In a series of experiments,Phelps et al.1provided novel data linking moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA),gut microbiota composition changes and the release of the short chain fatty acid (SCFA) formate,and en...In a series of experiments,Phelps et al.1provided novel data linking moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA),gut microbiota composition changes and the release of the short chain fatty acid (SCFA) formate,and enhanced antitumor immunity via the transcription factor Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway in cytotoxic CD8+T cells.These data support the growing awareness that the clinical benefits of MVPA are achieved at least in part through enhanced immunity with support from the gut microbiome.展开更多
Purpose:This study aimed to examine the linkage between gut microbiome taxa and exercise-induced inflammation.Methods:Twenty-five cyclists provided 4 stool samples during a 10-week period and cycled vigorously for 2.25...Purpose:This study aimed to examine the linkage between gut microbiome taxa and exercise-induced inflammation.Methods:Twenty-five cyclists provided 4 stool samples during a 10-week period and cycled vigorously for 2.25 h at 67%maximal oxygen uptake(VO2max)in a laboratory setting.Blood samples were collected pre-and post-exercise,with additional samples collected at 1.5-h,3-h,and 24-h post exercise.Primary outcomes included stool microbiome composition and alpha diversity via whole genome shotgun(WGS)sequencing(averaged from 4 stool samples)and a targeted panel of 75 plasma oxylipins.A total of 5719 taxa were identified,and the 339 that were present in more than 20%of stool samples were used in the analysis.Alpha diversity was calculated by evenness,and the Analysis of Composition of Microbiomes(ANCOM)differential abundance analysis was performed using Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology-2(QIIME2).A composite variable was calculated from 8 pro-inflammatory oxylipins generated from arachidonic acid(ARA)and cytochrome P-450(CYP).Results:ARA-CYP oxylipins were significantly elevated for at least 3-h post-exercise(p<0.001);they were strongly and positively related to Prevotella copri(P.copri)abundance(R2=0.676,p<0.001)and negatively related to gut microbiome alpha diversity(R2=0.771,p<0.001).Conclusion:This analysis revealed for thefirst time a novel,positive relationship between gut microbiome P.copri abundance in cyclists and post-exercise pro-inflammatory oxylipins.These data demonstrate that about two-thirds of the wide variance in inflammation following prolonged and intensive exercise is largely explained by the abundance of a single gut bacterial species:P.copri.展开更多
This review summarizes research discoveries within 4 areas of exercise immunology that have received the most attention from investigators :(1) acute and chronic effects of exercise on the immune system,(2) clinical b...This review summarizes research discoveries within 4 areas of exercise immunology that have received the most attention from investigators :(1) acute and chronic effects of exercise on the immune system,(2) clinical benefits of the exercise—immune relationship,(3) nutritional influen?ces on the immune response to exercise, and(4) the effect of exercise on immunosenescence. These scientific discoveries can be organized into distinctive time periods: 1900-1979, which focused on exercise-induced changes in basic immune cell counts and function; 1980-1989, during which seminal papers were published with evidence that heavy exertion was associated with transient immune dysfunction, elevated inflammatory biomarkers,and increased risk of upper respiratory tract infections; 1990-2009, when additional focus areas were added to the field of exercise immunology including the interactive effect of nutrition, effects on the aging immune system, and inflammatory cytokines; and 2010 to the present, when technological advances in mass spectrometry allowed system biology approaches(i.e., metabolomics, proteomics, lipidomics, and microbiome characterization) to be applied to exercise immunology studies. The future of exercise irmmunology will take advantage of these technologies to provide new insights on the interactions between exercise, nutrition, and immune function, with application down to the person?alized level. Additionally, these methodologies will improve mechanistic understanding of how exercise-induced immune perturbations reduce the risk of common chronic diseases.展开更多
Several decades of research in the area of exercise immunology have shown that the immune system is highly responsive to acute and chronic exercise training.Moderate exercise bouts enhance immunosurveillance and when ...Several decades of research in the area of exercise immunology have shown that the immune system is highly responsive to acute and chronic exercise training.Moderate exercise bouts enhance immunosurveillance and when repeated over time mediate multiple health benefits.Most of the studies prior to 2010 relied on a few targeted outcomes related to immune function.During the past decade,technologic advances have created opportunities for a multi-omics and systems biology approach to exercise immunology.This article provides an overview of metabolomics,lipidomics,and proteomics as they pertain to exercise immunology,with a focus on immunometabolism.This review also summarizes how the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota can be influenced by exercise,with applications to human health and immunity.Exercise-induced improvements in immune function may play a critical role in countering immunosenescence and the development of chronic diseases,and emerging omics technologies will more clearly define the underlying mechanisms.This review summarizes what is currently known regarding a multi-omics approach to exercise immunology and provides future directions for investigators.展开更多
