Bubble/Slurry bubble column reactors(BCR/SBCR)are intensively used as multiphase reactors for a wide range of application in the chemical,biochemical and petrochemical industries.Most of these applications involve com...Bubble/Slurry bubble column reactors(BCR/SBCR)are intensively used as multiphase reactors for a wide range of application in the chemical,biochemical and petrochemical industries.Most of these applications involve complicate gas–liquid/gas–liquid–solid flow behavior and exothermic process,thus it is necessary to equip the BCR/SBCR with heat exchanger tubes to remove the heat and govern the performance of the reactor.Amounts of experimental and numerical studies have been carried out to describe the phenomena taking place in BCR/SBCRs with heat exchanger tubes.Unfortunately,little effort has been put on reviewing the experiments and simulations for examining the effect of internals on the performance and hydrodynamics of BCR/SBCR.The objective of this work is to give a state-of-the-art review of the literature on the effects of heat exchanger tubes with different types and configurations on flow behavior and heat/mass transfer,then provide adequate information and scientific basis for the design and the development of heat exchanger tubes in BCR/SBCR,ultimately provide reasonable suggestions for better comprehend the performance of different heat exchanger tubes on hydrodynamics.展开更多
Sulfur dioxide(SO_(2)),being one of the therapeutic gaseous molecules,has been widely utilized in cancer therapy because of its high therapeutic efficacy and biosafety.Nevertheless,the in situ-triggered and efficient ...Sulfur dioxide(SO_(2)),being one of the therapeutic gaseous molecules,has been widely utilized in cancer therapy because of its high therapeutic efficacy and biosafety.Nevertheless,the in situ-triggered and efficient transportation of SO_(2)to tumors are the main obstacles that restrict its clinical application.To overcome this impediment,we functionalized pillar[5]arene with 2,4-dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid(DNSB)and then self-assembled it with tetraphenyl-PEG(TPE-PEG)in aqueous media to form fluorescent nanoparticles(PSTPE NPs).Meanwhile,the target vip(NH_(2)-PEG-FA)was encapsulated within the spacious cavity of pillar[5]arene via host-vip interaction.The resulting nanoparticles possess distinctive characteristics:(Ⅰ)dual GSH recognition motifs for enhanced SO_(2)release kinetics;(Ⅱ)incorporation of targeting ligands for selective cytotoxicity towards tumor cells while sparing normal tissues and cells;and(Ⅲ)surface modification of pillar[5]arene with TPE-PEG conferring excellent dispersibility,biocompatibility,and fluorescence properties in aqueous environments.Collectively,this novel nanoparticle represents an innovative approach that utilizes macrocyclics as SO_(2)gas donors to induce cellular apoptosis and provides new insights into gas-based therapy.展开更多
Background:Large-scale afforestation can significantly change the ground cover and soil physicochemical properties,especially the soil fertility maintenance and water conservation functions of artificial forests,which...Background:Large-scale afforestation can significantly change the ground cover and soil physicochemical properties,especially the soil fertility maintenance and water conservation functions of artificial forests,which are very important in semi-arid mountain ecosystems.However,how different tree species affect soil nutrients and soil physicochemical properties after afforestation,and which is the best plantation species for improving soil fertility and water conservation functions remain largely unknown.Methods:This study investigated the soil nutrient contents of three different plantations(Larix principis-rupprechtii,Picea crassifolia,Pinus tabuliformis),soils and plant-soil feedbacks,as well as the interactions between soil physicochemical properties.Results:The results revealed that the leaves and litter layers strongly influenced soil nutrient availability through biogeochemical processes:P.tabuliformis had higher organic carbon,ratio of organic carbon to total nitrogen(C:N)and organic carbon to total phosphorus(C:P)in the leaves and litter layers than L.principis-rupprechtii or P.crassifolia,suggesting that higher C:N and C:P hindered litter decomposition.As a result,the L.principis-rupprechtii and P.crassifolia plantation forests significantly improved soil nutrients and clay components,compared with the P.tabuliformis plantation forest.Furthermore,the L.principis-rupprechtii and P.crassifolia plantation forests significantly improved the soil capacity,soil total porosity,and capillary porosity,decreased soil bulk density,and enhanced water storage capacity,compared with the P.tabuliformis plantation forest.The results of this study showed that,the strong link between plants and soil was tightly coupled to C:N and C:P,and there was a close correlation between soil particle size distribution and soil physicochemical properties.Conclusions:Therefore,our results recommend planting the L.principis-rupprechtii and P.crassifolia as the preferred tree species to enhance the soil fertility and water conservation functions,especially in semi-arid regions mountain forest ecosystems.展开更多
