Designing anion-dominated weak solvation structures is often achieved by elevating the concentration of Li salts.However,this is accompanied by the increase in the cost.Herein,a medium concentration electrolyte (1 M) ...Designing anion-dominated weak solvation structures is often achieved by elevating the concentration of Li salts.However,this is accompanied by the increase in the cost.Herein,a medium concentration electrolyte (1 M) with weak solvation structures is established by the multi-anion strategy.Multiple anions in the electrolyte strengthen the anion-solvent interactions through stronger ion–dipole interactions.This reduces the quantity of free solvent and improves the reduction resistance of solvents.In addition,the Li ion–solvent interaction is weakened,facilitating the anions to enter the solvation sheaths of Li ions.This multi-anion-dominated weak solvation structures boost Li ion diffusion in the electrolyte,accelerate the desolvation process of Li ions,and induce inorganic-rich solid electrolyte interphase and uniform Li deposition.An average Coulombic efficiency of 99.1%for repeated Li plating/stripping can be achieved.Li||LiNi_(0.5)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.3)O_(2) cells with a high cathode loading of 3.0 m A h cm^(-2) can maintain a capacity retention as high as 95% after 150 cycles.This finding provides novel standpoints to modulate the interaction of solvation structures and extend the lifespan of high-energy–density Li metal batteries.展开更多
The rapid advancement of deep learning and the emergence of largescale neural models,such as bidirectional encoder representations from transformers(BERT),generative pre-trained transformer(GPT),and large language mod...The rapid advancement of deep learning and the emergence of largescale neural models,such as bidirectional encoder representations from transformers(BERT),generative pre-trained transformer(GPT),and large language model Meta AI(LLaMa),have brought significant computational and energy challenges.Neuromorphic computing presents a biologically inspired approach to addressing these issues,leveraging event-driven processing and in-memory computation for enhanced energy efficiency.This survey explores the intersection of neuromorphic computing and large-scale deep learning models,focusing on neuromorphic models,learning methods,and hardware.We highlight transferable techniques from deep learning to neuromorphic computing and examine the memoryrelated scalability limitations of current neuromorphic systems.Furthermore,we identify potential directions to enable neuromorphic systems to meet the growing demands of modern AI workloads.展开更多
In this paper, a class of smoothing modulus-based iterative method was presented for solving implicit complementarity problems. The main idea was to transform the implicit complementarity problem into an equivalent im...In this paper, a class of smoothing modulus-based iterative method was presented for solving implicit complementarity problems. The main idea was to transform the implicit complementarity problem into an equivalent implicit fixed-point equation, then introduces a smoothing function to obtain its approximation solutions. The convergence analysis of the algorithm was given, and the efficiency of the algorithms was verified by numerical experiments.展开更多
Lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs)are being recognized as potential successor to ubiquitous LIBs in daily life due to their higher theoretical energy density and lower cost effectiveness.However,the development of the LSB...Lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs)are being recognized as potential successor to ubiquitous LIBs in daily life due to their higher theoretical energy density and lower cost effectiveness.However,the development of the LSB is beset with some tenacious issues,mainly including the insulation nature of the S or Li_(2)S(the discharged product),the unavoidable dissolution of the reaction intermediate products(mainly as lithium polysulfides(LiPSs)),and the subsequent LiPSs shuttling across the separator,resulting in the continuous loss of active material,anode passivation,and low coulombic efficiency.Containment methods by introducing the high-electrical conductivity host are commonly used in improving the electrochemical performances of LSBs.However,such prevalent technologies are in the price of reduced energy density since they require more addition of amount of host materials.Adding trace of catalysts that catalyze the redox reaction between S/Li_(2)S and Li_(2)Sn(3<n≤8),shows ingenious design,which not only accelerates the conversion reaction between the solid S species and dissolved S species,alleviating the shuttle effect,but also expedites the electron transport thus reducing the polarization of the electrode.In this review,the redox reaction process during Li-S chemistry are firstly highlighted.Recent developed catalysts,including transitionmetal oxides,chalcogenides,phosphides,nitrides,and carbides/borides are then outlined to better understand the role of catalyst additives during the polysulfide conversion.Finally,the critical issues,challenges,and perspectives are discussed to demonstrate the potential development of LSBs.展开更多
Phase change materials(PCMs)are expected to achieve dual-mode thermal management for heating and cooling Li-ion batteries(LIBs)according to real-time thermal conditions,guaranteeing the reliable operation of LIBs in b...Phase change materials(PCMs)are expected to achieve dual-mode thermal management for heating and cooling Li-ion batteries(LIBs)according to real-time thermal conditions,guaranteeing the reliable operation of LIBs in both cold and hot environments.Herein,we report a liquid metal(LM)modified polyethylene glycol/LM/boron nitride PCM,capable of dual-mode thermal managing the LIBs through photothermal effect and passive thermal conduction.Its geometrical conformation and thermal pathways fabricated through ice-template strategy are conformable to the LIB’s structure and heat-conduction characteristic.Typically,soft and deformable LMs are modified on the boron nitride surface,serving as thermal bridges to reduce the contact thermal resistance among adjacent fillers to realize high thermal conductivity of 8.8 and 7.6 W m^(−1) K^(−1) in the vertical and in-plane directions,respectively.In addition,LM with excellent photothermal performance provides the PCM with efficient battery heating capability if employing a controllable lighting system.As a proof-of-concept,this PCM is manifested to heat battery to an appropriate temperature range in a cold environment and lower the working temperature of the LIBs by more than 10℃ at high charging/discharging rate,opening opportunities for LIBs with durable working performance and evitable risk of thermal runaway.展开更多
