The sulfation and decomposition process has proven effective in selectively extracting lithium from lepidolite.It is essential to clarify the thermochemical behavior and kinetic parameters of decomposition reactions.A...The sulfation and decomposition process has proven effective in selectively extracting lithium from lepidolite.It is essential to clarify the thermochemical behavior and kinetic parameters of decomposition reactions.Accordingly,comprehensive kinetic study by employing thermalgravimetric analysis at various heating rates was presented in this paper.Two main weight loss regions were observed during heating.The initial region corresponded to the dehydration of crystal water,whereas the subsequent region with overlapping peaks involved complex decomposition reactions.The overlapping peaks were separated into two individual reaction peaks and the activation energy of each peak was calculated using isoconversional kinetics methods.The activation energy of peak 1 exhibited a continual increase as the reaction conversion progressed,while that of peak 2 steadily decreased.The optimal kinetic models,identified as belonging to the random nucleation and subsequent growth category,provided valuable insights into the mechanism of the decomposition reactions.Furthermore,the adjustment factor was introduced to reconstruct the kinetic mechanism models,and the reconstructed models described the kinetic mechanism model more accurately for the decomposition reactions.This study enhanced the understanding of the thermochemical behavior and kinetic parameters of the lepidolite sulfation product decomposition reactions,further providing theoretical basis for promoting the selective extraction of lithium.展开更多
Previous studies have shown that the compound(E)-2-(3,4-dihydroxystyryl)-3-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one(D30),a pyromeconic acid derivative,possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties,inhibits amyloid-β aggregati...Previous studies have shown that the compound(E)-2-(3,4-dihydroxystyryl)-3-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one(D30),a pyromeconic acid derivative,possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties,inhibits amyloid-β aggregation,and alleviates scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment,similar to the phase Ⅲ clinical drug resveratrol.In this study,we established a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease via intracerebroventricular injection of fibrillar amyloid-β to investigate the effect of D30 on fibrillar amyloid-β-induced neuropathology.Our results showed that D30 alleviated fibrillar amyloid-β-induced cognitive impairment,promoted fibrillar amyloid-β clearance from the hippocampus and cortex,suppressed oxidative stress,and inhibited activation of microglia and astrocytes.D30 also reversed the fibrillar amyloid-β-induced loss of dendritic spines and synaptic protein expression.Notably,we demonstrated that exogenous fibrillar amyloid-βintroduced by intracerebroventricular injection greatly increased galectin-3 expression levels in the brain,and this increase was blocked by D30.Considering the role of D30 in clearing amyloid-β,inhibiting neuroinflammation,protecting synapses,and improving cognition,this study highlights the potential of galectin-3 as a promising treatment target for patients with Alzheimer's disease.展开更多
Lithium is considered to be the most important energy metal of the 21st century.Because of the development trend of global electrification,the consumption of lithium has increased significantly over the last decade,an...Lithium is considered to be the most important energy metal of the 21st century.Because of the development trend of global electrification,the consumption of lithium has increased significantly over the last decade,and it is foreseeable that its demand will continue to increase for a long time.Limited by the total amount of lithium on the market,lithium extraction from natural resources is still the first choice for the rapid development of emerging industries.This paper reviews the recent technological developments in the extraction of lithium from natural resources.Existing methods are summarized by the main resources,such as spodumene,lepidolite,and brine.The advantages and disadvantages of each method are compared.Finally,reasonable suggestions are proposed for the development of lithium extraction from natural resources based on the understanding of existing methods.This review provides a reference for the research,development,optimization,and industrial application of future processes.展开更多
The recycling of waste printed circuit board(WPCBs) is of great significance for saving resources and protecting the environment. In this study, the WPCBs were pyrolyzed by microwave and the contained valuable metals ...The recycling of waste printed circuit board(WPCBs) is of great significance for saving resources and protecting the environment. In this study, the WPCBs were pyrolyzed by microwave and the contained valuable metals Cu, Sn and Pb were recovered from the pyrolyzed WPCBs. The effect of pyrolysis temperature and time on the recovery efficiency of valuable metals was investigated. Additionally, the characterization for morphology and surface elemental distribution of pyrolysis residues was carried out to investigate the pyrolysis mechanism. The plastic fiber boards turned into black carbides, and they can be easily separated from the metals by manual. The results indicate that 91.2%, 96.1% and 94.4% of Cu, Sn and Pb can be recovered after microwave pyrolysis at 700 °C for 60 minutes. After pyrolysis, about 79.8%(mass)solid products, 11.9%(mass) oil and 8.3%(mass) gas were produced. These gas and oil can be used as fuel and raw materials of organic chemicals, respectively. This process provides an efficient and energy-saving technology for recovering valuable metals from WPCBs.展开更多
