煤的显微组分定义与分类的国际标准"ICCP system 1994"是国际煤和有机岩石学委员会(ICCP)历经26 a(1991-2017)完成,按照显微组分组和发表的时间,该标准共分4个部分,分别是镜质体(1998)、惰质体(2001)、腐质体(2005)和类脂体(2...煤的显微组分定义与分类的国际标准"ICCP system 1994"是国际煤和有机岩石学委员会(ICCP)历经26 a(1991-2017)完成,按照显微组分组和发表的时间,该标准共分4个部分,分别是镜质体(1998)、惰质体(2001)、腐质体(2005)和类脂体(2017)。"ICCP system 1994"目前已被国际上从事煤岩学和有机岩石学研究的科研工作者广泛采用。国际煤和有机岩石学委员会在1994年第46届ICCP年会上确定了镜质体显微组分组、亚组和显微组分的定义和分类,并于1998年发表,它是"ICCP system 1994"重要的组成部分。在"ICCP system 1994"镜质体分类方案中,镜质体显微组分组被划分为3个亚组,结构镜质体亚组、碎屑镜质体亚组和凝胶镜质体亚组,它们分别进一步被划分为2个显微组分。其中,划分亚组的主要依据是植物组织的破环(降解)程度,显微组分之间的区分主要依据是凝胶化程度和(或)形貌特征。该分类体系与ICCP腐植体分类体系紧密关联。基于"ICCP system 1994",对镜质体各亚组和各显微组分的定义、光学特征、物理和化学特征、来源以及实际应用等方面进行了解析,对"ICCP system 1994"中镜质体显微组分分类提出了尽可能规范的中文名称。中华人民共和国国家标准《烟煤显微组分分类》(GB/T 15588—2013)和"ICCP system 1994"相比,前者采用了显微组分组、显微组分和显微亚组分的分类方案,将均质镜质体(Telocollinite;即本文中的胶质结构体Collotelinite)和基质镜质体(Desmocollinite;即本文中的胶质碎屑体Collodetrinite)划入无结构的显微亚组分。展开更多
距国际煤和有机岩石学委员会(ICCP)讨论制定新的显微组分分类近30 a后,国际煤地质学杂志(International Journal of Coal Geology)于2017年发表了类脂体新的分类方案“Classification of liptinite-ICCP System 1994”。在此之前,ICCP...距国际煤和有机岩石学委员会(ICCP)讨论制定新的显微组分分类近30 a后,国际煤地质学杂志(International Journal of Coal Geology)于2017年发表了类脂体新的分类方案“Classification of liptinite-ICCP System 1994”。在此之前,ICCP发表了镜质体(ICCP,1998)、惰质体(ICCP,2001)和腐植体(Sykorova等,2005)的分类方案。类脂体新分类方案的发表,标志着ICCP完成了对煤显微组分分类体系的构建。这4个分类方案统称为“ICCP System 1994”。与ICCP的旧分类方案(Stopes Heerlen分类)相比,该类脂体分类适用于所有煤化作用程度的煤和变质程度的沉积岩中的分散有机质。新的类脂体分类方案包括9种显微组分,即角质体、木栓质体、孢子体、树脂体、渗出沥青体、叶绿素体、藻类体、类脂碎屑体、沥青质体。“ICCP system 1994”和中华人民共和国国家标准《烟煤显微组分分类》(GB/T 15588—2013)相比,后者有树皮体和荧光体,并明确地划分出了显微亚组分(即孢粉体分为大孢子体和小孢子体,藻类体分为结构藻类体和层状藻类体)。“ICCP system 1994”有叶绿素体,并将荧光体作为树脂体的一种。其他显微组分在国家标准《烟煤显微组分分类》和“ICCP System 1994”中相互对应。与“ICCP system 1994”的适用范围不同,国家标准《烟煤显微组分分类》适用于中阶煤。展开更多
与镜质体和类脂体相比,惰质体具有明显的惰性,特别是在碳化过程中其惰性更为明显。惰质体的定义和分类是“ICCP system 1994”的重要组成部分。在“ICCP system 1994”中,惰质体包含7种显微组分,不包含亚组。这7种显微组分包括丝质体、...与镜质体和类脂体相比,惰质体具有明显的惰性,特别是在碳化过程中其惰性更为明显。惰质体的定义和分类是“ICCP system 1994”的重要组成部分。在“ICCP system 1994”中,惰质体包含7种显微组分,不包含亚组。这7种显微组分包括丝质体、半丝质体、真菌体、分泌体、粗粒体、微粒体和惰质碎屑体;前3者保存细胞的结构,分泌体、粗粒体、微粒体没有保存植物的细胞结构。对于具有结构的惰质体显微组分,只有那些具有高反射率的组织细胞壁才能鉴定为惰质体的组分。该分类方案有2个突出特点:①真菌体和分泌体替代了旧分类方案中的菌类体;②重新定义了显微组分粗粒体,以便使其与分泌体之间有清晰的分辨界限。真菌体仅包括真菌的遗骸;虽然分泌体和真菌菌核的光学性质近似,但前者实际上是氧化后又经历了煤化作用的植物分泌物。惰质体其他显微组分和旧分类方案(即Stopes Heerlen烟煤显微组分分类方案)没有太大区别。“ICCP system 1994”和国家标准《烟煤显微组分分类》相比,2者之间的显微组分是相互对应的,但是后者多了显微亚组分(即丝质体分为火焚和氧化丝质体;粗粒体分为粗粒体1和粗粒体2)。对煤中丝质体属于火焚成因还是氧化成因或者其他成因,尚存在不同的认识。不同于镜质体的分类适于中阶煤和高阶煤,惰质体的分类适用于从泥炭到变无烟煤整个煤化作用阶段。展开更多