Acute and chronic respiratory illnesses cause widespread morbidity and mortality,and this class of illness now includes the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome that is causing coronavirus disease-2019(...Acute and chronic respiratory illnesses cause widespread morbidity and mortality,and this class of illness now includes the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome that is causing coronavirus disease-2019(COVID-19).The world is experiencing a major demographic shift toward an older,obese,and physically inactive populace.Risk factor assessments based on pandemic data indicate that those at higher risk for severe illness from COVID-19 include older males,and people of all ages with obesity and related comorbidities such as hypertension and type 2 diabetes.Aging in and of itself leads to negative changes in innate and adaptive immunity,a process termed immunosenescence.Obesity causes systemic inflammation and adversely impacts immune function and host defense in a way that patterns immunosenescence.Two primary prevention strategies to reduce the risk for COVID-19 at both the community and individual levels include mitigation activities and the adoption of lifestyle practices consistent with good immune health.Animal and human studies support the idea that,in contrast to high exercise workloads,regular moderate-intensity physical activity improves immunosurveillance against pathogens and reduces morbidity and mortality from viral infection and respiratory illnesses including the common cold,pneumonia,and influenza.The odds are high that infectious disease pandemics spawned by novel pathogens will continue to inflict morbidity and mortality as the world’s population becomes older and more obese.COVID-19 is indeed a wake-up call,a tocsin,to the world that primary prevention countermeasures focused on health behaviors and hygiene demand our full attention and support.展开更多
Physical inactivity is a well-established risk factor for chronic diseases,such as cardiovascular disease,cancer,and diabetes mellitus.There is a growing awareness that physical inactivity should also be regarded as a...Physical inactivity is a well-established risk factor for chronic diseases,such as cardiovascular disease,cancer,and diabetes mellitus.There is a growing awareness that physical inactivity should also be regarded as a risk factor for acute respiratory infections(ARIs).ARIs,such as the common cold,influenza,pneumonia,and coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),are among the most pervasive diseases on earth and cause widespread morbidity and mortality.Evidence in support of the linkage between ARIs and physical inactivity has been strengthened during the COVID-19 pandemic because of increased scientific scrutiny.Large-scale studies have consistently reported that the risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes is elevated in cohorts with low physical activity and/or physical fitness,even after adjusting for other risk factors.The lowered risk for severe COVID-19 and other ARIs in physically active groups is attributed to exercise-induced immunoprotective effects,including enhanced surveillance of key immune cells and reduced chronic inflammation.Scientific consensus groups,including those who submitted the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans,have not yet given this area of research the respect that is due.It is time to add“reduced risk for ARIs”to the“Exercise is Medicine”list of physical activity-related health benefits.展开更多
Background:The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise may be an underlying factor in improving several autoimmune diseases.The aim of this systematic review was to examine the evidence on the role of exercise training i...Background:The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise may be an underlying factor in improving several autoimmune diseases.The aim of this systematic review was to examine the evidence on the role of exercise training in mitigating inflammation in adolescents and adults with autoimmune disease.Methods:PubMed,Web of Science,and Embase databases were systematically reviewed for related studies published between January 1,2003,and August 31,2023.All randomized and non-randomized controlled trials of exercise interventions with autoimmune disease study participants that evaluated inflammation-related biomarkers were included.The quality of evidence was assessed using the Tool for the assEssment of Study qualiTy and reporting in EXercise scale and Cochrane bias risk tool.Results:A total of 14,565 records were identified.After screening the titles,abstracts,and full texts,87 were eligible for the systematic review.These studies were conducted in 25 different countries and included a total of 2779 participants(patients with autoimmune disease,in exercise or control groups).Overall,the evidence suggests that inflammation-related markers such as C-reactive protein,interleukin 6,and tumor necrosis factor a were reduced by regular exercise interventions.Regular exercise interventions combined with multiple exercise modes were associated with greater benefits.Conclusion:Regular exercise training by patients with autoimmune disease exerts an anti-inflammatory influence.This systematic review provides support for the promotion and development of clinical exercise intervention programs for patients with autoimmune disease.Most patients with autoimmune disease can safely adopt moderate exercise training protocols,but changes in inflammation biomarkers will be modest at best.Acute exercise interventions are ineffective or even modestly but transiently pro-inflammatory.展开更多