Herbal extraction residues(HERs)cause serious environmental pollution and resource waste.In this study,a novel green route was designed for the comprehensive reutilization of all components in HERs,taking Magnolia off...Herbal extraction residues(HERs)cause serious environmental pollution and resource waste.In this study,a novel green route was designed for the comprehensive reutilization of all components in HERs,taking Magnolia officinalis residues(MOR)as an example.The reluctant structure of MOR was first destroyed by alkali pretreatment to release the functional ingredients(magnolol and honokiol)originally remaining in MOR and to make MOR more accessible for hydrolysis.A metal–organic frame material MIL-101(Cr)with a maximum absorption capacity of 255.64 mg g^(-1)was synthesized to absorb the released honokiol and magnolol from the pretreated MOR solutions,and 40 g L^(-1)reducing sugars were obtained with 81.8%enzymatic hydrolysis rate at 10%MOR solid loading.Finally,382 mg L-1β-amyrin was produced from MOR hydrolysates by an engineered yeast strain.In total,1 kg honokiol,8 kg magnolol,and 7.64 kg β-amyrin could produce from 1 ton MOR by this cleaner process with a total economic output of 170,700 RMB.展开更多
The crocodile lizard （Shinisaurus croeodilurus） is an ovoviviparoug lizard belonging to a monotypic family that originated during the end of the quaternary ice age. A rare species in the wild, the crocodile lizard w...The crocodile lizard （Shinisaurus croeodilurus） is an ovoviviparoug lizard belonging to a monotypic family that originated during the end of the quaternary ice age. A rare species in the wild, the crocodile lizard was listed in CITES Appendix II. Knowledge of the reproductive biology and mating system of this species is important for designing conservation strategies and improving genetic variation. To investigate the paternity of the crocodile lizards and to interpret their reproductive behaviour, we collected saliva from females, potential fathers and offspring in a semi- natural enclosure experiment and analyzed the paternity of the crocodile lizard using 12 microsatellite genetic loci. The overall observed incidence of multiple paternity was 42.9% （6 of 14 clutches） and Fis was 0.089 ± 0.056. These results indicate that the primary mating mode of the crocodile lizard is that males are polygynous while with females are polyandrous, and there is multiple paternity among offspring of the same mother.展开更多
The outbreak of Yantze vole ( Microtus fortis) population in Dongting Lake region is closely related to the evolvement of lake beaches,because the deposition of lake sediments results in the expansion of lake beaches,...The outbreak of Yantze vole ( Microtus fortis) population in Dongting Lake region is closely related to the evolvement of lake beaches,because the deposition of lake sediments results in the expansion of lake beaches,which provides the possibility of the increase of the vole's population. Reclaiming farmland from lake via building cofferdams,eliminating snails by building cofferdams for eradicating schistosomiasis,and over-hunting predators in the region cause the voles becoming a pest after the 1970s. In recent years,the Three Gorges Project and the conversion from farmland into lake have had deep impacts on the environment in the lake region. The dispatching of the down flow rate by the project has induced the expansion of the low and medium level beaches in the lake region,while converting farmland into lake directly has induced the expansion of the lake beaches,both of which have expanded the potential habitats of the vole's population. Therefore,more attention should be paid to the quantitative variation trend of the vole's population in the future.展开更多
Six new triterpenoid saponins,aesculusosides A-F(1-6),together with 19 known ones,were isolated from the seeds of Aesculus chinensis.The new structures were elucidated through extensive spectroscopic analyses and by c...Six new triterpenoid saponins,aesculusosides A-F(1-6),together with 19 known ones,were isolated from the seeds of Aesculus chinensis.The new structures were elucidated through extensive spectroscopic analyses and by comparison with previously reported data.Some of the isolates were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against MCF-7 cell line by an MTT assay,and compounds 15,16,19,and 23-25 exhibited inhibitory activities against MCF-7 with IC50 values ranging from 7.1 to 31.3μM.展开更多
An undescribed pyrrole acid,1-(4′-methoxy-4′-oxobutyl)-1 H-pyrrole-2,5-dicarboxylic acid(1)and one known pyr-role acid(2)were isolated from the fruits of Phyllanthus emblica.The structures of these compounds were el...An undescribed pyrrole acid,1-(4′-methoxy-4′-oxobutyl)-1 H-pyrrole-2,5-dicarboxylic acid(1)and one known pyr-role acid(2)were isolated from the fruits of Phyllanthus emblica.The structures of these compounds were elucidated via the comprehensive analyses of IR,HRESIMS,1D and 2D spectroscopic data.A series of biological assays revealed that compounds 1 and 2 could inhibit LPS-induced over-production of nitric oxide(NO),interleukin-6(IL-6),monocyte chemotactic protein 1(MCP-1)and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)by reducing the phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinases(ERK)and c-Jun N-terminal kinases(JNK)in RAW 264.7 cells.Additionally,compounds 1 and 2 were found to reduce lipid deposition and increase the mRNA expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 in oxidized low-density lipoprotein-treated RAW264.7 macrophages.展开更多
To understand genetic variation and population dispersal in the Yangtze vole Microtusfortis calamorum distributed in the Dongting Lake region, 144 individuals were collected from six habitat patches. The mitochondrial...To understand genetic variation and population dispersal in the Yangtze vole Microtusfortis calamorum distributed in the Dongting Lake region, 144 individuals were collected from six habitat patches. The mitochondrial DNA control region was sequenced and 17 haplotypes were observed. Of the six investigated populations, haplotype and nucleotide diversities of those from larger patches were higher than those from smaller patches. Nonparametric correlation analysis showed that patch size had a positive correlation with haplotype diversity （r = 0.943, P 〈 0.01）. A neighbour-joining tree of the 17 haplotypes showed no geo- graphic genetic structure among the six populations. Analysis of isolation by distance showed that genetic differentiation among the six populations was not positively related to geographic distance. Analysis of mismatch distribution indicated that the voles had passed through a population expansion. The pattern of haplotype distribution in the Changsha population suggests that the population was established by a founder effect展开更多
