The brown-headed cowbird(hereafter cowbird)is an avian brood parasite that produces an egg dissimilar to those produced by the majority of its diverse host community.The cowbird’s generic egg may result from a Jack-o...The brown-headed cowbird(hereafter cowbird)is an avian brood parasite that produces an egg dissimilar to those produced by the majority of its diverse host community.The cowbird’s generic egg may result from a Jack-of-all-trades strategy;however,the evolutionary mechanisms that select for their generic eggs are unclear.Here we propose that the cowbird’s eggshell phenotypes have evolved via diffuse coevolution,which results from community-level selective pressures,rather than via pairwise coevolution that occurs between a particular host species and its brood parasite.Under diffuse coevolution the cowbird’s host community,with varying eggshell phenotypes and recognition abilities,would select for a cowbird eggshell phenotype intermediate to those of its host community.This selection is exerted by hosts that reject cowbird eggs,rather than those that accept them;therefore,we expect cowbird eggshell colors can be approximated by both the phenotypes and rejection abilities of their host community.Here we use eggshell reflectance data from 43 host species to demonstrate that the cowbird eggshell phenotypes are reasonably predicted(within 2 just noticeable differences)by the eggshell phenotypes and rejection rates of their hosts.These findings suggest that cowbird eggshell phenotypes,and potentially those of other some generalist parasites,may evolve via diffuse coevolution.Importantly,this research provides insight into the underlying evolutionary processes that explain observed phenotypic variation and provides a framework for studying selection on both specialist and generalist parasites’traits.展开更多
Background The prognostic significance of the affected hemisphere in haemorrhagic stroke remains uncertain.We aimed to determine the relationship between the affected hemisphere(right or left)and differences in non-mo...Background The prognostic significance of the affected hemisphere in haemorrhagic stroke remains uncertain.We aimed to determine the relationship between the affected hemisphere(right or left)and differences in non-motor outcomes,including mood and pain,in patients with acute,supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage(ICH).These non-motor outcomes are often overlooked in studies following ICH but impact patient recovery and well-being.Methods A secondary prespecified analysis of the Minimally Invasive Surgery with Thrombolysis in Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation(MISTIE)Ⅲ study-a randomised,international,multicentre,placebo-controlled trial of participants with spontaneous,non-traumatic,supratentorial ICH of 30 mL or more that evaluated minimally invasive surgery with thrombolysis compared with standard medical care.Outcomes included EQ-5D three-level version(EQ-5D 3L,composite and individual non-motor components)and modified Rankin scale(mRS)scores at days 30,180 and 365 post-ICH.Results A total of 493 participants were eligible for analysis at day 30 following ICH.In multivariable analyses,patients with right hemispheric ICH were more likely to report problems with pain and discomfort at days 30(β=0.257(95%CI 0.131,0.383)),180(β=0.213(95%CI 0.090,0.336))and 365(β=0.209(95%CI 0.090,0.328))post-ICH.Patients with right hemispheric ICH were also more likely to report problems with anxiety and depression at days 30(β=0.160(95%CI 0.030,0.291))and 180(β=0.171(95%CI 0.049,0.293))following ICH.There were no differences in mRS scores between patients with left or right-sided haemorrhages.Conclusions Right hemispheric lesions were associated with increased reports of mood-related symptoms(depression,anxiety)and pain in patients with acute ICH over time.展开更多
Background Minimally invasive surgery(MIS)for spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage(ICH)is controversial but may be beneficial if end-of-treatment(EOT)haematoma volume is reduced to≤15 mL.We explored w...Background Minimally invasive surgery(MIS)for spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage(ICH)is controversial but may be beneficial if end-of-treatment(EOT)haematoma volume is reduced to≤15 mL.We explored whether MRI findings of cerebral small vessel disease(CSVD)modify the effect of MIS on long-term outcomes.Methods Prespecified blinded subgroup analysis of 288 subjects with qualified imaging sequences from the phase 3 Minimally Invasive Surgery Plus Alteplase for Intracerebral Haemorrhage Evacuation(MISTIE)trial.We tested for heterogeneity in the effects of MIS and MIS+EOT volume≤15 mL on the trial’s primary outcome of good versus poor function at 1 year by the presence of single CSVD features and CSVD scores using multivariable models.Results Of 499 patients enrolled in MISTIE III,288 patients had MRI,149(51.7%)randomised to MIS and 139(48.3%)to standard medical care(SMC).Median(IQR)ICH volume was 42(30–53)mL.In the full MRI cohort,there was no statistically significant heterogeneity in the effects of MIS versus SMC on 1-year outcomes by any specific CSVD feature or by CSVD scores(all P_(interaction)>0.05).In 94 MIS patients with EOT ICH volume≤15 mL,significant reduction in odds of poor outcome was found with cerebral amyloid angiopathy score<2(OR,0.14(0.05–0.42);P_(interaction)=0.006),absence of lacunes(OR,0.37(0.18–0.80);P_(interaction)=0.02)and absence of severe white matter hyperintensities(WMHs)(OR,0.22(0.08–0.58);P_(interaction)=0.03).Conclusions Following successful haematoma reduction by MIS,we found significantly lower odds of poor functional outcome with lower total burden of CSVD in addition to absence of lacunes and severe WMHs.CSVD features may have utility for prognostication and patient selection in clinical trials of MIS.展开更多