Maintaining leanness and a physically active lifestyle during adulthood reduces systemic inflammation,an underlying factor in multiple chronic diseases.The anti-inflammatory influence of near-daily physical activity i...Maintaining leanness and a physically active lifestyle during adulthood reduces systemic inflammation,an underlying factor in multiple chronic diseases.The anti-inflammatory influence of near-daily physical activity in lowering C-reactive protein,total blood leukocytes,interleukin-6,and other inflammatory cytokines may play a key role in lowering risk of cardiovascular disease,certain types of cancer,type 2 diabetes,sarcopenia,and dementia.Moderate exercise training causes favorable perturbations in immunity and a reduction in incidence of upper respiratory tract infection(URTI).During each bout of moderate exercise,an enhanced recirculation of immunoglobulins,neutrophils,and natural killer cells occurs that persists for up to 3-h post-exercise.This exercise-induced surge in immune cells from the innate immune system is transient but improves overall surveillance against pathogens.As moderate exercise continues on a near-daily basis for 12-15 weeks,the number of symptoms days with URTI is decreased 25％-50％ compared to randomized sedentary controls.Epidemiologic and animal studies support this inverse relationship between URTI risk and increased physical activity.Copyright(c)2012,Shanghai University of Sport.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.展开更多
Purpose:A randomized,controlled trial was conducted to determine whether a 6-week low calorie diet and aerobic exercise intervention could alter metabolic syndrome(MetS) risk factors in pre-pubescent obese Chinese chi...Purpose:A randomized,controlled trial was conducted to determine whether a 6-week low calorie diet and aerobic exercise intervention could alter metabolic syndrome(MetS) risk factors in pre-pubescent obese Chinese children.Methods:The subjects were randomized into diet and exercise(DE) and control(C) groups.The DE group ingested 1600-2000 kcal/day adjusted to each participant’s basal metabolic rate,and engaged in high-volume aerobic exercise(6 days/week,twice daily,for 3 h per session) for 6 weeks.A total of 215 obese children between the ages of 11 and 13 years were recruited into the study,with 167 subjects(DE,n=95;C,n=72) completing all phases.Pre-and post-study measures included body weight,body mass index,waist circumference,body fat percentage,blood pressure and other MetS-related markers from fasting blood samples(serum cholesterol,triglycerides,insulin,and glucose).Results:Compared to controls,the DE subjects experienced significantly reduced levels for all outcome markers(p 【 0.05),except for fasting blood glucose in boys(p=0.09).Conclusion:An intensive,6-week diet and exercise intervention had favorable effects in altering MetS risk factors in obese Chinese children aged 11 to 13.展开更多
The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic heightened worldwide attention on the influence of exercise on the immune system.Questions were raised about whether regular moderate-to-vigorous physical activity(MVPA)c...The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic heightened worldwide attention on the influence of exercise on the immune system.Questions were raised about whether regular moderate-to-vigorous physical activity(MVPA)could help prevent COVID-19 or mitigate symptoms when ill.Could MVPA bolster immunity among those most prone to COVID-19 including the elderly,obese,and immunocompromised patients?Does regular MVPA dampen systemic inflammation,thereby lessening the COVID-19 cytokine storm?展开更多
文摘In a series of experiments,Phelps et al.1provided novel data linking moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA),gut microbiota composition changes and the release of the short chain fatty acid (SCFA) formate,and enhanced antitumor immunity via the transcription factor Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway in cytotoxic CD8+T cells.These data support the growing awareness that the clinical benefits of MVPA are achieved at least in part through enhanced immunity with support from the gut microbiome.
基金supported by Ocean Spray (https://www. oceanspray.com/)
文摘Purpose:This study aimed to examine the linkage between gut microbiome taxa and exercise-induced inflammation.Methods:Twenty-five cyclists provided 4 stool samples during a 10-week period and cycled vigorously for 2.25 h at 67%maximal oxygen uptake(VO2max)in a laboratory setting.Blood samples were collected pre-and post-exercise,with additional samples collected at 1.5-h,3-h,and 24-h post exercise.Primary outcomes included stool microbiome composition and alpha diversity via whole genome shotgun(WGS)sequencing(averaged from 4 stool samples)and a targeted panel of 75 plasma oxylipins.A total of 5719 taxa were identified,and the 339 that were present in more than 20%of stool samples were used in the analysis.Alpha diversity was calculated by evenness,and the Analysis of Composition of Microbiomes(ANCOM)differential abundance analysis was performed using Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology-2(QIIME2).A composite variable was calculated from 8 pro-inflammatory oxylipins generated from arachidonic acid(ARA)and cytochrome P-450(CYP).Results:ARA-CYP oxylipins were significantly elevated for at least 3-h post-exercise(p<0.001);they were strongly and positively related to Prevotella copri(P.copri)abundance(R2=0.676,p<0.001)and negatively related to gut microbiome alpha diversity(R2=0.771,p<0.001).Conclusion:This analysis revealed for thefirst time a novel,positive relationship between gut microbiome P.copri abundance in cyclists and post-exercise pro-inflammatory oxylipins.These data demonstrate that about two-thirds of the wide variance in inflammation following prolonged and intensive exercise is largely explained by the abundance of a single gut bacterial species:P.copri.