As auxins are among the most important phytohormones,the regulation of auxin homeostasis is complex.Generally,auxin conjugates,especially IAA glucosides,are predominant at high auxin levels.Previous research on termin...As auxins are among the most important phytohormones,the regulation of auxin homeostasis is complex.Generally,auxin conjugates,especially IAA glucosides,are predominant at high auxin levels.Previous research on terminal glucosylation focused mainly on the O-position,while IAA-N-glucoside and IAA-Asp-N-glucoside have been neglected since their discovery in 2001.In our study,IAA-Asp-N-glucoside was found to be specifically abundant(as high as 4.13 mg/g)in the seeds of 58 ginkgo cultivars.Furthermore,a novel N-glucosyltransferase,termed GbNGT1,was identified via differential transcriptome analysis and in vitro enzymatic testing.It was found that GbNGT1 could catalyze IAA-Asp and IAA to form their corresponding N-glucosides.The enzyme was demonstrated to possess a specific catalytic capacity toward the N-position of the IAA-amino acid or IAA from 52 substrates.Docking and site-directed mutagenesis of this enzyme confirmed that the E15G mutant could almost completely abolish its N-glucosylation ability toward IAA-Asp and IAA in vitro and in vivo.The IAA modification of GbNGT1 and GbGH3.5 was verified by transient expression assay in Nicotiana benthamiana.The effect of GbNGT1 on IAA distribution promotes root growth in Arabidopsis thaliana.展开更多
A novel copolymer with fluorescence properties in mesoporous silica SBA-15 was prepared via a combination of surface-initiated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer（RAFT） polymerization and ＂click＂ chem...A novel copolymer with fluorescence properties in mesoporous silica SBA-15 was prepared via a combination of surface-initiated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer（RAFT） polymerization and ＂click＂ chemistry.A sufficient amount of peroxide groups were introduced into mesoporous silica SBA-15 channel pores and were further used to initiate the RAFT polymerization of styrene and 4-vinylbenzyl azide,resulting in SBA-15 supported polystyrene-co-poly（4-vinylbenzyl azide） copolymer（PS-co-PVBA/SBA-15） hybrid material.The samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FT-IR）,transmission electron microscopy（TEM）,thermogravimetry analysis（TGA）,N_2 adsorption-desorption isotherms and X-ray diffraction（XRD）,respectively.The results show that the styrene and 4-vinylbenzyl azide had copolymerized inside mesoporous silica SBA-15.Subsequently,Npropargyl-carbazole（PC） was connected to PS-co-PVBA/SBA-15 hybrid material via ＂click＂ reaction,resulting in PS-co-PVBC/SBA-15 with carbazole side groups hybrid material.The fluorescence spectrum is dominated by a broad band from 350 nm to 400 nm in narrow region and the maximum peak is 362 nm,indicating the characteristic absorption of the carbazole group of PS-co-PVBC/SBA-15 hybrid material.展开更多
The conversion and storage of photothermal energy using phase change materials(PCMs)represent an optimal approach for harnessing clean and sustainable solar energy.Herein,we encapsulated polyethylene glycol(PEG)in mon...The conversion and storage of photothermal energy using phase change materials(PCMs)represent an optimal approach for harnessing clean and sustainable solar energy.Herein,we encapsulated polyethylene glycol(PEG)in montmorillonite aerogels(3D-Mt)through vacuum impregnation to prepare 3D-Mt/PEG composite PCMs.When used as a support matrix,3D-Mt can effectively prevent PEG leakage and act as a flame-retardant barrier to reduce the flammability of PEG.Simultaneously,3D-Mt/PEG demonstrates outstanding shape retention,increased thermal energy storage density,and commendable thermal and chemical stability.The phase transition enthalpy of 3D-Mt/PEG can reach 167.53 J/g and remains stable even after 50 heating-cooling cycles.Furthermore,the vertical sheet-like structure of 3D-Mt establishes directional heat transport channels,facilitating efficient phonon transfer.This configuration results in highly anisotropic thermal conductivities that ensure swift thermal responses and efficient heat conduction.This study addresses the shortcomings of PCMs,including the issues of leakage and inadequate flame retardancy.It achieves the development and design of 3D-Mt/PEG with ultrahigh strength,superior flame retardancy,and directional heat transfer.Therefore,this work offers a design strategy for the preparation of high-performance composite PCMs.The 3D-Mt/PEG with vertically aligned and well-ordered array structure developed in this research shows great potential for thermal management and photothermal conversion applications.展开更多
Sodium ion battery(SIB)is considered as the potential alternative for next generation energy system to succeed the lithium ion battery(LIB)due to the low price and vast abundance of Na resource.Ternary metal sulfide i...Sodium ion battery(SIB)is considered as the potential alternative for next generation energy system to succeed the lithium ion battery(LIB)due to the low price and vast abundance of Na resource.Ternary metal sulfide is identified as an impo rtant redox conversion type of negative electrode for SIB.In this study,amorphous nickel boride(Ni-B)nanoflakes are introduced into the hollow Ni-Co sulfide nanospheres by a facile in situ solution growth route to promote the electrochemical performance of Na^(+)-storage.Electrochemical measurements demonstrate that the Ni-B component could effectively improve the redox kinetics of the conversion reaction and structural stability during long-term Na^(+)insertion/extraction.For example,the NiCo_(2)S_(4)@Ni-B composites display a high reversible capacity of 251.9 mA h g^(-1)at the current density of 1.0 A g^(-1)after 200 cycles,much higher than that of bare NiCo_(2)S_(4)(37.4 mA h g^(-1)at 1.0 A g^(-1)after 200 cycles).As a consequence,these results demonstrate a new sight to explore heterostructures of mixed metal-sulfides electrode materials with superior Na^(+)-storage performances.展开更多