Dendrites and axons are delicate neuronal membrane extensions that undergo degeneration after physical injuries. In neurodegenerative diseases, they often degenerate prior to neuronal death. Understanding the mechanis...Dendrites and axons are delicate neuronal membrane extensions that undergo degeneration after physical injuries. In neurodegenerative diseases, they often degenerate prior to neuronal death. Understanding the mechanisms of neurite degeneration has been an intense focus of neurobiology research in the last two decades. As a result, many discoveries have been made in the molecular pathways that lead to neurite degeneration and the cell-cell interactions responsible for the subsequent clearance of neuronal debris. Drosophila melanogaster has served as a prime in vivo model system for identifying and characterizing the key molecular players in neurite degeneration, thanks to its genetic tractability and easy access to its nervous system. The knowledge learned in the fly provided targets and fuel for studies in other model systems that have further enhanced our understanding of neurodegeneration. In this review, we will introduce the experimental systems developed in Drosophila to investigate injuryinduced neurite degeneration, and then discuss the biological pathways that drive degeneration. We will also cover what is known about the mechanisms of how phagocytes recognize and clear degenerating neurites, and how recent findings in this area enhance our understanding of neurodegenerative disease pathology.展开更多
One of the major goals of biomedical research is to elucidate the causal relationships of critical factors involved in the initiation and progression of human diseases at the molecular and cellular levels. This knowle...One of the major goals of biomedical research is to elucidate the causal relationships of critical factors involved in the initiation and progression of human diseases at the molecular and cellular levels. This knowledge is required for developing effective treatments for major diseases including cancer, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, as well as neurodegenerative diseases and neurological disorders. Because of their phylogenetic representations and relative ease of experimental manipulation, model organisms such as the budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), the nematode worm (Caenorhabditis elegans), the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster'), the thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana), the zebrafish (Danio rerio'), the frog (Xenopus laevis), and the mouse (Mus musculus}, have been extensively studied over the past century (Hedges, 2002;Muller and Grossniklaus, 2010;Dietrich et al., 2014).展开更多
Pillar[5]arenes,designed and prepared by Ogoshi et al.in 2008 initially,refer to fifth classical macrocyclics.Among a wide range of pillar[5]arenes,rim-differentiated pillar[5]arenes containing five identical substitu...Pillar[5]arenes,designed and prepared by Ogoshi et al.in 2008 initially,refer to fifth classical macrocyclics.Among a wide range of pillar[5]arenes,rim-differentiated pillar[5]arenes containing five identical substituents on one rim and five different identical groups on the other rims are considered the most noteworthy type of pillar[5]arenes.As compared with the perfunctionalized pillar[5]arene,the self-assembly properties of rim-differentiated pillar[5]arenes have more varieties.On the other hand,in comparison with other types of pillar[5]arenes,the rim-differentiated pillar[5]arenes exhibit a more rigid symmetrical structure.In the present review,the synthetic methods,host-vip interactions,self-assembly properties and applications of rim-differentiated pillar[5]arenes are summarized.Hopefully,this review will be conducive to researchers in macrocyclic supramolecular chemistry.展开更多
China exhibits a high incidence of esophageal cancer.In the context of rapid population aging,esophageal cancer has become a significant threat to the health of Chinese elderly population.Currently,there is a lack of ...China exhibits a high incidence of esophageal cancer.In the context of rapid population aging,esophageal cancer has become a significant threat to the health of Chinese elderly population.Currently,there is a lack of a clear definition or assessment method for esophageal cancer in elderly patients,and this population is frequently excluded in clinical trials.Consequently,high-level evidence and global consensus guidelines for the treatment of this population are unavailable.Since elderly patients with esophageal cancer cannot tolerate surgery and intensive chemotherapy,radiotherapy plays a vital role in their treatment.Based on recent research data on esophageal cancer in elderly patients,the expert consensus on radiotherapy for esophageal cancer in elderly patients in China was jointly developed by experts from the following organizations:Radiation Oncology Physician Branch,Chinese Medical Doctor Association;Radiation Oncology Branch,Chinese Medical Association;Professional Committee of Radiation Oncology,China Anti-Cancer Association;Expert Committee of Esophageal Cancer,Chinese Cancer Radiotherapy Alliance;Radiotherapy Sub-Committee,Professional Committee of Elderly Oncology,Gerontological Society of China.This consensus defines esophageal cancer in elderly patients,emphasizes the importance of nutritional assessment and intervention,and elaborates on the mode of radiotherapy alone and radiotherapy-based combined modality therapy mode.Moreover,this consensus organizes radiotherapy technology,radiation dose,and safety management,aiming to provide a foundational guide for clinical practice targeting esophageal cancer in elderly patients.展开更多