文摘This review summarizes research discoveries within 4 areas of exercise immunology that have received the most attention from investigators :(1) acute and chronic effects of exercise on the immune system,(2) clinical benefits of the exercise—immune relationship,(3) nutritional influen?ces on the immune response to exercise, and(4) the effect of exercise on immunosenescence. These scientific discoveries can be organized into distinctive time periods: 1900-1979, which focused on exercise-induced changes in basic immune cell counts and function; 1980-1989, during which seminal papers were published with evidence that heavy exertion was associated with transient immune dysfunction, elevated inflammatory biomarkers,and increased risk of upper respiratory tract infections; 1990-2009, when additional focus areas were added to the field of exercise immunology including the interactive effect of nutrition, effects on the aging immune system, and inflammatory cytokines; and 2010 to the present, when technological advances in mass spectrometry allowed system biology approaches(i.e., metabolomics, proteomics, lipidomics, and microbiome characterization) to be applied to exercise immunology studies. The future of exercise irmmunology will take advantage of these technologies to provide new insights on the interactions between exercise, nutrition, and immune function, with application down to the person?alized level. Additionally, these methodologies will improve mechanistic understanding of how exercise-induced immune perturbations reduce the risk of common chronic diseases.
文摘Several decades of research in the area of exercise immunology have shown that the immune system is highly responsive to acute and chronic exercise training.Moderate exercise bouts enhance immunosurveillance and when repeated over time mediate multiple health benefits.Most of the studies prior to 2010 relied on a few targeted outcomes related to immune function.During the past decade,technologic advances have created opportunities for a multi-omics and systems biology approach to exercise immunology.This article provides an overview of metabolomics,lipidomics,and proteomics as they pertain to exercise immunology,with a focus on immunometabolism.This review also summarizes how the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota can be influenced by exercise,with applications to human health and immunity.Exercise-induced improvements in immune function may play a critical role in countering immunosenescence and the development of chronic diseases,and emerging omics technologies will more clearly define the underlying mechanisms.This review summarizes what is currently known regarding a multi-omics approach to exercise immunology and provides future directions for investigators.
文摘Acute and chronic respiratory illnesses cause widespread morbidity and mortality,and this class of illness now includes the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome that is causing coronavirus disease-2019(COVID-19).The world is experiencing a major demographic shift toward an older,obese,and physically inactive populace.Risk factor assessments based on pandemic data indicate that those at higher risk for severe illness from COVID-19 include older males,and people of all ages with obesity and related comorbidities such as hypertension and type 2 diabetes.Aging in and of itself leads to negative changes in innate and adaptive immunity,a process termed immunosenescence.Obesity causes systemic inflammation and adversely impacts immune function and host defense in a way that patterns immunosenescence.Two primary prevention strategies to reduce the risk for COVID-19 at both the community and individual levels include mitigation activities and the adoption of lifestyle practices consistent with good immune health.Animal and human studies support the idea that,in contrast to high exercise workloads,regular moderate-intensity physical activity improves immunosurveillance against pathogens and reduces morbidity and mortality from viral infection and respiratory illnesses including the common cold,pneumonia,and influenza.The odds are high that infectious disease pandemics spawned by novel pathogens will continue to inflict morbidity and mortality as the world’s population becomes older and more obese.COVID-19 is indeed a wake-up call,a tocsin,to the world that primary prevention countermeasures focused on health behaviors and hygiene demand our full attention and support.