国际煤地质学杂志(International Journal of Coal Geology)在2005年发表了褐煤腐植体显微组分的分类方案。由于我国没有低阶煤中腐植体的显微组分分类方案,因此“ICCP System 1994”中关于腐植体的显微组分的定义和分类方案对我国学者...国际煤地质学杂志(International Journal of Coal Geology)在2005年发表了褐煤腐植体显微组分的分类方案。由于我国没有低阶煤中腐植体的显微组分分类方案,因此“ICCP System 1994”中关于腐植体的显微组分的定义和分类方案对我国学者更具有特殊的意义。该显微组分分类方案(ICCP system 1994)在原分类方案的基础上,对腐植体显微组分的分类进行了修订,以便能够使其与其他显微组分,特别是镜质体分类中的相关术语更相匹配。该分类方案将腐植体显微组分为3个亚组,分别是结构腐植体亚组、碎屑腐植体亚组、凝胶腐植体亚组;每个显微组分亚组又分为2个显微组分,显微组分可以进一步分为显微亚组分以至显微组分种。虽然本分类方案主要针对的褐煤(指腐植体平均随机反射率低于0.4%的低阶煤,或称之木质褐煤),但适合于褐煤和亚烟煤,主要是因为镜质体和腐植体,以及次级的显微组分亚组之间具有对应的关系,因此,“ICCP system 1994”分类方案的腐植体和镜质体2种分类体系可以并行使用。目前,在显微组分以及细化的分类方面,研究者可根据低阶煤的性质和分析目的,选择腐植体和镜质体2个分类体系中的其中一种使用。这与新的ISO煤的分类方法一致。在ISO分类中,也涵盖了低阶煤,并且提出,对于低阶煤可联合使用腐植体和镜质体2种分类方法。展开更多
: The TOF-SIMS fragment peak ascription of organic and inorganic ions of mineral-bituminous groundmass of Jurassic source rocks in the Turpan-Hami and Junggar basins was studied by using the high-resolution Time of Fl...: The TOF-SIMS fragment peak ascription of organic and inorganic ions of mineral-bituminous groundmass of Jurassic source rocks in the Turpan-Hami and Junggar basins was studied by using the high-resolution Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer (TOF-SIMS). The characteristics of spectrum distribution and constitution of fragment ions of the mineral-bituminous groundmass are discussed; then the methods of evaluating its hydrocarbon-generating potential are developed. In addition, the typical parameters, XAL, Yox and ZAR, for indicating the hydrocarbon-generating potential of mineral-bituminous and other organic matter in source rocks are put forward to reflect the aliphatic, oxygenous, and aromatic structures. It is confirmed by Rock-Eval that these parameters are significant in evaluating hydrocarbon generation. Moreover, the detection of the nitrogenous and oxygenous fragment ion, CH5NO3+, in the mudstone formed in semi-deep lakes and in the carbargilite formed in the arms of lakes reflects the fact that microbes take an active part in biologic degradation.展开更多
Generally, sandstone-type uranium deposits can be divided into three zones according to their redox conditions: oxidized zone, ore zone and reduced zone. The Dongsheng uranium deposit belongs to this type. In order to...Generally, sandstone-type uranium deposits can be divided into three zones according to their redox conditions: oxidized zone, ore zone and reduced zone. The Dongsheng uranium deposit belongs to this type. In order to study its geochemical characteristics, 11 samples were taken from the three zones of the Dongsheng uranium deposit. Five samples of them were collected from the oxidized zone, four samples from the ore zone and two samples from the reduced zone. These samples were analyzed using organic and inorganic geochemical methods. The results of GC traces and ICP-MASS indicate that the three zones show different organic and inorganic geochemical characteristics.展开更多