With the continuous improvement of solar energy production capacity,how to effectively use the electricity generated by renewable solar energy for electrochemical conversion of biomass is a hot topic.Electrochemical c...With the continuous improvement of solar energy production capacity,how to effectively use the electricity generated by renewable solar energy for electrochemical conversion of biomass is a hot topic.Electrochemical conversion of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF)to biofuels and value-added oxygenated commodity chemicals provides a promising and alternative pathway to convert re-newable electricity into chemicals.Although nickel-based eletrocatalysts are well-known for HMF oxidation,their relatively low intrinsic activity,poor conductivity and stability still limit the poten-tial applications.Here,we report the fabrication of a freestanding nickel-based electrode,in which Ni(OH)_(2) species were in-situ constructed on Ni foam(NF)support using a facile ac-id-corrosion-induced strategy.The Ni(OH)2/NF electrocatalyst exhibits stable and efficient electro-chemical HMF oxidation into 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid(FDCA)with HMF conversion close to 100% with high Faraday efficiency.In-situ formation strategy results in a compact interface between Ni(OH)_(2) and NF,which contributes to good conductivity and stability during electrochemical reac-tions.The superior performance benefits from dynamic cyclic evolution of Ni(OH)_(2) to NiOOH,which acts as the reactive species for HMF oxidation to FDCA.A scaled-up device based on a continu-ous-flow electrolytic cell was also established,giving stable operation with a high FDCA production rate of 27 mg h^(-1)cm^(−2).This job offers a straightforward,economical,and scalable design strategy to design efficient and durable catalysts for electrochemical conversion of valuable chemicals.展开更多
A theoretical study on the structural dynamics of the temporal behavior of Bragg diffraction is presented and compared with experimental results obtained via ultrafast electron crystallography.In order to describe the...A theoretical study on the structural dynamics of the temporal behavior of Bragg diffraction is presented and compared with experimental results obtained via ultrafast electron crystallography.In order to describe the time-dependent lattices and calculate the Bragg diffraction intensity,we introduce the basic vector offset matrix,which can be used to quantify the shortening,lengthening and rotation of the three lattice vectors(i.e.,lattice deformation).Extensive simulations are performed to evaluate the four-dimensional electron crystallography model.The results elucidate the connection between structural deformations and changes in diffraction peaks,and sheds light on the quantitative analysis and comprehensive understanding of the structural dynamics.展开更多
This paper presents an energy resolution study of the JUNO experiment,incorporating the latest knowledge acquired during the detector construction phase.The determination of neutrino mass ordering in JUNO requires an ...This paper presents an energy resolution study of the JUNO experiment,incorporating the latest knowledge acquired during the detector construction phase.The determination of neutrino mass ordering in JUNO requires an exceptional energy resolution better than 3% at 1 MeV.To achieve this ambitious goal,significant efforts have been undertaken in the design and production of the key components of the JUNO detector.Various factors affecting the detection of inverse beta decay signals have an impact on the energy resolution,extending beyond the statistical fluctuations of the detected number of photons,such as the properties of the liquid scintillator,performance of photomultiplier tubes,and the energy reconstruction algorithm.To account for these effects,a full JUNO simulation and reconstruction approach is employed.This enables the modeling of all relevant effects and the evaluation of associated inputs to accurately estimate the energy resolution.The results of this study reveal an energy resolution of 2.95% at 1 Mev.Furthermore,this study assesses the contribution of major effects to the overall energy resolution budget.This analysis serves as a reference for interpreting future measurements of energy resolution during JUNO data collection.Moreover,it provides a guideline for comprehending the energy resolution characteristics of liquid scintillator-based detectors.展开更多
The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory(JUNO)is a multi-purpose neutrino experiment under construction in South China.This paper presents an updated estimate of JUNO’s sensitivity to neutrino mass ordering usin...The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory(JUNO)is a multi-purpose neutrino experiment under construction in South China.This paper presents an updated estimate of JUNO’s sensitivity to neutrino mass ordering using the reactor antineutrinos emitted from eight nuclear reactor cores in the Taishan and Yangjiang nuclear power plants.This measurement is planned by studying the fine interference pattern caused by quasi-vacuum oscillations in the oscillated antineutrino spectrum at a baseline of 52.5 km and is completely independent of the CP violating phase and neutrino mixing angleθ_(23).The sensitivity is obtained through a joint analysis of JUNO and Taishan Antineutrino Observatory(TAO)detectors utilizing the best available knowledge to date about the location and overburden of the JUNO experimental site,local and global nuclear reactors,JUNO and TAO detector responses,expected event rates and spectra of signals and backgrounds,and systematic uncertainties of analysis inputs.We find that a 3σmedian sensitivity to reject the wrong mass ordering hypothesis can be reached with an exposure of about 6.5 years×26.6 GW thermal power.展开更多
基金funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (22379072, 92372111, 22179070)the Startup Foundation for Introducing Talent of NUIST (2022r038)+1 种基金the Jiangsu Specially Appointed Professor Program, the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20220073)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (RF1028623157)。
文摘Designing anion-dominated weak solvation structures is often achieved by elevating the concentration of Li salts.However,this is accompanied by the increase in the cost.Herein,a medium concentration electrolyte (1 M) with weak solvation structures is established by the multi-anion strategy.Multiple anions in the electrolyte strengthen the anion-solvent interactions through stronger ion–dipole interactions.This reduces the quantity of free solvent and improves the reduction resistance of solvents.In addition,the Li ion–solvent interaction is weakened,facilitating the anions to enter the solvation sheaths of Li ions.This multi-anion-dominated weak solvation structures boost Li ion diffusion in the electrolyte,accelerate the desolvation process of Li ions,and induce inorganic-rich solid electrolyte interphase and uniform Li deposition.An average Coulombic efficiency of 99.1%for repeated Li plating/stripping can be achieved.Li||LiNi_(0.5)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.3)O_(2) cells with a high cathode loading of 3.0 m A h cm^(-2) can maintain a capacity retention as high as 95% after 150 cycles.This finding provides novel standpoints to modulate the interaction of solvation structures and extend the lifespan of high-energy–density Li metal batteries.