文摘Physical inactivity is a well-established risk factor for chronic diseases,such as cardiovascular disease,cancer,and diabetes mellitus.There is a growing awareness that physical inactivity should also be regarded as a risk factor for acute respiratory infections(ARIs).ARIs,such as the common cold,influenza,pneumonia,and coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),are among the most pervasive diseases on earth and cause widespread morbidity and mortality.Evidence in support of the linkage between ARIs and physical inactivity has been strengthened during the COVID-19 pandemic because of increased scientific scrutiny.Large-scale studies have consistently reported that the risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes is elevated in cohorts with low physical activity and/or physical fitness,even after adjusting for other risk factors.The lowered risk for severe COVID-19 and other ARIs in physically active groups is attributed to exercise-induced immunoprotective effects,including enhanced surveillance of key immune cells and reduced chronic inflammation.Scientific consensus groups,including those who submitted the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans,have not yet given this area of research the respect that is due.It is time to add“reduced risk for ARIs”to the“Exercise is Medicine”list of physical activity-related health benefits.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NO.31801003 for DX,NO.31701040 for BL)Shanghai Key Lab of Human Performance(Shanghai University of Sport)(NO.11DZ2261100)。
文摘Background:The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise may be an underlying factor in improving several autoimmune diseases.The aim of this systematic review was to examine the evidence on the role of exercise training in mitigating inflammation in adolescents and adults with autoimmune disease.Methods:PubMed,Web of Science,and Embase databases were systematically reviewed for related studies published between January 1,2003,and August 31,2023.All randomized and non-randomized controlled trials of exercise interventions with autoimmune disease study participants that evaluated inflammation-related biomarkers were included.The quality of evidence was assessed using the Tool for the assEssment of Study qualiTy and reporting in EXercise scale and Cochrane bias risk tool.Results:A total of 14,565 records were identified.After screening the titles,abstracts,and full texts,87 were eligible for the systematic review.These studies were conducted in 25 different countries and included a total of 2779 participants(patients with autoimmune disease,in exercise or control groups).Overall,the evidence suggests that inflammation-related markers such as C-reactive protein,interleukin 6,and tumor necrosis factor a were reduced by regular exercise interventions.Regular exercise interventions combined with multiple exercise modes were associated with greater benefits.Conclusion:Regular exercise training by patients with autoimmune disease exerts an anti-inflammatory influence.This systematic review provides support for the promotion and development of clinical exercise intervention programs for patients with autoimmune disease.Most patients with autoimmune disease can safely adopt moderate exercise training protocols,but changes in inflammation biomarkers will be modest at best.Acute exercise interventions are ineffective or even modestly but transiently pro-inflammatory.
文摘Maintaining leanness and a physically active lifestyle during adulthood reduces systemic inflammation,an underlying factor in multiple chronic diseases.The anti-inflammatory influence of near-daily physical activity in lowering C-reactive protein,total blood leukocytes,interleukin-6,and other inflammatory cytokines may play a key role in lowering risk of cardiovascular disease,certain types of cancer,type 2 diabetes,sarcopenia,and dementia.Moderate exercise training causes favorable perturbations in immunity and a reduction in incidence of upper respiratory tract infection(URTI).During each bout of moderate exercise,an enhanced recirculation of immunoglobulins,neutrophils,and natural killer cells occurs that persists for up to 3-h post-exercise.This exercise-induced surge in immune cells from the innate immune system is transient but improves overall surveillance against pathogens.As moderate exercise continues on a near-daily basis for 12-15 weeks,the number of symptoms days with URTI is decreased 25％-50％ compared to randomized sedentary controls.Epidemiologic and animal studies support this inverse relationship between URTI risk and increased physical activity.Copyright(c)2012,Shanghai University of Sport.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.
基金supported by the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Human Performance(NO.11DZ2261100)Grants yjscx2012007xsxr2012045
文摘Purpose:A randomized,controlled trial was conducted to determine whether a 6-week low calorie diet and aerobic exercise intervention could alter metabolic syndrome(MetS) risk factors in pre-pubescent obese Chinese children.Methods:The subjects were randomized into diet and exercise(DE) and control(C) groups.The DE group ingested 1600-2000 kcal/day adjusted to each participant’s basal metabolic rate,and engaged in high-volume aerobic exercise(6 days/week,twice daily,for 3 h per session) for 6 weeks.A total of 215 obese children between the ages of 11 and 13 years were recruited into the study,with 167 subjects(DE,n=95;C,n=72) completing all phases.Pre-and post-study measures included body weight,body mass index,waist circumference,body fat percentage,blood pressure and other MetS-related markers from fasting blood samples(serum cholesterol,triglycerides,insulin,and glucose).Results:Compared to controls,the DE subjects experienced significantly reduced levels for all outcome markers(p 【 0.05),except for fasting blood glucose in boys(p=0.09).Conclusion:An intensive,6-week diet and exercise intervention had favorable effects in altering MetS risk factors in obese Chinese children aged 11 to 13.
文摘The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic heightened worldwide attention on the influence of exercise on the immune system.Questions were raised about whether regular moderate-to-vigorous physical activity(MVPA)could help prevent COVID-19 or mitigate symptoms when ill.Could MVPA bolster immunity among those most prone to COVID-19 including the elderly,obese,and immunocompromised patients?Does regular MVPA dampen systemic inflammation,thereby lessening the COVID-19 cytokine storm?