this work focuses on one of the critical points of Earth＇s history when the Solar System passed through the most distant point of its galactic orbit. During this event, Earth may have suffered from maximum extension,...this work focuses on one of the critical points of Earth＇s history when the Solar System passed through the most distant point of its galactic orbit. During this event, Earth may have suffered from maximum extension, associated with its relative proximity to the Sun at that time, followed by long-term contraction related to its later distancing. This paper is based on generalized data on the Cretaceous evolution of the Earth as a whole and of East Asia in particular. The evidence suggests that major geological processes at this time may be interpreted as transitional changes in the state of Earth. A liquid nature of its core may have reacted to the gravitational and electromagnetic transformations. When the cosmic changes took place at 135-120 Ma, more turbulent flows in the outer core would have favoured the rise of voluminous magmatic plumes and associated fluid flows. These would substantially transform the mantle, crust, hydrosphere, biosphere and atmosphere. In particular, plume-related melting of overlying subducting slabs and lower continental crust could have initiated numerous adakitic melts that formed the East Asian Adakitic Province. These and associated juvenile events produced numerous metallic ore, coal, gas and oil deposits. The Cretaceous is one of the most significant resource-producing periods.展开更多
Nanoscale RMs play important roles during the development of nanotechnology. Nations that have carried out the R＆D of nanotechnology are extending a great amount of effort in this area and have already gained some si...Nanoscale RMs play important roles during the development of nanotechnology. Nations that have carried out the R＆D of nanotechnology are extending a great amount of effort in this area and have already gained some significant achievements. At present, there has been more R＆D in the development of RMs than that of the toxicity of nanomaterials. In this paper, the current research status of nanoscale RMs around the world is introduced. Finally, the research strategy and suggestion for domestic nanoscale RMs are provided based on the recent research in nanotechnology.展开更多
Mineralogy and geochemistry of No.6 Coal from the Heidaigou Mine of the Jungar Coalfield of North China were studied using instrumental neu- tron activation analysis,inductively coupled-plasma mass spectroscopy,X-ray ...Mineralogy and geochemistry of No.6 Coal from the Heidaigou Mine of the Jungar Coalfield of North China were studied using instrumental neu- tron activation analysis,inductively coupled-plasma mass spectroscopy,X-ray fluorescence spectrometry,and scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer. The results show that gallium concentration is as high as 44.8 μg·g?1 in the