文摘The brown-headed cowbird(hereafter cowbird)is an avian brood parasite that produces an egg dissimilar to those produced by the majority of its diverse host community.The cowbird’s generic egg may result from a Jack-of-all-trades strategy;however,the evolutionary mechanisms that select for their generic eggs are unclear.Here we propose that the cowbird’s eggshell phenotypes have evolved via diffuse coevolution,which results from community-level selective pressures,rather than via pairwise coevolution that occurs between a particular host species and its brood parasite.Under diffuse coevolution the cowbird’s host community,with varying eggshell phenotypes and recognition abilities,would select for a cowbird eggshell phenotype intermediate to those of its host community.This selection is exerted by hosts that reject cowbird eggs,rather than those that accept them;therefore,we expect cowbird eggshell colors can be approximated by both the phenotypes and rejection abilities of their host community.Here we use eggshell reflectance data from 43 host species to demonstrate that the cowbird eggshell phenotypes are reasonably predicted(within 2 just noticeable differences)by the eggshell phenotypes and rejection rates of their hosts.These findings suggest that cowbird eggshell phenotypes,and potentially those of other some generalist parasites,may evolve via diffuse coevolution.Importantly,this research provides insight into the underlying evolutionary processes that explain observed phenotypic variation and provides a framework for studying selection on both specialist and generalist parasites’traits.
文摘Background The prognostic significance of the affected hemisphere in haemorrhagic stroke remains uncertain.We aimed to determine the relationship between the affected hemisphere(right or left)and differences in non-motor outcomes,including mood and pain,in patients with acute,supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage(ICH).These non-motor outcomes are often overlooked in studies following ICH but impact patient recovery and well-being.Methods A secondary prespecified analysis of the Minimally Invasive Surgery with Thrombolysis in Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation(MISTIE)Ⅲ study-a randomised,international,multicentre,placebo-controlled trial of participants with spontaneous,non-traumatic,supratentorial ICH of 30 mL or more that evaluated minimally invasive surgery with thrombolysis compared with standard medical care.Outcomes included EQ-5D three-level version(EQ-5D 3L,composite and individual non-motor components)and modified Rankin scale(mRS)scores at days 30,180 and 365 post-ICH.Results A total of 493 participants were eligible for analysis at day 30 following ICH.In multivariable analyses,patients with right hemispheric ICH were more likely to report problems with pain and discomfort at days 30(β=0.257(95%CI 0.131,0.383)),180(β=0.213(95%CI 0.090,0.336))and 365(β=0.209(95%CI 0.090,0.328))post-ICH.Patients with right hemispheric ICH were also more likely to report problems with anxiety and depression at days 30(β=0.160(95%CI 0.030,0.291))and 180(β=0.171(95%CI 0.049,0.293))following ICH.There were no differences in mRS scores between patients with left or right-sided haemorrhages.Conclusions Right hemispheric lesions were associated with increased reports of mood-related symptoms(depression,anxiety)and pain in patients with acute ICH over time.
基金supported by a grant from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke(1U01NS080824).
文摘Background Minimally invasive surgery(MIS)for spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage(ICH)is controversial but may be beneficial if end-of-treatment(EOT)haematoma volume is reduced to≤15 mL.We explored whether MRI findings of cerebral small vessel disease(CSVD)modify the effect of MIS on long-term outcomes.Methods Prespecified blinded subgroup analysis of 288 subjects with qualified imaging sequences from the phase 3 Minimally Invasive Surgery Plus Alteplase for Intracerebral Haemorrhage Evacuation(MISTIE)trial.We tested for heterogeneity in the effects of MIS and MIS+EOT volume≤15 mL on the trial’s primary outcome of good versus poor function at 1 year by the presence of single CSVD features and CSVD scores using multivariable models.Results Of 499 patients enrolled in MISTIE III,288 patients had MRI,149(51.7%)randomised to MIS and 139(48.3%)to standard medical care(SMC).Median(IQR)ICH volume was 42(30–53)mL.In the full MRI cohort,there was no statistically significant heterogeneity in the effects of MIS versus SMC on 1-year outcomes by any specific CSVD feature or by CSVD scores(all P_(interaction)>0.05).In 94 MIS patients with EOT ICH volume≤15 mL,significant reduction in odds of poor outcome was found with cerebral amyloid angiopathy score<2(OR,0.14(0.05–0.42);P_(interaction)=0.006),absence of lacunes(OR,0.37(0.18–0.80);P_(interaction)=0.02)and absence of severe white matter hyperintensities(WMHs)(OR,0.22(0.08–0.58);P_(interaction)=0.03).Conclusions Following successful haematoma reduction by MIS,we found significantly lower odds of poor functional outcome with lower total burden of CSVD in addition to absence of lacunes and severe WMHs.CSVD features may have utility for prognostication and patient selection in clinical trials of MIS.
