Productive tiller number(PTN)is a pivotal trait that significantly influences wheat grain yield.To date,there have been limited reports on the cloning of genes that regulate PTN in wheat.The quantitative trait locus(Q...Productive tiller number(PTN)is a pivotal trait that significantly influences wheat grain yield.To date,there have been limited reports on the cloning of genes that regulate PTN in wheat.The quantitative trait locus(QTL)QPtn.sau-4B,associated with PTN,was previously mapped between the markers KASP-1 and KASP-3 on the chromosome 4B.Here,utilizing 12 newly developed markers and phenotypic data of PTN from recombinants identified within this interval,QPtn.sau-4B was further fine-mapped to a 2.58 Mb interval on wheat chromosome arm 4BS.Within this interval,we identified 14 genes with high-confidence and 32 genes with low-confidence.A 0.17 Mb deletion fragment contained TraesCS4B03G0092600 and TraesCS4B03G0093100,which were assigned as candidate genes for QPtn.sau-4B.Additionally,QPtn.sau-4B had potential to enhance both PTN and grain yield in wheat.Cloning this locus would support the development of wheat cultivars with increased grain yield.展开更多
Since the Industrial Revolution, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have greatly increased with the increased use of fossil fuels, leading to air pollution and global warming. We present the researches on air pollution an...Since the Industrial Revolution, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have greatly increased with the increased use of fossil fuels, leading to air pollution and global warming. We present the researches on air pollution and the use of fossil fuels in north China, the economic zone of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan and the economic zone of the Pearl River Delta region. Researches indicate that the use of fossil fuels has been the main source of air pollution in the three regions. We present researches on global mean surface temperature (GMST) with the rise of carbon dioxide concentration (CDC) and global fossil fuel consumption (GFFC);researches indicate that the rise in CDC can account for 91% of the rise in GMST, and GFFC can account for 90% of the rise in GMST. We analyse the factors that bring about air pollution and temperature rise, they are the use of fossil fuels and deforestation. It is critically important to replace fossil fuels with clean energy, but renewable energy has also disadvantages. The world faces difficulties in solving air pollution and global warming, so governments of the world should cooperate to solve the technologies of clean energy, and preserve the forests and the natural environment.展开更多
Since the Industrial Revolution, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, especially global CO2 emission (GCE) has greatly increased with the growth of global human population (GHP), which has caused climate change. Both GCE an...Since the Industrial Revolution, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, especially global CO2 emission (GCE) has greatly increased with the growth of global human population (GHP), which has caused climate change. Both GCE and GHP are positively related with the rise of global mean surface temperature (GMST). Our empirical research shows that the impact from GCE on GMST is 7.72 times of that from TSI, and the impact from GHP on GMST is 7.9 times of that from TSI. The growth rate of global surface temperature was slower from 1998 to 2012, which was mainly caused by the decadal cooling of the tropical Pacific Ocean-La Niña. Deforestation and vegetation degradation affect climate change, feedback radiation between the atmosphere and the biosphere account for 30% of the variation in global surface radiation and precipitation. The share of renewable energy remains small in primary energy consumption due to their disadvantages.展开更多
Bruchid beetle(Callosobruchus chinensis) poses a serious threat to the production and storage of mung bean(Vigna radiata). Mapping bruchid resistance(Br) will provide an important basis for cloning the responsible gen...Bruchid beetle(Callosobruchus chinensis) poses a serious threat to the production and storage of mung bean(Vigna radiata). Mapping bruchid resistance(Br) will provide an important basis for cloning the responsible gene(s) and elucidating its functional mechanism, and will also facilitate marker-assisted selection in mung bean breeding. Here, we report the construction of the genetic linkage groups of mung bean and mapping of the Br1 locus using an RIL population derived from a cross between Berken, a bruchid-susceptible line, and ACC41, a bruchid-resistant line. A total of 560 markers were mapped onto 11 linkage groups,with 38.0% of the markers showing distorted segregation. The lengths of the linkage groups ranged from 45.2 to 117.0 c M with a total coverage of 732.9 c M and an average interval of1.3 c M between loci. Br1 was located on LG9 between BM202(0.7 c M) and Vr2-627(1.7 c M).Based on 270 shared SSR markers, most of the linkage groups were assigned to specific chromosomes. These results should further accelerate the genetic study of this crop.展开更多