whole coal-channel sample,and varies from 30.1 μg·g?1 to 76.0 μg·g?1 (mean 51.9 μg·g?1) in the main minable benches of No.6 Coal. Such high concentration of Ga in the coal is far higher than the industrial grade (30 μg·g?1). The thickness of the main minable benches accounts for 81.9% of the whole coal bed. The laboratory high-temperature ashes (550℃) of the main minable coal benches also contain a high concentration of Ga,varying from 62.2 μg·g?1 to 178 μg·g?1,with an average of 89.2 μg·g?1. The boehmite significantly enriched in No.6 Coal is the main carrier of the high Ga in the coal. Average concentration of Ga in boehmite is 0.09%. The av- erage content of boehmite is 6.1% in the whole coal and 7.5% in the main minable benches. Boehmite is derived from the bauxite in the weathered crust of the underlying Benxi Formation in the north of the basin during the peat accumulation. The colloidal idrargillite had been shortly transported from the weathered crust to the peat mire,and owing to the compaction of the overlying strata during the peat accumulation and early diagenesis,the idrargillite colloid had begun to be dehydrated,leading to boehmite formation. A pre- liminary estimation showed that the ensured and prospected reserves of Ga in No.6 Coal are up to 6.3 ×104t and 8.57×105t,indicating a superlarge galliumore deposit. The particular paleogeography of the Jungar Coalfield and the peculiar carrier of Ga in coal suggest that this Ga ore deposit is unique in the world. Rare earth elements are also enriched in coal and laboratory ashes. The weighted average concentra- tion of the total rare earth elements is 255 μg·g?1 and 830.36 μg·g?1 in the main minable benches and their laboratory ashes,respectively. Because Al is the main composition of boehmite,aluminum and rare earth elements in No.6 Coal are also the available and valuable resources.展开更多
文摘煤的显微组分定义与分类的国际标准"ICCP system 1994"是国际煤和有机岩石学委员会(ICCP)历经26 a(1991-2017)完成,按照显微组分组和发表的时间,该标准共分4个部分,分别是镜质体(1998)、惰质体(2001)、腐质体(2005)和类脂体(2017)。"ICCP system 1994"目前已被国际上从事煤岩学和有机岩石学研究的科研工作者广泛采用。国际煤和有机岩石学委员会在1994年第46届ICCP年会上确定了镜质体显微组分组、亚组和显微组分的定义和分类,并于1998年发表,它是"ICCP system 1994"重要的组成部分。在"ICCP system 1994"镜质体分类方案中,镜质体显微组分组被划分为3个亚组,结构镜质体亚组、碎屑镜质体亚组和凝胶镜质体亚组,它们分别进一步被划分为2个显微组分。其中,划分亚组的主要依据是植物组织的破环(降解)程度,显微组分之间的区分主要依据是凝胶化程度和(或)形貌特征。该分类体系与ICCP腐植体分类体系紧密关联。基于"ICCP system 1994",对镜质体各亚组和各显微组分的定义、光学特征、物理和化学特征、来源以及实际应用等方面进行了解析,对"ICCP system 1994"中镜质体显微组分分类提出了尽可能规范的中文名称。中华人民共和国国家标准《烟煤显微组分分类》(GB/T 15588—2013)和"ICCP system 1994"相比,前者采用了显微组分组、显微组分和显微亚组分的分类方案,将均质镜质体(Telocollinite;即本文中的胶质结构体Collotelinite)和基质镜质体(Desmocollinite;即本文中的胶质碎屑体Collodetrinite)划入无结构的显微亚组分。