文摘The rapid advancement of deep learning and the emergence of largescale neural models,such as bidirectional encoder representations from transformers(BERT),generative pre-trained transformer(GPT),and large language model Meta AI(LLaMa),have brought significant computational and energy challenges.Neuromorphic computing presents a biologically inspired approach to addressing these issues,leveraging event-driven processing and in-memory computation for enhanced energy efficiency.This survey explores the intersection of neuromorphic computing and large-scale deep learning models,focusing on neuromorphic models,learning methods,and hardware.We highlight transferable techniques from deep learning to neuromorphic computing and examine the memoryrelated scalability limitations of current neuromorphic systems.Furthermore,we identify potential directions to enable neuromorphic systems to meet the growing demands of modern AI workloads.
文摘In this paper, a class of smoothing modulus-based iterative method was presented for solving implicit complementarity problems. The main idea was to transform the implicit complementarity problem into an equivalent implicit fixed-point equation, then introduces a smoothing function to obtain its approximation solutions. The convergence analysis of the algorithm was given, and the efficiency of the algorithms was verified by numerical experiments.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21601089,21905140)the Six Talent Peaks Project of Jiangsu Province in China(2016-XCL-047)Jiangsu SpeciallyAppointed Professor program。
文摘Lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs)are being recognized as potential successor to ubiquitous LIBs in daily life due to their higher theoretical energy density and lower cost effectiveness.However,the development of the LSB is beset with some tenacious issues,mainly including the insulation nature of the S or Li_(2)S(the discharged product),the unavoidable dissolution of the reaction intermediate products(mainly as lithium polysulfides(LiPSs)),and the subsequent LiPSs shuttling across the separator,resulting in the continuous loss of active material,anode passivation,and low coulombic efficiency.Containment methods by introducing the high-electrical conductivity host are commonly used in improving the electrochemical performances of LSBs.However,such prevalent technologies are in the price of reduced energy density since they require more addition of amount of host materials.Adding trace of catalysts that catalyze the redox reaction between S/Li_(2)S and Li_(2)Sn(3<n≤8),shows ingenious design,which not only accelerates the conversion reaction between the solid S species and dissolved S species,alleviating the shuttle effect,but also expedites the electron transport thus reducing the polarization of the electrode.In this review,the redox reaction process during Li-S chemistry are firstly highlighted.Recent developed catalysts,including transitionmetal oxides,chalcogenides,phosphides,nitrides,and carbides/borides are then outlined to better understand the role of catalyst additives during the polysulfide conversion.Finally,the critical issues,challenges,and perspectives are discussed to demonstrate the potential development of LSBs.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52103091)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20200501)the State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering(No.sklpme2022-3-15).
文摘Phase change materials(PCMs)are expected to achieve dual-mode thermal management for heating and cooling Li-ion batteries(LIBs)according to real-time thermal conditions,guaranteeing the reliable operation of LIBs in both cold and hot environments.Herein,we report a liquid metal(LM)modified polyethylene glycol/LM/boron nitride PCM,capable of dual-mode thermal managing the LIBs through photothermal effect and passive thermal conduction.Its geometrical conformation and thermal pathways fabricated through ice-template strategy are conformable to the LIB’s structure and heat-conduction characteristic.Typically,soft and deformable LMs are modified on the boron nitride surface,serving as thermal bridges to reduce the contact thermal resistance among adjacent fillers to realize high thermal conductivity of 8.8 and 7.6 W m^(−1) K^(−1) in the vertical and in-plane directions,respectively.In addition,LM with excellent photothermal performance provides the PCM with efficient battery heating capability if employing a controllable lighting system.As a proof-of-concept,this PCM is manifested to heat battery to an appropriate temperature range in a cold environment and lower the working temperature of the LIBs by more than 10℃ at high charging/discharging rate,opening opportunities for LIBs with durable working performance and evitable risk of thermal runaway.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project(2019YFC1906601)China the Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences(C12021A04111)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Public Welfare Research Institutes(ZZ13-YQ-040).