基金support of the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFB060460303)National Natural Science Foundation of China(21706175,201703151 and 21776195)Key Research and Development Program of Shanxi Province(201803D121043)。
文摘Bubble/Slurry bubble column reactors(BCR/SBCR)are intensively used as multiphase reactors for a wide range of application in the chemical,biochemical and petrochemical industries.Most of these applications involve complicate gas–liquid/gas–liquid–solid flow behavior and exothermic process,thus it is necessary to equip the BCR/SBCR with heat exchanger tubes to remove the heat and govern the performance of the reactor.Amounts of experimental and numerical studies have been carried out to describe the phenomena taking place in BCR/SBCRs with heat exchanger tubes.Unfortunately,little effort has been put on reviewing the experiments and simulations for examining the effect of internals on the performance and hydrodynamics of BCR/SBCR.The objective of this work is to give a state-of-the-art review of the literature on the effects of heat exchanger tubes with different types and configurations on flow behavior and heat/mass transfer,then provide adequate information and scientific basis for the design and the development of heat exchanger tubes in BCR/SBCR,ultimately provide reasonable suggestions for better comprehend the performance of different heat exchanger tubes on hydrodynamics.
基金supported by the High-level Talent Cultivation Project of Nantong University。
文摘Sulfur dioxide(SO_(2)),being one of the therapeutic gaseous molecules,has been widely utilized in cancer therapy because of its high therapeutic efficacy and biosafety.Nevertheless,the in situ-triggered and efficient transportation of SO_(2)to tumors are the main obstacles that restrict its clinical application.To overcome this impediment,we functionalized pillar[5]arene with 2,4-dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid(DNSB)and then self-assembled it with tetraphenyl-PEG(TPE-PEG)in aqueous media to form fluorescent nanoparticles(PSTPE NPs).Meanwhile,the target vip(NH_(2)-PEG-FA)was encapsulated within the spacious cavity of pillar[5]arene via host-vip interaction.The resulting nanoparticles possess distinctive characteristics:(Ⅰ)dual GSH recognition motifs for enhanced SO_(2)release kinetics;(Ⅱ)incorporation of targeting ligands for selective cytotoxicity towards tumor cells while sparing normal tissues and cells;and(Ⅲ)surface modification of pillar[5]arene with TPE-PEG conferring excellent dispersibility,biocompatibility,and fluorescence properties in aqueous environments.Collectively,this novel nanoparticle represents an innovative approach that utilizes macrocyclics as SO_(2)gas donors to induce cellular apoptosis and provides new insights into gas-based therapy.
基金This work was supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA20100101)a Major Special Science and Technology Project of Gansu Province(18ZD2FA009)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(31522013).
文摘Background:Large-scale afforestation can significantly change the ground cover and soil physicochemical properties,especially the soil fertility maintenance and water conservation functions of artificial forests,which are very important in semi-arid mountain ecosystems.However,how different tree species affect soil nutrients and soil physicochemical properties after afforestation,and which is the best plantation species for improving soil fertility and water conservation functions remain largely unknown.Methods:This study investigated the soil nutrient contents of three different plantations(Larix principis-rupprechtii,Picea crassifolia,Pinus tabuliformis),soils and plant-soil feedbacks,as well as the interactions between soil physicochemical properties.Results:The results revealed that the leaves and litter layers strongly influenced soil nutrient availability through biogeochemical processes:P.tabuliformis had higher organic carbon,ratio of organic carbon to total nitrogen(C:N)and organic carbon to total phosphorus(C:P)in the leaves and litter layers than L.principis-rupprechtii or P.crassifolia,suggesting that higher C:N and C:P hindered litter decomposition.As a result,the L.principis-rupprechtii and P.crassifolia plantation forests significantly improved soil nutrients and clay components,compared with the P.tabuliformis plantation forest.Furthermore,the L.principis-rupprechtii and P.crassifolia plantation forests significantly improved the soil capacity,soil total porosity,and capillary porosity,decreased soil bulk density,and enhanced water storage capacity,compared with the P.tabuliformis plantation forest.The results of this study showed that,the strong link between plants and soil was tightly coupled to C:N and C:P,and there was a close correlation between soil particle size distribution and soil physicochemical properties.Conclusions:Therefore,our results recommend planting the L.principis-rupprechtii and P.crassifolia as the preferred tree species to enhance the soil fertility and water conservation functions,especially in semi-arid regions mountain forest ecosystems.
