Fungal endophytes have generally been considered as hidden microorganisms that reside asymptomatically within plant tissues and have been exploited for their potential in medicine and plant pathology.They are ubiquito...Fungal endophytes have generally been considered as hidden microorganisms that reside asymptomatically within plant tissues and have been exploited for their potential in medicine and plant pathology.They are ubiquitous and associated with nearly all plant species sampled.Even though the exact roles of endophytic fungi within a plant is yet to be established,many speculate that they play important roles in obtaining nutrients and thus improve plant growth,confer plant immunity and promote resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses.It has been postulated that endophytes can exhibit different lifestyles and can even switch lifestyle(i.e.,from endophytic to pathogenic or saprobic depending upon plant growth stages).However,there is limited evidence as to whether this switch really happens in vivo.Along the same line,with increasing knowledge of endophytic diversity,defining endophytes has not been easy given their multifaceted functions.The present study provides an updated account with comprehensive knowledge on several aspects including problems with existing definitions,isolation and identification techniques,theoretical and experimental evidence of the role of endophytes,contribution to fungal diversity as well as agenda for future research avenues.For years there has been a number of controversies and debates surrounding as to what exactly is an endophyte.Most of the previous definitions were ephemeral in nature and rather vague and could not realistically define an endophyte.Taking into account numerous biological aspects,we propose herein that endophytes can be defined as“asymptomatic microbial partners that are intimately associated and co-inhabit within healthy internal plant tissues with the ability to confer benefits,co-evolve and alter their lifestyle depending upon plant life stages and adverse conditions”.We also discuss the evolution of endophytes based on fossil data and their co-evolution with their host partners.Studies on fungal endophytes have relied mostly on culture-dependent methods to enable their characterization.However,it is generally well known that these methods suffer drawbacks and there is a need to address the challenges associated with lack of sporulation to enable morphological characterization,slow growth on artificial media,as well as contamination issues.These issues are discussed and addressed in detail here.The molecular mechanisms underlying endophytic colonization,avoidance of plant defense mechanisms,lifestyle changes,as well as their genomics and transcriptomics,are also reviewed.We analyze the possibility of endophytes being host-specific or associated with certain hosts and finally provide an account of their economic importance.This outline of fungal endophytes will provide a more comprehensive understanding of endophytes and can serve for boost research into the exploration and their potential applications in the future.展开更多
This article is the 14th in the Fungal Diversity Notes series,wherein we report 98 taxa distributed in two phyla,seven classes,26 orders and 50 families which are described and illustrated.Taxa in this study were coll...This article is the 14th in the Fungal Diversity Notes series,wherein we report 98 taxa distributed in two phyla,seven classes,26 orders and 50 families which are described and illustrated.Taxa in this study were collected from Australia,Brazil,Burkina Faso,Chile,China,Cyprus,Egypt,France,French Guiana,India,Indonesia,Italy,Laos,Mexico,Russia,Sri Lanka,Thailand,and Vietnam.There are 59 new taxa,39 new hosts and new geographical distributions with one new combination.The 59 new species comprise Angustimassarina kunmingense,Asterina lopi,Asterina brigadeirensis,Bartalinia bidenticola,Bartalinia caryotae,Buellia pruinocalcarea,Coltricia insularis,Colletotrichum fexuosum,Colletotrichum thasutense,Coniochaeta caraganae,Coniothyrium yuccicola,Dematipyriforma aquatic,Dematipyriforma globispora,Dematipyriforma nilotica,Distoseptispora bambusicola,Fulvifomes jawadhuvensis,Fulvifomes malaiyanurensis,Fulvifomes thiruvannamalaiensis,Fusarium purpurea,Gerronema atrovirens,Gerronema favum,Gerronema keralense,Gerronema kuruvense,Grammothele taiwanensis,Hongkongmyces changchunensis,Hypoxylon inaequale,Kirschsteiniothelia acutisporum,Kirschsteiniothelia crustaceum,Kirschsteiniothelia extensum,Kirschsteiniothelia septemseptatum,Kirschsteiniothelia spatiosum,Lecanora immersocalcarea,Lepiota subthailandica,Lindgomyces guizhouensis,Marthe asmius pallidoaurantiacus,Marasmius tangerinus,Neovaginatispora mangiferae,Pararamichloridium aquisubtropicum,Pestalotiopsis piraubensis,Phacidium chinaum,Phaeoisaria goiasensis,Phaeoseptum thailandicum,Pleurothecium aquisubtropicum,Pseudocercospora vernoniae,Pyrenophora verruculosa,Rhachomyces cruralis,Rhachomyces hyperommae,Rhachomyces magrinii,Rhachomyces platyprosophi,Rhizomarasmius cunninghamietorum,Skeletocutis cangshanensis,Skeletocutis subchrysella,Sporisorium anadelphiae-leptocomae,Tetraploa dashaoensis,Tomentella