Kernel weight(KW), together with kernel number per unit area, determines yield of cereal crops. Here,two barley recombinant inbred lines(RILs) populations with a shared parent were used to identify loci controlling KW...Kernel weight(KW), together with kernel number per unit area, determines yield of cereal crops. Here,two barley recombinant inbred lines(RILs) populations with a shared parent were used to identify loci controlling KW. One is Baudin/AWCS276(BA) for which a linkage map was available. Several largeeffect QTL controlling KW were detected in this population. Another is Morex/AWCS276(MA). A linkage map with 5273 makers formed 1454 clusters, was constructed by the genotyping by sequence(GBS) data of 201 RILs from this population. A single marker was selected to represent each of the clusters and the linkage map constructed with these markers covers a total length of 1022.4 c M with an average interval of approximately 0.7 cM between loci. Three of the large-effect loci controlling KW(located on 2 HL, 6 HL,and 7 HL, respectively) identified from the BA population were also detected in the MA population under different environments. The locus on 6 HL was detected in each of the experiments conducted for both populations thus was selected for developing near isogenic lines(NILs). Apart from KW, the two isolines for each pair of the putative NILs obtained showed no significant difference for any of the morphological characteristics assessed. The average difference in KW between the isolines for all the NILs obtained was about 15% based on assessments under both glasshouse and field conditions. Taken advantage that high quality genome assemblies for both Morex and AWCS276 are available, we identified candidate genes underlying two of the three loci based on an orthologous analysis. The NILs developed and the candidate genes identified in this study should facilitate the cloning and functional analysis of genes regulating KW in barley.展开更多
Fusarium crown rot(FCR),a chronic and severe disease caused by various Fusarium species,is prevalent in semi-arid cropping regions worldwide.One of the major QTL conferring FCR resistance was detected on chromosome ar...Fusarium crown rot(FCR),a chronic and severe disease caused by various Fusarium species,is prevalent in semi-arid cropping regions worldwide.One of the major QTL conferring FCR resistance was detected on chromosome arm 1 HL(Qcrs.cpi-1 H)in barley.To develop markers that can be reliably used to incorporate the resistance locus into breeding programs,we developed and assessed a near-isogenic line-derived population consisting of1180 recombinant inbred lines targeting the locus.Using this population,we delineated Qcrs.cpi-1 H into an interval of 0.4 c M covering a physical length of about 487 kb.Six markers co-segregating with this locus were generated.Co-linearity for genes located in this interval between the genome of barley and those of either rice or Brachypodium distachyon is poor.Three genes with non-synonymous variations between the resistant and susceptible lines were identified within the interval.The results reported in this study not only provide markers for integrating Qcrs.cpi-1 H into breeding programs,but also form a solid foundation for cloning the causal gene(s)underlying this locus.展开更多
The use of fossil fuels has led to global warming and air pollution,the transi-tion from fossil fuel to clean energy is necessary for human society to achieve sustainable development.But there are challenges in the tr...The use of fossil fuels has led to global warming and air pollution,the transi-tion from fossil fuel to clean energy is necessary for human society to achieve sustainable development.But there are challenges in the transition from fossil fuels to clean energy:1)Fossil fuels remain the primary energy for most coun-tries,more than 80%of primary energy consumption come from the use of fossil fuels;2)Upfront cost and intermittence are shortcomings that influence the large-scale application of renewable energy,hydrogen is not yet fully ma-ture in terms of technology and economy;3)Continuous deforestation re-duces the capability of the environment to turn CO_(2) into wood and leads to the rise of atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases;and 4)Overpopu-lation and continuous growth of human population in developing countries cause the continuous increase of fossil fuel use and deforestation.If people do not take effective policies to get out of this predicament,global warming and air pollution will continue and become worse.展开更多
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD1201900)National Nat-ural Science Foundation of China(32472078,31971937)+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(2024NSFSC0312)Crop Characteristic Resources Creation and Utilization Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province(myzdsys24-01)the Key Laboratory of Exploitation and Study of Distinctive Plants in Education Department of Sichuan Province(TSZW2023ZB-10).