Copper-indium-gallium-diselenide(CIGS)is a fast-evolving commercial solar cell.The firm demand for global carbon reduction and the rise of potential environmental threats necessitate spent CIGS solar cell recycling.In...Copper-indium-gallium-diselenide(CIGS)is a fast-evolving commercial solar cell.The firm demand for global carbon reduction and the rise of potential environmental threats necessitate spent CIGS solar cell recycling.In this paper,the sources and characteristics of valuable metals in spent CIGS solar cells were reviewed.The potential environmental impacts of CIGS,including service life,critical material,and material toxicity,were outlined.The main recovery methods of valuable metals in the various types of spent CIGS,including hydrometallurgy,pyrometallurgy,and comprehensive treatment processes,were compared and discussed.The mechanism of different recovery processes was summarized.The challenges faced by different recycling processes of spent CIGS were also covered in this review.Finally,the economic viability of the recycling process was assessed.The purpose of this review is to provide reasonable suggestions for the sustainable development of CIGS and the harmless disposal of spent CIGS.展开更多
Currently,the process of extracting rubidium from ores has attracted a great deal of attention due to the increasing application of rubidium in high-technology field.A novel process for the comprehensive utilization o...Currently,the process of extracting rubidium from ores has attracted a great deal of attention due to the increasing application of rubidium in high-technology field.A novel process for the comprehensive utilization of rubidium ore resources is proposed in this paper.The process consists mainly of mineral dissociation,selective leaching,and desilication.The results showed that the stable silicon–oxygen tetrahedral structure of the rubidium ore was completely disrupted by thermal activation and the mineral was completely dissociated,which was conducive to subsequent selective leaching.Under the optimal conditions,extractions of 98.67% Rb and 96.23%K were obtained by leaching the rubidium ore.Moreover,the addition of a certain amount of activated Al(OH)_(3) during leaching can effectively inhibit the leaching of silicon.In the meantime,the leach residue was sodalite,which was successfully synthesized to zeolite A by hydrothermal conversion.The proposed process provided a feasible strategy for the green extraction of rubidium and the sustainable utilization of various resources.展开更多
Mineral oxidation leaching in the anode area is the key step in slurry electrolysis.By adopting the slow linear potential scanning method during slurry electrolysis,this study investigated the steady-state polarizatio...Mineral oxidation leaching in the anode area is the key step in slurry electrolysis.By adopting the slow linear potential scanning method during slurry electrolysis,this study investigated the steady-state polarization curve of a pure stibnite mineral on a graphite anode.In addition,the influence of the mineral particle size,liquid–solid ratio,stirring speed,and temperature on the collision oxidation of the mineral with the anode was studied.Based on the different oxidation reactions,the potential range can be divided into three intervals:the low-potential interval with a potential lower than 0.75 V,an intermediatepotential interval with a potential within 0.75–1.2 V,and a high-potential interval with a potential higher than 1.2 V.The collision oxidation of the mineral with the anode occurred in all three intervals.The oxidation of Sb(III)also appeared in the intermediate-and high-potential intervals,and chlorine evolution occurred in the high-potential interval.Therefore,the low-potential interval was determined to be a suitable potential interval for the slurry electrolysis process.In the low-potential interval,the particle size,liquid–solid ratio,and stirring speed had little effect on the oxidation rate of the minerals.As the temperature increased,the stibnite oxidation rate and exchange current density increased.Overall,the direct collision oxidation rate of stibnite was relatively low and the current densities under all the investigated conditions were lower than 0.4 mA·cm^(-2.This indicates that it is difficult to realize industrial production while relying solely on this process.展开更多
Nickel is a strategic resource in social life and defense technology,playing an essential role in many fields,such as alloys and batteries.With the decrease in nickel sulfide,it is of great significance to extract nic...Nickel is a strategic resource in social life and defense technology,playing an essential role in many fields,such as alloys and batteries.With the decrease in nickel sulfide,it is of great significance to extract nickel from laterite.The limonitic laterite is a kind of rich nickel-cobalt-scandium resource.At present,there are few reviews on the extraction of limonitic laterite.This study reviews the hydrometallurgical processes for limonitic laterite ores and the methods of recovering valuable elements.The mineralogical characteristics are analyzed,and the typical mineral compositions are summarized.The main hydrometallurgical processes are compared and discussed,including reduction roasting-ammonia leaching,sulfuric acid pressure leaching,nitric acid pressure leaching,and the atmospheric nitric acid leaching(DNi process).The methods of recovering nickel,cobalt,scandium,and iron are emphatically outlined.Finally,reasonable suggestions are proposed for comprehensive utilization.This study can provide a reference for industrial development and diversified applications.展开更多