exiguelata,Tomentella fuscoaraneosa,Tricholomopsis lechatii,Vaginatispora favispora and Wetmoreana blastidiocalcarea.The new combination is Torula sundara.The 39 new records on hosts and geographical distribution comprise Apiospora guiyangensis,Aplosporella artocarpi,Ascochyta medicaginicola,Astrocystis bambusicola,Athelia rolfsii,Bambusicola bambusae,Bipolaris luttrellii,Botryosphaeria dothidea,Chlorophyllum squamulosum,Colletotrichum aeschynomenes,Colletotrichum pandanicola,Coprinopsis cinerea,Corylicola italica,Curvularia alcornii,Curvularia senegalensis,Diaporthe foeniculina,Diaporthe longicolla,Diaporthe phaseolorum,Diatrypella quercina,Fusarium brachygibbosum,Helicoma aquaticum,Lepiota metulispora,Lepiota pongduadensis,Lepiota subvenenata,Melanconiella meridionalis,Monotosporella erecta,Nodulosphaeria digitalis,Palmiascoma gregariascomum,Periconia byssoides,Periconia cortaderiae,Pleopunctum ellipsoideum,Psilocybe keralensis,Scedosporium apiospermum,Scedosporium dehoogii,Scedosporium marina,Spegazzinia deightonii,Torula fci,Wiesneriomyces laurinus and Xylaria venosula.All these taxa are supported by morphological and multigene phylogenetic analyses.This article allows the researchers to publish fungal collections which areimportant for future studies.An updated,accurate and timely report of fungus-host and fungus-geography is important.We also provide an updated list of fungal taxa published in the previous fungal diversity notes.In this list,erroneous taxa and synonyms are marked and corrected accordingly.展开更多
基金provided by the foundation of Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau(2023A04J1426)the Guangdong Provincial College Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Fruit and vegetable Pests and Diseases(KA21031C502)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32200015)the foundation of Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau(2023A04J1425),Zhongkai University(J2201080102),Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Fund—Youth Fund Project(2022A1515110982),Mae Fah Luang University Fund(651A16029),Basic Research Fund support from National Science,Research and Innovation Fund(652A01001,652A01001),Total fungal diversity in a given forest area with implications towards species numbers,chemical diversity and biotechnology(N42A650547).
文摘Fungal endophytes have generally been considered as hidden microorganisms that reside asymptomatically within plant tissues and have been exploited for their potential in medicine and plant pathology.They are ubiquitous and associated with nearly all plant species sampled.Even though the exact roles of endophytic fungi within a plant is yet to be established,many speculate that they play important roles in obtaining nutrients and thus improve plant growth,confer plant immunity and promote resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses.It has been postulated that endophytes can exhibit different lifestyles and can even switch lifestyle(i.e.,from endophytic to pathogenic or saprobic depending upon plant growth stages).However,there is limited evidence as to whether this switch really happens in vivo.Along the same line,with increasing knowledge of endophytic diversity,defining endophytes has not been easy given their multifaceted functions.The present study provides an updated account with comprehensive knowledge on several aspects including problems with existing definitions,isolation and identification techniques,theoretical and experimental evidence of the role of endophytes,contribution to fungal diversity as well as agenda for future research avenues.For years there has been a number of controversies and debates surrounding as to what exactly is an endophyte.Most of the previous definitions were ephemeral in nature and rather vague and could not realistically define an endophyte.Taking into account numerous biological aspects,we propose herein that endophytes can be defined as“asymptomatic microbial partners that are intimately associated and co-inhabit within healthy internal plant tissues with the ability to confer benefits,co-evolve and alter their lifestyle depending upon plant life stages and adverse conditions”.We also discuss the evolution of endophytes based on fossil data and their co-evolution with their host partners.Studies on fungal endophytes have relied mostly on culture-dependent methods to enable their characterization.However,it is generally well known that these methods suffer drawbacks and there is a need to address the challenges associated with lack of sporulation to enable morphological characterization,slow growth on artificial media,as well as contamination issues.These issues are discussed and addressed in detail here.The molecular mechanisms underlying endophytic colonization,avoidance of plant defense mechanisms,lifestyle changes,as well as their genomics and transcriptomics,are also reviewed.We analyze the possibility of endophytes being host-specific or associated with certain hosts and finally provide an account of their economic importance.This outline of fungal endophytes will provide a more comprehensive understanding of endophytes and can serve for boost research into the exploration and their potential applications in the future.