文摘Herbal extraction residues(HERs)cause serious environmental pollution and resource waste.In this study,a novel green route was designed for the comprehensive reutilization of all components in HERs,taking Magnolia officinalis residues(MOR)as an example.The reluctant structure of MOR was first destroyed by alkali pretreatment to release the functional ingredients(magnolol and honokiol)originally remaining in MOR and to make MOR more accessible for hydrolysis.A metal–organic frame material MIL-101(Cr)with a maximum absorption capacity of 255.64 mg g^(-1)was synthesized to absorb the released honokiol and magnolol from the pretreated MOR solutions,and 40 g L^(-1)reducing sugars were obtained with 81.8%enzymatic hydrolysis rate at 10%MOR solid loading.Finally,382 mg L-1β-amyrin was produced from MOR hydrolysates by an engineered yeast strain.In total,1 kg honokiol,8 kg magnolol,and 7.64 kg β-amyrin could produce from 1 ton MOR by this cleaner process with a total economic output of 170,700 RMB.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31360522)
文摘The crocodile lizard （Shinisaurus croeodilurus） is an ovoviviparoug lizard belonging to a monotypic family that originated during the end of the quaternary ice age. A rare species in the wild, the crocodile lizard was listed in CITES Appendix II. Knowledge of the reproductive biology and mating system of this species is important for designing conservation strategies and improving genetic variation. To investigate the paternity of the crocodile lizards and to interpret their reproductive behaviour, we collected saliva from females, potential fathers and offspring in a semi- natural enclosure experiment and analyzed the paternity of the crocodile lizard using 12 microsatellite genetic loci. The overall observed incidence of multiple paternity was 42.9% （6 of 14 clutches） and Fis was 0.089 ± 0.056. These results indicate that the primary mating mode of the crocodile lizard is that males are polygynous while with females are polyandrous, and there is multiple paternity among offspring of the same mother.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(30870402,31170396)Key Knowledge Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences(KSCX-EW-N-05)
文摘The outbreak of Yantze vole ( Microtus fortis) population in Dongting Lake region is closely related to the evolvement of lake beaches,because the deposition of lake sediments results in the expansion of lake beaches,which provides the possibility of the increase of the vole's population. Reclaiming farmland from lake via building cofferdams,eliminating snails by building cofferdams for eradicating schistosomiasis,and over-hunting predators in the region cause the voles becoming a pest after the 1970s. In recent years,the Three Gorges Project and the conversion from farmland into lake have had deep impacts on the environment in the lake region. The dispatching of the down flow rate by the project has induced the expansion of the low and medium level beaches in the lake region,while converting farmland into lake directly has induced the expansion of the lake beaches,both of which have expanded the potential habitats of the vole's population. Therefore,more attention should be paid to the quantitative variation trend of the vole's population in the future.
基金support from the independent topics supported by operational expenses for basic research of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences(ZXKT15032).
文摘Six new triterpenoid saponins,aesculusosides A-F(1-6),together with 19 known ones,were isolated from the seeds of Aesculus chinensis.The new structures were elucidated through extensive spectroscopic analyses and by comparison with previously reported data.Some of the isolates were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against MCF-7 cell line by an MTT assay,and compounds 15,16,19,and 23-25 exhibited inhibitory activities against MCF-7 with IC50 values ranging from 7.1 to 31.3μM.
基金Scientific and technological innovation project of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences(CI2021A04409,CI2021A04404,CI2021A04405)the fundamental research funds for the central public welfare research institutes(No.ZZ13-YQ-061,ZXKT22012,ZXKT22039).
文摘An undescribed pyrrole acid,1-(4′-methoxy-4′-oxobutyl)-1 H-pyrrole-2,5-dicarboxylic acid(1)and one known pyr-role acid(2)were isolated from the fruits of Phyllanthus emblica.The structures of these compounds were elucidated via the comprehensive analyses of IR,HRESIMS,1D and 2D spectroscopic data.A series of biological assays revealed that compounds 1 and 2 could inhibit LPS-induced over-production of nitric oxide(NO),interleukin-6(IL-6),monocyte chemotactic protein 1(MCP-1)and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)by reducing the phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinases(ERK)and c-Jun N-terminal kinases(JNK)in RAW 264.7 cells.Additionally,compounds 1 and 2 were found to reduce lipid deposition and increase the mRNA expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 in oxidized low-density lipoprotein-treated RAW264.7 macrophages.
文摘To understand genetic variation and population dispersal in the Yangtze vole Microtusfortis calamorum distributed in the Dongting Lake region, 144 individuals were collected from six habitat patches. The mitochondrial DNA control region was sequenced and 17 haplotypes were observed. Of the six investigated populations, haplotype and nucleotide diversities of those from larger patches were higher than those from smaller patches. Nonparametric correlation analysis showed that patch size had a positive correlation with haplotype diversity （r = 0.943, P 〈 0.01）. A neighbour-joining tree of the 17 haplotypes showed no geo- graphic genetic structure among the six populations. Analysis of isolation by distance showed that genetic differentiation among the six populations was not positively related to geographic distance. Analysis of mismatch distribution indicated that the voles had passed through a population expansion. The pattern of haplotype distribution in the Changsha population suggests that the population was established by a founder effect
基金This research was supported by Scientific and technological innovation project of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences(CACMS Innovation Fund,C12021A04117)the National Key R&D Program of China(2019YFC1711100)Beijing Natural Science Foundation of China(7192138),and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Public Welfare Research Institute of China(ZZ13-YQ-097).