文摘Productive tiller number(PTN)is a pivotal trait that significantly influences wheat grain yield.To date,there have been limited reports on the cloning of genes that regulate PTN in wheat.The quantitative trait locus(QTL)QPtn.sau-4B,associated with PTN,was previously mapped between the markers KASP-1 and KASP-3 on the chromosome 4B.Here,utilizing 12 newly developed markers and phenotypic data of PTN from recombinants identified within this interval,QPtn.sau-4B was further fine-mapped to a 2.58 Mb interval on wheat chromosome arm 4BS.Within this interval,we identified 14 genes with high-confidence and 32 genes with low-confidence.A 0.17 Mb deletion fragment contained TraesCS4B03G0092600 and TraesCS4B03G0093100,which were assigned as candidate genes for QPtn.sau-4B.Additionally,QPtn.sau-4B had potential to enhance both PTN and grain yield in wheat.Cloning this locus would support the development of wheat cultivars with increased grain yield.
文摘Since the Industrial Revolution, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have greatly increased with the increased use of fossil fuels, leading to air pollution and global warming. We present the researches on air pollution and the use of fossil fuels in north China, the economic zone of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan and the economic zone of the Pearl River Delta region. Researches indicate that the use of fossil fuels has been the main source of air pollution in the three regions. We present researches on global mean surface temperature (GMST) with the rise of carbon dioxide concentration (CDC) and global fossil fuel consumption (GFFC);researches indicate that the rise in CDC can account for 91% of the rise in GMST, and GFFC can account for 90% of the rise in GMST. We analyse the factors that bring about air pollution and temperature rise, they are the use of fossil fuels and deforestation. It is critically important to replace fossil fuels with clean energy, but renewable energy has also disadvantages. The world faces difficulties in solving air pollution and global warming, so governments of the world should cooperate to solve the technologies of clean energy, and preserve the forests and the natural environment.
文摘Since the Industrial Revolution, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, especially global CO2 emission (GCE) has greatly increased with the growth of global human population (GHP), which has caused climate change. Both GCE and GHP are positively related with the rise of global mean surface temperature (GMST). Our empirical research shows that the impact from GCE on GMST is 7.72 times of that from TSI, and the impact from GHP on GMST is 7.9 times of that from TSI. The growth rate of global surface temperature was slower from 1998 to 2012, which was mainly caused by the decadal cooling of the tropical Pacific Ocean-La Niña. Deforestation and vegetation degradation affect climate change, feedback radiation between the atmosphere and the biosphere account for 30% of the variation in global surface radiation and precipitation. The share of renewable energy remains small in primary energy consumption due to their disadvantages.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 30871565, 31571737)the China Agriculture Research System (No. CARS-09)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program (ASTIP) of CAAS
文摘Bruchid beetle(Callosobruchus chinensis) poses a serious threat to the production and storage of mung bean(Vigna radiata). Mapping bruchid resistance(Br) will provide an important basis for cloning the responsible gene(s) and elucidating its functional mechanism, and will also facilitate marker-assisted selection in mung bean breeding. Here, we report the construction of the genetic linkage groups of mung bean and mapping of the Br1 locus using an RIL population derived from a cross between Berken, a bruchid-susceptible line, and ACC41, a bruchid-resistant line. A total of 560 markers were mapped onto 11 linkage groups,with 38.0% of the markers showing distorted segregation. The lengths of the linkage groups ranged from 45.2 to 117.0 c M with a total coverage of 732.9 c M and an average interval of1.3 c M between loci. Br1 was located on LG9 between BM202(0.7 c M) and Vr2-627(1.7 c M).Based on 270 shared SSR markers, most of the linkage groups were assigned to specific chromosomes. These results should further accelerate the genetic study of this crop.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31771794)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0100900 and 2016YFD0101004)+1 种基金the Outstanding Youth Foundation of the Department of Science and Technology of Sichuan Province(2016JQ0040)the International Science&Technology Cooperation Program of the Bureau of Science and Technology of Chengdu China(2015DFA306002015-GH03-00008-HZ)。