基金supported by a Cornell start-up fund and NIH grants (R01NS099125 and R21OD023824) awarded to C.H.
文摘Dendrites and axons are delicate neuronal membrane extensions that undergo degeneration after physical injuries. In neurodegenerative diseases, they often degenerate prior to neuronal death. Understanding the mechanisms of neurite degeneration has been an intense focus of neurobiology research in the last two decades. As a result, many discoveries have been made in the molecular pathways that lead to neurite degeneration and the cell-cell interactions responsible for the subsequent clearance of neuronal debris. Drosophila melanogaster has served as a prime in vivo model system for identifying and characterizing the key molecular players in neurite degeneration, thanks to its genetic tractability and easy access to its nervous system. The knowledge learned in the fly provided targets and fuel for studies in other model systems that have further enhanced our understanding of neurodegeneration. In this review, we will introduce the experimental systems developed in Drosophila to investigate injuryinduced neurite degeneration, and then discuss the biological pathways that drive degeneration. We will also cover what is known about the mechanisms of how phagocytes recognize and clear degenerating neurites, and how recent findings in this area enhance our understanding of neurodegenerative disease pathology.
文摘One of the major goals of biomedical research is to elucidate the causal relationships of critical factors involved in the initiation and progression of human diseases at the molecular and cellular levels. This knowledge is required for developing effective treatments for major diseases including cancer, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, as well as neurodegenerative diseases and neurological disorders. Because of their phylogenetic representations and relative ease of experimental manipulation, model organisms such as the budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), the nematode worm (Caenorhabditis elegans), the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster'), the thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana), the zebrafish (Danio rerio'), the frog (Xenopus laevis), and the mouse (Mus musculus}, have been extensively studied over the past century (Hedges, 2002;Muller and Grossniklaus, 2010;Dietrich et al., 2014).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21801139)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20180942)+1 种基金Six Talent Peak Projects in Jiangsu Province(No.xcl-085)the scientific and technological activities for overseas students foundation of Shanxi Province(No.20200025).
文摘Pillar[5]arenes,designed and prepared by Ogoshi et al.in 2008 initially,refer to fifth classical macrocyclics.Among a wide range of pillar[5]arenes,rim-differentiated pillar[5]arenes containing five identical substituents on one rim and five different identical groups on the other rims are considered the most noteworthy type of pillar[5]arenes.As compared with the perfunctionalized pillar[5]arene,the self-assembly properties of rim-differentiated pillar[5]arenes have more varieties.On the other hand,in comparison with other types of pillar[5]arenes,the rim-differentiated pillar[5]arenes exhibit a more rigid symmetrical structure.In the present review,the synthetic methods,host-vip interactions,self-assembly properties and applications of rim-differentiated pillar[5]arenes are summarized.Hopefully,this review will be conducive to researchers in macrocyclic supramolecular chemistry.
文摘China exhibits a high incidence of esophageal cancer.In the context of rapid population aging,esophageal cancer has become a significant threat to the health of Chinese elderly population.Currently,there is a lack of a clear definition or assessment method for esophageal cancer in elderly patients,and this population is frequently excluded in clinical trials.Consequently,high-level evidence and global consensus guidelines for the treatment of this population are unavailable.Since elderly patients with esophageal cancer cannot tolerate surgery and intensive chemotherapy,radiotherapy plays a vital role in their treatment.Based on recent research data on esophageal cancer in elderly patients,the expert consensus on radiotherapy for esophageal cancer in elderly patients in China was jointly developed by experts from the following organizations:Radiation Oncology Physician Branch,Chinese Medical Doctor Association;Radiation Oncology Branch,Chinese Medical Association;Professional Committee of Radiation Oncology,China Anti-Cancer Association;Expert Committee of Esophageal Cancer,Chinese Cancer Radiotherapy Alliance;Radiotherapy Sub-Committee,Professional Committee of Elderly Oncology,Gerontological Society of China.This consensus defines esophageal cancer in elderly patients,emphasizes the importance of nutritional assessment and intervention,and elaborates on the mode of radiotherapy alone and radiotherapy-based combined modality therapy mode.Moreover,this consensus organizes radiotherapy technology,radiation dose,and safety management,aiming to provide a foundational guide for clinical practice targeting esophageal cancer in elderly patients.