文摘As auxins are among the most important phytohormones,the regulation of auxin homeostasis is complex.Generally,auxin conjugates,especially IAA glucosides,are predominant at high auxin levels.Previous research on terminal glucosylation focused mainly on the O-position,while IAA-N-glucoside and IAA-Asp-N-glucoside have been neglected since their discovery in 2001.In our study,IAA-Asp-N-glucoside was found to be specifically abundant(as high as 4.13 mg/g)in the seeds of 58 ginkgo cultivars.Furthermore,a novel N-glucosyltransferase,termed GbNGT1,was identified via differential transcriptome analysis and in vitro enzymatic testing.It was found that GbNGT1 could catalyze IAA-Asp and IAA to form their corresponding N-glucosides.The enzyme was demonstrated to possess a specific catalytic capacity toward the N-position of the IAA-amino acid or IAA from 52 substrates.Docking and site-directed mutagenesis of this enzyme confirmed that the E15G mutant could almost completely abolish its N-glucosylation ability toward IAA-Asp and IAA in vitro and in vivo.The IAA modification of GbNGT1 and GbGH3.5 was verified by transient expression assay in Nicotiana benthamiana.The effect of GbNGT1 on IAA distribution promotes root growth in Arabidopsis thaliana.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21203085)Promotive Research Fund for Young and Middle-aged Scientists of Shandong Province in China(doctor fund,Nos.BS2011CL011,BS2011CL012 and BS2012CL009)
文摘A novel copolymer with fluorescence properties in mesoporous silica SBA-15 was prepared via a combination of surface-initiated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer（RAFT） polymerization and ＂click＂ chemistry.A sufficient amount of peroxide groups were introduced into mesoporous silica SBA-15 channel pores and were further used to initiate the RAFT polymerization of styrene and 4-vinylbenzyl azide,resulting in SBA-15 supported polystyrene-co-poly（4-vinylbenzyl azide） copolymer（PS-co-PVBA/SBA-15） hybrid material.The samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FT-IR）,transmission electron microscopy（TEM）,thermogravimetry analysis（TGA）,N_2 adsorption-desorption isotherms and X-ray diffraction（XRD）,respectively.The results show that the styrene and 4-vinylbenzyl azide had copolymerized inside mesoporous silica SBA-15.Subsequently,Npropargyl-carbazole（PC） was connected to PS-co-PVBA/SBA-15 hybrid material via ＂click＂ reaction,resulting in PS-co-PVBC/SBA-15 with carbazole side groups hybrid material.The fluorescence spectrum is dominated by a broad band from 350 nm to 400 nm in narrow region and the maximum peak is 362 nm,indicating the characteristic absorption of the carbazole group of PS-co-PVBC/SBA-15 hybrid material.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52104265)。
文摘The conversion and storage of photothermal energy using phase change materials(PCMs)represent an optimal approach for harnessing clean and sustainable solar energy.Herein,we encapsulated polyethylene glycol(PEG)in montmorillonite aerogels(3D-Mt)through vacuum impregnation to prepare 3D-Mt/PEG composite PCMs.When used as a support matrix,3D-Mt can effectively prevent PEG leakage and act as a flame-retardant barrier to reduce the flammability of PEG.Simultaneously,3D-Mt/PEG demonstrates outstanding shape retention,increased thermal energy storage density,and commendable thermal and chemical stability.The phase transition enthalpy of 3D-Mt/PEG can reach 167.53 J/g and remains stable even after 50 heating-cooling cycles.Furthermore,the vertical sheet-like structure of 3D-Mt establishes directional heat transport channels,facilitating efficient phonon transfer.This configuration results in highly anisotropic thermal conductivities that ensure swift thermal responses and efficient heat conduction.This study addresses the shortcomings of PCMs,including the issues of leakage and inadequate flame retardancy.It achieves the development and design of 3D-Mt/PEG with ultrahigh strength,superior flame retardancy,and directional heat transfer.Therefore,this work offers a design strategy for the preparation of high-performance composite PCMs.The 3D-Mt/PEG with vertically aligned and well-ordered array structure developed in this research shows great potential for thermal management and photothermal conversion applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21601089,21905140)Jiangsu Specially Appointed Professor program。
文摘Sodium ion battery(SIB)is considered as the potential alternative for next generation energy system to succeed the lithium ion battery(LIB)due to the low price and vast abundance of Na resource.Ternary metal sulfide is identified as an impo rtant redox conversion type of negative electrode for SIB.In this study,amorphous nickel boride(Ni-B)nanoflakes are introduced into the hollow Ni-Co sulfide nanospheres by a facile in situ solution growth route to promote the electrochemical performance of Na^(+)-storage.Electrochemical measurements demonstrate that the Ni-B component could effectively improve the redox kinetics of the conversion reaction and structural stability during long-term Na^(+)insertion/extraction.For example,the NiCo_(2)S_(4)@Ni-B composites display a high reversible capacity of 251.9 mA h g^(-1)at the current density of 1.0 A g^(-1)after 200 cycles,much higher than that of bare NiCo_(2)S_(4)(37.4 mA h g^(-1)at 1.0 A g^(-1)after 200 cycles).As a consequence,these results demonstrate a new sight to explore heterostructures of mixed metal-sulfides electrode materials with superior Na^(+)-storage performances.
