AIMTo determine the effect of overexpression of fibrinogen-like protein 2(FGL2)on regulatory T cell(Treg)and effector T(Teff)cell function on T cell-induced colitis in Rag1<sup>-/-</sup>mice.METHODSTreg an...AIMTo determine the effect of overexpression of fibrinogen-like protein 2(FGL2)on regulatory T cell(Treg)and effector T(Teff)cell function on T cell-induced colitis in Rag1<sup>-/-</sup>mice.METHODSTreg and Teff cells from fgl2<sup>-/-</sup>,fgl2<sup>+/+</sup>,and fgl2<sup>Tg</sup>mice were purified by FACS.They were studied in vitro for immunosuppressive activity and cell proliferation and in vivo for their effects on the development and prevention of T cell-induced colitis in Rag1<sup>-/-</sup>mice.RESULTSIn vitro,fgl2<sup>Tg</sup>Treg had enhanced immunosuppressive activity,and fgl2<sup>Tg</sup>Teff had reduced proliferation to alloantigen stimulation.Transfer of Teff from C57Bl/6J mice(fgl2<sup>+/+</sup>)into Rag1<sup>-/-</sup>mice produced both clinical and histologic colitis with dense infiltrates of CD3<sup>+</sup>T cells,crypt abscesses and loss of goblet cells.Fgl2<sup>Tg</sup>Treg prevented the development of T cell-induced colitis,whereas fgl2<sup>+/+</sup>and fgl2<sup>-/-</sup>Treg were only partially protective.In mice that received fgl2<sup>Tg</sup>Treg,the ratio of Foxp3<sup>+</sup>to CD3<sup>+</sup>cells was increased both in the colon and in mesenteric lymph nodes,and Teff cell proliferation as determined by staining with Ki67 was reduced.Teff cells from fgl2<sup>Tg</sup>mice did not produce colitis.CONCLUSIONHere we show that fgl2<sup>Tg</sup>Teff are hypoproliferative and do not induce colitis.We further demonstrate that fgl2<sup>Tg</sup>Treg prevent colitis in contrast to fgl2<sup>+/+</sup>Treg,which were only partially protective.These studies collectively provide a rationale for exploring the use of FGL2 or Treg expressing high levels of FGL2 in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.展开更多
This review summarizes the rapporteur report on advances in monitoring and forecasting of rainfall associated with tropical cyclones(TCs)and its impact during 2014–18,as presented to the 10th International Workshop o...This review summarizes the rapporteur report on advances in monitoring and forecasting of rainfall associated with tropical cyclones(TCs)and its impact during 2014–18,as presented to the 10th International Workshop on TCs(IWTC-10)held in Bali,Indonesia during 5th–9th December 2022.Major physical processes that can modulate TC rainfall distribution,including topography,storm motion,vertical wind shear,and intensity,along with the fundamental physics of rain bands and clouds as simulated by numerical models,diurnal variation of rainfall,and various synoptic and mesoscale features controlling the rainfall distribution are briefly discussed.Improvements to the dynamic core and physical processes in global models are providing useable forecasts nearly up to 7 days.This report also summarizes,some tools that have been developed to predict TC rainfall.Lately there is a tendency for operational forecasting centers to utilize multi-model ensemble systems for rainfall forecasting that demonstrate superior performance than individual models,ensemble members,or even single model ensembles.Major impacts include pluvial and fluvial floods,and landslides.The techniques developed by various forecasting centers to assist in predicting and communicating the impacts associated with these events are also presented in this report.展开更多
基金Supported by the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada,No.G-13-0002851the Canadian Institutes of Health Research Training Program in Regenerative Medicine to Bartczak A and Chruscinski Athe Ontario Graduate Scholarship in Science and Technology to Bartczak A.
文摘AIMTo determine the effect of overexpression of fibrinogen-like protein 2(FGL2)on regulatory T cell(Treg)and effector T(Teff)cell function on T cell-induced colitis in Rag1<sup>-/-</sup>mice.METHODSTreg and Teff cells from fgl2<sup>-/-</sup>,fgl2<sup>+/+</sup>,and fgl2<sup>Tg</sup>mice were purified by FACS.They were studied in vitro for immunosuppressive activity and cell proliferation and in vivo for their effects on the development and prevention of T cell-induced colitis in Rag1<sup>-/-</sup>mice.RESULTSIn vitro,fgl2<sup>Tg</sup>Treg had enhanced immunosuppressive activity,and fgl2<sup>Tg</sup>Teff had reduced proliferation to alloantigen stimulation.Transfer of Teff from C57Bl/6J mice(fgl2<sup>+/+</sup>)into Rag1<sup>-/-</sup>mice produced both clinical and histologic colitis with dense infiltrates of CD3<sup>+</sup>T cells,crypt abscesses and loss of goblet cells.Fgl2<sup>Tg</sup>Treg prevented the development of T cell-induced colitis,whereas fgl2<sup>+/+</sup>and fgl2<sup>-/-</sup>Treg were only partially protective.In mice that received fgl2<sup>Tg</sup>Treg,the ratio of Foxp3<sup>+</sup>to CD3<sup>+</sup>cells was increased both in the colon and in mesenteric lymph nodes,and Teff cell proliferation as determined by staining with Ki67 was reduced.Teff cells from fgl2<sup>Tg</sup>mice did not produce colitis.CONCLUSIONHere we show that fgl2<sup>Tg</sup>Teff are hypoproliferative and do not induce colitis.We further demonstrate that fgl2<sup>Tg</sup>Treg prevent colitis in contrast to fgl2<sup>+/+</sup>Treg,which were only partially protective.These studies collectively provide a rationale for exploring the use of FGL2 or Treg expressing high levels of FGL2 in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
文摘This review summarizes the rapporteur report on advances in monitoring and forecasting of rainfall associated with tropical cyclones(TCs)and its impact during 2014–18,as presented to the 10th International Workshop on TCs(IWTC-10)held in Bali,Indonesia during 5th–9th December 2022.Major physical processes that can modulate TC rainfall distribution,including topography,storm motion,vertical wind shear,and intensity,along with the fundamental physics of rain bands and clouds as simulated by numerical models,diurnal variation of rainfall,and various synoptic and mesoscale features controlling the rainfall distribution are briefly discussed.Improvements to the dynamic core and physical processes in global models are providing useable forecasts nearly up to 7 days.This report also summarizes,some tools that have been developed to predict TC rainfall.Lately there is a tendency for operational forecasting centers to utilize multi-model ensemble systems for rainfall forecasting that demonstrate superior performance than individual models,ensemble members,or even single model ensembles.Major impacts include pluvial and fluvial floods,and landslides.The techniques developed by various forecasting centers to assist in predicting and communicating the impacts associated with these events are also presented in this report.