文摘This article is the 14th in the Fungal Diversity Notes series,wherein we report 98 taxa distributed in two phyla,seven classes,26 orders and 50 families which are described and illustrated.Taxa in this study were collected from Australia,Brazil,Burkina Faso,Chile,China,Cyprus,Egypt,France,French Guiana,India,Indonesia,Italy,Laos,Mexico,Russia,Sri Lanka,Thailand,and Vietnam.There are 59 new taxa,39 new hosts and new geographical distributions with one new combination.The 59 new species comprise Angustimassarina kunmingense,Asterina lopi,Asterina brigadeirensis,Bartalinia bidenticola,Bartalinia caryotae,Buellia pruinocalcarea,Coltricia insularis,Colletotrichum fexuosum,Colletotrichum thasutense,Coniochaeta caraganae,Coniothyrium yuccicola,Dematipyriforma aquatic,Dematipyriforma globispora,Dematipyriforma nilotica,Distoseptispora bambusicola,Fulvifomes jawadhuvensis,Fulvifomes malaiyanurensis,Fulvifomes thiruvannamalaiensis,Fusarium purpurea,Gerronema atrovirens,Gerronema favum,Gerronema keralense,Gerronema kuruvense,Grammothele taiwanensis,Hongkongmyces changchunensis,Hypoxylon inaequale,Kirschsteiniothelia acutisporum,Kirschsteiniothelia crustaceum,Kirschsteiniothelia extensum,Kirschsteiniothelia septemseptatum,Kirschsteiniothelia spatiosum,Lecanora immersocalcarea,Lepiota subthailandica,Lindgomyces guizhouensis,Marthe asmius pallidoaurantiacus,Marasmius tangerinus,Neovaginatispora mangiferae,Pararamichloridium aquisubtropicum,Pestalotiopsis piraubensis,Phacidium chinaum,Phaeoisaria goiasensis,Phaeoseptum thailandicum,Pleurothecium aquisubtropicum,Pseudocercospora vernoniae,Pyrenophora verruculosa,Rhachomyces cruralis,Rhachomyces hyperommae,Rhachomyces magrinii,Rhachomyces platyprosophi,Rhizomarasmius cunninghamietorum,Skeletocutis cangshanensis,Skeletocutis subchrysella,Sporisorium anadelphiae-leptocomae,Tetraploa dashaoensis,Tomentella exiguelata,Tomentella fuscoaraneosa,Tricholomopsis lechatii,Vaginatispora favispora and Wetmoreana blastidiocalcarea.The new combination is Torula sundara.The 39 new records on hosts and geographical distribution comprise Apiospora guiyangensis,Aplosporella artocarpi,Ascochyta medicaginicola,Astrocystis bambusicola,Athelia rolfsii,Bambusicola bambusae,Bipolaris luttrellii,Botryosphaeria dothidea,Chlorophyllum squamulosum,Colletotrichum aeschynomenes,Colletotrichum pandanicola,Coprinopsis cinerea,Corylicola italica,Curvularia alcornii,Curvularia senegalensis,Diaporthe foeniculina,Diaporthe longicolla,Diaporthe phaseolorum,Diatrypella quercina,Fusarium brachygibbosum,Helicoma aquaticum,Lepiota metulispora,Lepiota pongduadensis,Lepiota subvenenata,Melanconiella meridionalis,Monotosporella erecta,Nodulosphaeria digitalis,Palmiascoma gregariascomum,Periconia byssoides,Periconia cortaderiae,Pleopunctum ellipsoideum,Psilocybe keralensis,Scedosporium apiospermum,Scedosporium dehoogii,Scedosporium marina,Spegazzinia deightonii,Torula fci,Wiesneriomyces laurinus and Xylaria venosula.All these taxa are supported by morphological and multigene phylogenetic analyses.This article allows the researchers to publish fungal collections which areimportant for future studies.An updated,accurate and timely report of fungus-host and fungus-geography is important.We also provide an updated list of fungal taxa published in the previous fungal diversity notes.In this list,erroneous taxa and synonyms are marked and corrected accordingly.