文摘距国际煤和有机岩石学委员会(ICCP)讨论制定新的显微组分分类近30 a后,国际煤地质学杂志(International Journal of Coal Geology)于2017年发表了类脂体新的分类方案“Classification of liptinite-ICCP System 1994”。在此之前,ICCP发表了镜质体(ICCP,1998)、惰质体(ICCP,2001)和腐植体(Sykorova等,2005)的分类方案。类脂体新分类方案的发表,标志着ICCP完成了对煤显微组分分类体系的构建。这4个分类方案统称为“ICCP System 1994”。与ICCP的旧分类方案(Stopes Heerlen分类)相比,该类脂体分类适用于所有煤化作用程度的煤和变质程度的沉积岩中的分散有机质。新的类脂体分类方案包括9种显微组分,即角质体、木栓质体、孢子体、树脂体、渗出沥青体、叶绿素体、藻类体、类脂碎屑体、沥青质体。“ICCP system 1994”和中华人民共和国国家标准《烟煤显微组分分类》(GB/T 15588—2013)相比,后者有树皮体和荧光体,并明确地划分出了显微亚组分(即孢粉体分为大孢子体和小孢子体,藻类体分为结构藻类体和层状藻类体)。“ICCP system 1994”有叶绿素体,并将荧光体作为树脂体的一种。其他显微组分在国家标准《烟煤显微组分分类》和“ICCP System 1994”中相互对应。与“ICCP system 1994”的适用范围不同,国家标准《烟煤显微组分分类》适用于中阶煤。
文摘与镜质体和类脂体相比,惰质体具有明显的惰性,特别是在碳化过程中其惰性更为明显。惰质体的定义和分类是“ICCP system 1994”的重要组成部分。在“ICCP system 1994”中,惰质体包含7种显微组分,不包含亚组。这7种显微组分包括丝质体、半丝质体、真菌体、分泌体、粗粒体、微粒体和惰质碎屑体;前3者保存细胞的结构,分泌体、粗粒体、微粒体没有保存植物的细胞结构。对于具有结构的惰质体显微组分,只有那些具有高反射率的组织细胞壁才能鉴定为惰质体的组分。该分类方案有2个突出特点:①真菌体和分泌体替代了旧分类方案中的菌类体;②重新定义了显微组分粗粒体,以便使其与分泌体之间有清晰的分辨界限。真菌体仅包括真菌的遗骸;虽然分泌体和真菌菌核的光学性质近似,但前者实际上是氧化后又经历了煤化作用的植物分泌物。惰质体其他显微组分和旧分类方案(即Stopes Heerlen烟煤显微组分分类方案)没有太大区别。“ICCP system 1994”和国家标准《烟煤显微组分分类》相比,2者之间的显微组分是相互对应的,但是后者多了显微亚组分(即丝质体分为火焚和氧化丝质体;粗粒体分为粗粒体1和粗粒体2)。对煤中丝质体属于火焚成因还是氧化成因或者其他成因,尚存在不同的认识。不同于镜质体的分类适于中阶煤和高阶煤,惰质体的分类适用于从泥炭到变无烟煤整个煤化作用阶段。
文摘国际煤地质学杂志(International Journal of Coal Geology)在2005年发表了褐煤腐植体显微组分的分类方案。由于我国没有低阶煤中腐植体的显微组分分类方案,因此“ICCP System 1994”中关于腐植体的显微组分的定义和分类方案对我国学者更具有特殊的意义。该显微组分分类方案(ICCP system 1994)在原分类方案的基础上,对腐植体显微组分的分类进行了修订,以便能够使其与其他显微组分,特别是镜质体分类中的相关术语更相匹配。该分类方案将腐植体显微组分为3个亚组,分别是结构腐植体亚组、碎屑腐植体亚组、凝胶腐植体亚组;每个显微组分亚组又分为2个显微组分,显微组分可以进一步分为显微亚组分以至显微组分种。虽然本分类方案主要针对的褐煤(指腐植体平均随机反射率低于0.4%的低阶煤,或称之木质褐煤),但适合于褐煤和亚烟煤,主要是因为镜质体和腐植体,以及次级的显微组分亚组之间具有对应的关系,因此,“ICCP system 1994”分类方案的腐植体和镜质体2种分类体系可以并行使用。目前,在显微组分以及细化的分类方面,研究者可根据低阶煤的性质和分析目的,选择腐植体和镜质体2个分类体系中的其中一种使用。这与新的ISO煤的分类方法一致。在ISO分类中,也涵盖了低阶煤,并且提出,对于低阶煤可联合使用腐植体和镜质体2种分类方法。
文摘: The TOF-SIMS fragment peak ascription of organic and inorganic ions of mineral-bituminous groundmass of Jurassic source rocks in the Turpan-Hami and Junggar basins was studied by using the high-resolution Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer (TOF-SIMS). The characteristics of spectrum distribution and constitution of fragment ions of the mineral-bituminous groundmass are discussed; then the methods of evaluating its hydrocarbon-generating potential are developed. In addition, the typical parameters, XAL, Yox and ZAR, for indicating the hydrocarbon-generating potential of mineral-bituminous and other organic matter in source rocks are put forward to reflect the aliphatic, oxygenous, and aromatic structures. It is confirmed by Rock-Eval that these parameters are significant in evaluating hydrocarbon generation. Moreover, the detection of the nitrogenous and oxygenous fragment ion, CH5NO3+, in the mudstone formed in semi-deep lakes and in the carbargilite formed in the arms of lakes reflects the fact that microbes take an active part in biologic degradation.
