lsupported by the startup funding from State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology,Chines Academy of Sciences.
文摘Haploid induction (HI) is an important tool in crop breeding. Phospholipase A1 (ZmPLA1)/NOT LIKE DAD (NLD)/MATRILINEAL (MTL) is a key gene controlling HI in maize;however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, to dissect why loss of ZmPLA1 function could mediate HI we performed a comprehensive multiple omics analysis of zmpla1 mutant anthers by integrating transcriptome, metabolome, quantitative proteome, and protein modification data. Functional classes of significantly enriched or differentially abundant molecular entities were found to be associated with the oxidative stress response, suggesting that a reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst plays a critical role in HI. In support of this, we further discovered that a simple chemical treatment of pollen with ROS reagents could lead to HI. Moreover, we identified ZmPOD65, which encodes a sperm-specific peroxidase, as a new gene controlling HI. Taken together, our study revealed a likely mechanism of HI, discovered a new gene controlling HI, and created a new method for HI in maize, indicating the importance of ROS balance in maintaining normal reproduction and providing a potential route to accelerate crop breeding.
基金supported by funding from National Science Foundation award 2129189,USDA-NIFA award 2020-67013-30909the NSF Postdoctoral Research Fellowships in Biology Program under grant 2010642the NSF Postdoctoral Research Fellowships in Biology Program under grant 2209124。
文摘Meristems are stem cell-containing structures that produce all plant organs and are therefore important targets for crop improvement.Developmental regulators control the balance and rate of cell divisions within the meristem.Altering these regulators impacts meristem architecture and,as a consequence,plant form.In this review,we discuss genes involved in regulating the shoot apical meristem,inflorescence meristem,axillary meristem,root apical meristem,and vascular cambium in plants.We highlight several examples showing how crop breeders have manipulated developmental regulators to modify meristem growth and alter crop traits such as inflorescence size and branching patterns.Plant transformation techniques are another innovation related to plant meristem research because they make crop genome engineering possible.We discuss recent advances on plant transformation made possible by studying genes controlling meristem development.Finally,we conclude with discussions about how meristem research can contribute to crop improvement in the coming decades.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172026,U22A20460 to F.Y.)the Interdisciplinary Sciences Research Institute(2662021JC005 to F.Y.)111 Project Crop genomics and Molecular Breeding(B20051 to F.Y.).
文摘Maize develops separate ear and tassel inflorescences with initially similar morphology but ultimately different architecture and sexuality.The detailed regulatory mechanisms underlying these changes still remain largely unclear.In this study,through analyzing the time-course meristem transcriptomes and floret single-cell transcriptomes of ear and tassel,we revealed the regulatory dynamics and pathways underlying inflorescence development and sex differentiation.We identified 16 diverse gene clusters with differential spatiotemporal expression patterns and revealed biased regulation of redox,programmed cell death,and hormone signals during meristem differentiation between ear and tassel.Notably,based on their dynamic expression patterns,we revealed the roles of two RNA-binding proteins in regulating inflorescence meristem activity and axillary meristem formation.Moreover,using the transcriptional profiles of 53910 single cells,we uncovered the cellular heterogeneity between ear and tassel florets.We found that multiple signals associatedwith either enhancedcell death or reduced growth are responsiblefortassel pistil suppression,while part of the gibberellic acid signal may act non-cell-autonomously to regulate ear stamen arrest during sex differentiation.We further showed that the pistil-protection gene SILKLESS 1(SK1)functions antagonistically to the known pistil-suppression genes through regulating common molecular pathways,and constructed a regulatory network for pistil-fate determination.Collectively,our study provides a deep understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying inflorescence development and sex differentiation in maize,laying the foundation for identifying new regulators and pathways for maize hybrid breeding and improvement.