文摘With the continuous improvement of solar energy production capacity,how to effectively use the electricity generated by renewable solar energy for electrochemical conversion of biomass is a hot topic.Electrochemical conversion of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF)to biofuels and value-added oxygenated commodity chemicals provides a promising and alternative pathway to convert re-newable electricity into chemicals.Although nickel-based eletrocatalysts are well-known for HMF oxidation,their relatively low intrinsic activity,poor conductivity and stability still limit the poten-tial applications.Here,we report the fabrication of a freestanding nickel-based electrode,in which Ni(OH)_(2) species were in-situ constructed on Ni foam(NF)support using a facile ac-id-corrosion-induced strategy.The Ni(OH)2/NF electrocatalyst exhibits stable and efficient electro-chemical HMF oxidation into 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid(FDCA)with HMF conversion close to 100% with high Faraday efficiency.In-situ formation strategy results in a compact interface between Ni(OH)_(2) and NF,which contributes to good conductivity and stability during electrochemical reac-tions.The superior performance benefits from dynamic cyclic evolution of Ni(OH)_(2) to NiOOH,which acts as the reactive species for HMF oxidation to FDCA.A scaled-up device based on a continu-ous-flow electrolytic cell was also established,giving stable operation with a high FDCA production rate of 27 mg h^(-1)cm^(−2).This job offers a straightforward,economical,and scalable design strategy to design efficient and durable catalysts for electrochemical conversion of valuable chemicals.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant Nos.2016YFA0300303,2017YFA0504703,and 2017YFA0302904the National Basic Research Program of China under Grant No.2015CB921304+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.11604372,11474323,11774391,11774403,and 61575085the Strategic Priority Research Program(B)of the Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant No.XDB25000000the Scientific Instrument Developing Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant No.ZDKYYQ20170002。
文摘A theoretical study on the structural dynamics of the temporal behavior of Bragg diffraction is presented and compared with experimental results obtained via ultrafast electron crystallography.In order to describe the time-dependent lattices and calculate the Bragg diffraction intensity,we introduce the basic vector offset matrix,which can be used to quantify the shortening,lengthening and rotation of the three lattice vectors(i.e.,lattice deformation).Extensive simulations are performed to evaluate the four-dimensional electron crystallography model.The results elucidate the connection between structural deformations and changes in diffraction peaks,and sheds light on the quantitative analysis and comprehensive understanding of the structural dynamics.
基金Supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciencesthe National Key R&D Program of China+20 种基金the CAS Center for Excellence in Particle Physics,Wuyi Universitythe Tsung-Dao Lee Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University in Chinathe Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique de Particules(IN2P3)in Francethe Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare(INFN)in Italythe Italian-Chinese collaborative research program MAECI-NSFCthe Fond de la Recherche Scientifique(F.R.S-FNRS)FWO under the"Excellence of Science-EOS"in Belgiumthe Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnològico in Brazilthe Agencia Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo and ANID Millennium Science Initiative Program—ICN2019_044 in Chilethe Charles University Research Centre and the Ministry of Education,Youth,and Sports in Czech Republicthe Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(DFG)the Helmholtz Associationthe Cluster of Excellence PRISMA+in Germanythe Joint Institute of Nuclear Research(JINR)Lomonosov Moscow State University in Russiathe joint Russian Science Foundation(RSF)National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)research programthe MOST and MOE in Taiwan,Chinathe Chulalongkorn University and Suranaree University of Technology in Thailandthe University of California at Irvinethe National Science Foundation in USA。
文摘This paper presents an energy resolution study of the JUNO experiment,incorporating the latest knowledge acquired during the detector construction phase.The determination of neutrino mass ordering in JUNO requires an exceptional energy resolution better than 3% at 1 MeV.To achieve this ambitious goal,significant efforts have been undertaken in the design and production of the key components of the JUNO detector.Various factors affecting the detection of inverse beta decay signals have an impact on the energy resolution,extending beyond the statistical fluctuations of the detected number of photons,such as the properties of the liquid scintillator,performance of photomultiplier tubes,and the energy reconstruction algorithm.To account for these effects,a full JUNO simulation and reconstruction approach is employed.This enables the modeling of all relevant effects and the evaluation of associated inputs to accurately estimate the energy resolution.The results of this study reveal an energy resolution of 2.95% at 1 Mev.Furthermore,this study assesses the contribution of major effects to the overall energy resolution budget.This analysis serves as a reference for interpreting future measurements of energy resolution during JUNO data collection.Moreover,it provides a guideline for comprehending the energy resolution characteristics of liquid scintillator-based detectors.
基金Supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences,the National Key R&D Program of Chinathe CAS Center for Excellence in Particle Physics,Wuyi University,and the TsungDao Lee Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University in China+3 种基金the Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique de Particules(IN2P3)in Francethe Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare(INFN)in Italy,the Italian-Chinese collaborative research program MAECI-NSFC,the Fond de la Recherche Scientifique(F.R.S-FNRS)and FWO under the“Excellence of Science–EOS”in Belgium,the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient´ıfico e Tecnol`ogico in Brazil,the Agencia Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo and ANID-Millennium Science Initiative Program-ICN2019_044 in Chilethe Charles University Research Centre and the Ministry of Education,Youth,and Sports in Czech Republic,the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(DFG)the Helmholtz Association,and the Cluster of Excellence PRISMA+in Germany,the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research(JINR)and Lomonosov Moscow State University in Russia,the joint Russian Science Foundation(RSF)and National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)research program,the MOST and MOE in Taiwan,China,the Chulalongkorn University and Suranaree University of Technology in Thailand,University of California at Irvine and the National Science Foundation in the US。
文摘The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory(JUNO)is a multi-purpose neutrino experiment under construction in South China.This paper presents an updated estimate of JUNO’s sensitivity to neutrino mass ordering using the reactor antineutrinos emitted from eight nuclear reactor cores in the Taishan and Yangjiang nuclear power plants.This measurement is planned by studying the fine interference pattern caused by quasi-vacuum oscillations in the oscillated antineutrino spectrum at a baseline of 52.5 km and is completely independent of the CP violating phase and neutrino mixing angleθ_(23).The sensitivity is obtained through a joint analysis of JUNO and Taishan Antineutrino Observatory(TAO)detectors utilizing the best available knowledge to date about the location and overburden of the JUNO experimental site,local and global nuclear reactors,JUNO and TAO detector responses,expected event rates and spectra of signals and backgrounds,and systematic uncertainties of analysis inputs.We find that a 3σmedian sensitivity to reject the wrong mass ordering hypothesis can be reached with an exposure of about 6.5 years×26.6 GW thermal power.