文摘Generally, sandstone-type uranium deposits can be divided into three zones according to their redox conditions: oxidized zone, ore zone and reduced zone. The Dongsheng uranium deposit belongs to this type. In order to study its geochemical characteristics, 11 samples were taken from the three zones of the Dongsheng uranium deposit. Five samples of them were collected from the oxidized zone, four samples from the ore zone and two samples from the reduced zone. These samples were analyzed using organic and inorganic geochemical methods. The results of GC traces and ICP-MASS indicate that the three zones show different organic and inorganic geochemical characteristics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41420104001)the ‘111’ Project(No.B17042)
文摘this work focuses on one of the critical points of Earth＇s history when the Solar System passed through the most distant point of its galactic orbit. During this event, Earth may have suffered from maximum extension, associated with its relative proximity to the Sun at that time, followed by long-term contraction related to its later distancing. This paper is based on generalized data on the Cretaceous evolution of the Earth as a whole and of East Asia in particular. The evidence suggests that major geological processes at this time may be interpreted as transitional changes in the state of Earth. A liquid nature of its core may have reacted to the gravitational and electromagnetic transformations. When the cosmic changes took place at 135-120 Ma, more turbulent flows in the outer core would have favoured the rise of voluminous magmatic plumes and associated fluid flows. These would substantially transform the mantle, crust, hydrosphere, biosphere and atmosphere. In particular, plume-related melting of overlying subducting slabs and lower continental crust could have initiated numerous adakitic melts that formed the East Asian Adakitic Province. These and associated juvenile events produced numerous metallic ore, coal, gas and oil deposits. The Cretaceous is one of the most significant resource-producing periods.
文摘Nanoscale RMs play important roles during the development of nanotechnology. Nations that have carried out the R＆D of nanotechnology are extending a great amount of effort in this area and have already gained some significant achievements. At present, there has been more R＆D in the development of RMs than that of the toxicity of nanomaterials. In this paper, the current research status of nanoscale RMs around the world is introduced. Finally, the research strategy and suggestion for domestic nanoscale RMs are provided based on the recent research in nanotechnology.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 40472083）the Key Science and Technology Project of Ministry of Education of China （Grant No. 105020） the Foundation of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of China （Grant No. 200448）.
文摘Mineralogy and geochemistry of No.6 Coal from the Heidaigou Mine of the Jungar Coalfield of North China were studied using instrumental neu- tron activation analysis,inductively coupled-plasma mass spectroscopy,X-ray fluorescence spectrometry,and scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer. The results show that gallium concentration is as high as 44.8 μg·g?1 in the whole coal-channel sample,and varies from 30.1 μg·g?1 to 76.0 μg·g?1 (mean 51.9 μg·g?1) in the main minable benches of No.6 Coal. Such high concentration of Ga in the coal is far higher than the industrial grade (30 μg·g?1). The thickness of the main minable benches accounts for 81.9% of the whole coal bed. The laboratory high-temperature ashes (550℃) of the main minable coal benches also contain a high concentration of Ga,varying from 62.2 μg·g?1 to 178 μg·g?1,with an average of 89.2 μg·g?1. The boehmite significantly enriched in No.6 Coal is the main carrier of the high Ga in the coal. Average concentration of Ga in boehmite is 0.09%. The av- erage content of boehmite is 6.1% in the whole coal and 7.5% in the main minable benches. Boehmite is derived from the bauxite in the weathered crust of the underlying Benxi Formation in the north of the basin during the peat accumulation. The colloidal idrargillite had been shortly transported from the weathered crust to the peat mire,and owing to the compaction of the overlying strata during the peat accumulation and early diagenesis,the idrargillite colloid had begun to be dehydrated,leading to boehmite formation. A pre- liminary estimation showed that the ensured and prospected reserves of Ga in No.6 Coal are up to 6.3 ×104t and 8.57×105t,indicating a superlarge galliumore deposit. The particular paleogeography of the Jungar Coalfield and the peculiar carrier of Ga in coal suggest that this Ga ore deposit is unique in the world. Rare earth elements are also enriched in coal and laboratory ashes. The weighted average concentra- tion of the total rare earth elements is 255 μg·g?1 and 830.36 μg·g?1 in the main minable benches and their laboratory ashes,respectively. Because Al is the main composition of boehmite,aluminum and rare earth elements in No.6 Coal are also the available and valuable resources.
