As the important matrix material,epoxy resin has been widely used in the composites for various fields.On account of the poor toughness of epoxy resin limiting their suitability for advanced applications,considerable ...As the important matrix material,epoxy resin has been widely used in the composites for various fields.On account of the poor toughness of epoxy resin limiting their suitability for advanced applications,considerable interests have been conducted to modify the epoxy resin to meet the engineering requirements.In this study,the bio-based polyurethane(PU)modified resin was adopted to modify the pure bisphenol-A epoxy by blending method with various proportions.Aiming to illuminate the curing behavior,mechanical and thermal properties,the blended epoxy systems were characterized by viscosity-time analysis,dynamic mechanical analysis(DMA)at different frequencies and temperatures,mechanical tensile test,thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)and Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR)spectroscopy.The results indicated that the introduction of PU modified epoxy was found to significantly inhibit the viscosity growth rates especially when the content of PU modified epoxy resin is higher than 60%.Notwithstanding the dynamic modulus and T_(g)reduced with the increment of PU modified epoxy,remarkable increment on the elongation at break was found and the flexibility was greatly promoted with the introduction of PU modified epoxy.The proportion of PU modified epoxy in the blends should be put balance considerations to obtain optimal mechanical properties.TGA results and FTIR spectrum demonstrated that the addition of PU modified epoxy did not change the thermal decomposition mechanism and chemical reaction mechanism,but the addition of PU modified epoxy inhibits the curing reaction of epoxy resin by measured and calculated the damping temperature domainT from 35.7℃ to 48.9℃.展开更多
Computations of far-field ship waves,based on linear potential flow theory and the Hogner approximation,are reported for monohull ships and catamarans.Specifically,far-field ship waves are computed for six monohull sh...Computations of far-field ship waves,based on linear potential flow theory and the Hogner approximation,are reported for monohull ships and catamarans.Specifically,far-field ship waves are computed for six monohull ships at four Froude numbers F≡V/√gL=0.58,0.68,0.86,1.58 and for six catamarans with nondimensional hull spacing s≡S/L=0.25 at two Froude numbers F s≡V/√gS=1 and 2.5.Here,g is the gravitational acceleration,V and L denote the ship speed and length,and S is the separation distance between the twin hulls of a catamaran.The computations show that,although the amplitudes of the waves created by a ship are strongly influenced by the shape of the ship hull,as well known,the ray angles where the largest waves are found are only weakly influenced by the hull shape and indeed are mostly a kinematic feature of the flow around a ship hull.An important practical consequence of this flow feature is that the apparent wake angle of general monohull ships or catamarans(with arbitrarily-shaped hulls)can be estimated,without computations,by means of simple analytical relations;these relations,obtained elsewhere via parametric computations,are given here.Moreover,the influence of the two parameters F s and s that largely determine the ray angles of the dominant waves created by a catamaran is illustrated via computations for three catamarans with hull spacings s=0.2,0.35,0.5 at four Froude numbers F s=1,1.5,2,2.5.These computations confirm that the largest waves created by wide and/or fast catamarans are found at ray angles that only depend on F s(i.e.that do not depend on the hull spacing s)in agreement with an elementary analysis of lateral interference between the dominant waves created by the bows(or sterns)of the twin hulls of a catamaran.The dominant-waves ray angles predicted by the theory of wave-interference effects for monohull ships and catamarans are also compared with the observations of narrow Kelvin ship wakes reported by Rabaud and Moisy,and found to be consistent with these observations.展开更多
基金The authors acknowledge the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51908330)the Qilu Young Scholars Program of Shandong University,Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(CN)(No.ZR2020ME244),the Fundamental Research Funds of Shandong University(No.2020GN059)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,CHD(No.300102210502)and Scientific Research Project of Shandong High-speed Group Co.,Ltd.,(No.SDGS-KJCX-2020-006-08).
文摘As the important matrix material,epoxy resin has been widely used in the composites for various fields.On account of the poor toughness of epoxy resin limiting their suitability for advanced applications,considerable interests have been conducted to modify the epoxy resin to meet the engineering requirements.In this study,the bio-based polyurethane(PU)modified resin was adopted to modify the pure bisphenol-A epoxy by blending method with various proportions.Aiming to illuminate the curing behavior,mechanical and thermal properties,the blended epoxy systems were characterized by viscosity-time analysis,dynamic mechanical analysis(DMA)at different frequencies and temperatures,mechanical tensile test,thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)and Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR)spectroscopy.The results indicated that the introduction of PU modified epoxy was found to significantly inhibit the viscosity growth rates especially when the content of PU modified epoxy resin is higher than 60%.Notwithstanding the dynamic modulus and T_(g)reduced with the increment of PU modified epoxy,remarkable increment on the elongation at break was found and the flexibility was greatly promoted with the introduction of PU modified epoxy.The proportion of PU modified epoxy in the blends should be put balance considerations to obtain optimal mechanical properties.TGA results and FTIR spectrum demonstrated that the addition of PU modified epoxy did not change the thermal decomposition mechanism and chemical reaction mechanism,but the addition of PU modified epoxy inhibits the curing reaction of epoxy resin by measured and calculated the damping temperature domainT from 35.7℃ to 48.9℃.
文摘Computations of far-field ship waves,based on linear potential flow theory and the Hogner approximation,are reported for monohull ships and catamarans.Specifically,far-field ship waves are computed for six monohull ships at four Froude numbers F≡V/√gL=0.58,0.68,0.86,1.58 and for six catamarans with nondimensional hull spacing s≡S/L=0.25 at two Froude numbers F s≡V/√gS=1 and 2.5.Here,g is the gravitational acceleration,V and L denote the ship speed and length,and S is the separation distance between the twin hulls of a catamaran.The computations show that,although the amplitudes of the waves created by a ship are strongly influenced by the shape of the ship hull,as well known,the ray angles where the largest waves are found are only weakly influenced by the hull shape and indeed are mostly a kinematic feature of the flow around a ship hull.An important practical consequence of this flow feature is that the apparent wake angle of general monohull ships or catamarans(with arbitrarily-shaped hulls)can be estimated,without computations,by means of simple analytical relations;these relations,obtained elsewhere via parametric computations,are given here.Moreover,the influence of the two parameters F s and s that largely determine the ray angles of the dominant waves created by a catamaran is illustrated via computations for three catamarans with hull spacings s=0.2,0.35,0.5 at four Froude numbers F s=1,1.5,2,2.5.These computations confirm that the largest waves created by wide and/or fast catamarans are found at ray angles that only depend on F s(i.e.that do not depend on the hull spacing s)in agreement with an elementary analysis of lateral interference between the dominant waves created by the bows(or sterns)of the twin hulls of a catamaran.The dominant-waves ray angles predicted by the theory of wave-interference effects for monohull ships and catamarans are also compared with the observations of narrow Kelvin ship wakes reported by Rabaud and Moisy,and found to be consistent with these observations.