文摘Kernel weight(KW), together with kernel number per unit area, determines yield of cereal crops. Here,two barley recombinant inbred lines(RILs) populations with a shared parent were used to identify loci controlling KW. One is Baudin/AWCS276(BA) for which a linkage map was available. Several largeeffect QTL controlling KW were detected in this population. Another is Morex/AWCS276(MA). A linkage map with 5273 makers formed 1454 clusters, was constructed by the genotyping by sequence(GBS) data of 201 RILs from this population. A single marker was selected to represent each of the clusters and the linkage map constructed with these markers covers a total length of 1022.4 c M with an average interval of approximately 0.7 cM between loci. Three of the large-effect loci controlling KW(located on 2 HL, 6 HL,and 7 HL, respectively) identified from the BA population were also detected in the MA population under different environments. The locus on 6 HL was detected in each of the experiments conducted for both populations thus was selected for developing near isogenic lines(NILs). Apart from KW, the two isolines for each pair of the putative NILs obtained showed no significant difference for any of the morphological characteristics assessed. The average difference in KW between the isolines for all the NILs obtained was about 15% based on assessments under both glasshouse and field conditions. Taken advantage that high quality genome assemblies for both Morex and AWCS276 are available, we identified candidate genes underlying two of the three loci based on an orthologous analysis. The NILs developed and the candidate genes identified in this study should facilitate the cloning and functional analysis of genes regulating KW in barley.
基金partially supported by the Grains Research and Development Corporation,Australia(CFF00010)University of Tasmania,Australiathe China Scholarship Council for financial supports。
文摘Fusarium crown rot(FCR),a chronic and severe disease caused by various Fusarium species,is prevalent in semi-arid cropping regions worldwide.One of the major QTL conferring FCR resistance was detected on chromosome arm 1 HL(Qcrs.cpi-1 H)in barley.To develop markers that can be reliably used to incorporate the resistance locus into breeding programs,we developed and assessed a near-isogenic line-derived population consisting of1180 recombinant inbred lines targeting the locus.Using this population,we delineated Qcrs.cpi-1 H into an interval of 0.4 c M covering a physical length of about 487 kb.Six markers co-segregating with this locus were generated.Co-linearity for genes located in this interval between the genome of barley and those of either rice or Brachypodium distachyon is poor.Three genes with non-synonymous variations between the resistant and susceptible lines were identified within the interval.The results reported in this study not only provide markers for integrating Qcrs.cpi-1 H into breeding programs,but also form a solid foundation for cloning the causal gene(s)underlying this locus.
文摘The use of fossil fuels has led to global warming and air pollution,the transi-tion from fossil fuel to clean energy is necessary for human society to achieve sustainable development.But there are challenges in the transition from fossil fuels to clean energy:1)Fossil fuels remain the primary energy for most coun-tries,more than 80%of primary energy consumption come from the use of fossil fuels;2)Upfront cost and intermittence are shortcomings that influence the large-scale application of renewable energy,hydrogen is not yet fully ma-ture in terms of technology and economy;3)Continuous deforestation re-duces the capability of the environment to turn CO_(2) into wood and leads to the rise of atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases;and 4)Overpopu-lation and continuous growth of human population in developing countries cause the continuous increase of fossil fuel use and deforestation.If people do not take effective policies to get out of this predicament,global warming and air pollution will continue and become worse.