Radiation damage can cause a series of gastrointestinal(GI)tract diseases.The development of safe and effective GI tract radioprotectants still remains a great challenge clinically.Here,we firstly report an oral radio...Radiation damage can cause a series of gastrointestinal(GI)tract diseases.The development of safe and effective GI tract radioprotectants still remains a great challenge clinically.Here,we firstly report an oral radioprotectant Gel@GYY that integrates a porous gelatin-based(Gel)hydrogel and a pH-responsive hydrogen sulfide(H2S)donor GYY4137(morpholin-4-ium 4 methoxyphenyl(morpholino)phosphinodithioate).Gel@GYY has a remarkable adhesion ability and long retention time,which not only enables responsive release of low-dose H2S in stomach and subsequently sustained release of H2S in the whole intestinal tract especially in the colon,but also ensures a close contact between H2S and GI tract.The released H2S can effectively scavenge free radicals induced by X-ray radiation,reduce lipid peroxidation level,repair DNA damage and recover vital superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities.Meanwhile,the released H2S inhibits radiation-induced activation of nuclear factorκB(NF-κB),thus reducing inflammatory cytokines levels in GI tract.After treatment,Gel@GYY displays efficient excretion from mice body due to its biodegradability.This work provides a new insight for therapeutic application of intelligent H2S-releasing oral delivery system and potential alternative to clinical GI physical damage protectant.展开更多
Single-phaseα-CaSO4·0.5H2O whiskers were directly synthesized from waste Ca(NO3)2 solution using a hydrothermal method,and HNO3 was synchronously regenerated.The effects of reaction temperature and Ca^2+concentr...Single-phaseα-CaSO4·0.5H2O whiskers were directly synthesized from waste Ca(NO3)2 solution using a hydrothermal method,and HNO3 was synchronously regenerated.The effects of reaction temperature and Ca^2+concentration on the phase composition and morphology of products were determined by X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy.On the basis of the experimental results,the formation diagram ofα-CaSO4·0.5H2O was plotted within the range of 5–35 g·L^-1 Ca^2+and 115°C–150°C.In addition,the conditions of the direct synthesis ofα-CaSO4·0.5H2O were determined.Well-crystallized,single-phaseα-CaSO4·0.5H2O whiskers with high aspect ratios(length,1785μm;diameter,10.63μm;aspect ratio,168)and HNO3(70.25 g·L^-1)were obtained at the optimal conditions of 25 g·L^-1 Ca^2+and 125°C.展开更多
Fairness is an emerging consideration when assessing the segmentation per-formance of machine learning models across various demographic groups.During clinical decision-making,an unfair segmentation model exhibits ris...Fairness is an emerging consideration when assessing the segmentation per-formance of machine learning models across various demographic groups.During clinical decision-making,an unfair segmentation model exhibits risks in that it can pose inappropriate diagnoses and unsuitable treatment plans for underrepresented demographic groups,resulting in severe consequences for patients and society.In medical artificial intelligence(AI),the fairness of multi-organ segmentation is imperative to augment the integration of models into clinical practice.As the use of multi-organ segmentation in medical image analysis expands,it is crucial to systematically examine fairness to ensure equitable segmentation performance across diverse patient populations and ensure health equity.However,comprehensive studies assessing the problem of fairness in multi-organ segmentation remain lacking.This study aimed to provide an overview of the fairness problem in multi-organ segmentation.We first define fairness and discuss the factors that lead to fairness problems such as individual fairness,group fairness,counterfactual fairness,and max–min fairness in multi-organ segmentation,focusing mainly on datasets and models.We then present strategies to potentially improve fairness in multi-organ segmentation.Additionally,we highlight the challenges and limita-tions of existing approaches and discuss future directions for improving the fairness of AI models for clinically oriented multi-organ segmentation.展开更多
Diffusion-weighted imaging(DWI) is considered to be one of the dominant modalities used in prostate cancer(PCa) detection and the assessment of lesion aggressiveness,especially for peripheral zone(PZ) PCa.Computer-aid...Diffusion-weighted imaging(DWI) is considered to be one of the dominant modalities used in prostate cancer(PCa) detection and the assessment of lesion aggressiveness,especially for peripheral zone(PZ) PCa.Computer-aided diagnosis(CAD),which is capable of automatically extracting and evaluating image features,can integrate multiple parameters and improve the detection of PCa.In this study,13 quantitative image features were extracted from DWI by CAD,and diagnostic efficacy was analyzed in both the PZ and transition zone(TZ).The results demonstrated that there was a significant difference(P<0.05) between PCa and non-PCa for nine of the 13 features in the PZ and five of the 13 features in the TZ.Besides,the prediction outcome of CAD had a strong correlation with the DWI scores that were graded by experienced radiologists according to the Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System Version 2(PI-RADS v2).展开更多
Background and Aims:Liver stiffness(LS)measured by shear wave elastography(SWE)is often influenced by hepat-ic inflammation.The aim was to develop a dual-task convo-lutional neural network(DtCNN)model for the simultan...Background and Aims:Liver stiffness(LS)measured by shear wave elastography(SWE)is often influenced by hepat-ic inflammation.The aim was to develop a dual-task convo-lutional neural network(DtCNN)model for the simultaneous staging of liver fibrosis and inflammation activity using 2D-SWE.Methods:A total of 532 patients with chronic hepatitis B(CHB)were included to develop and validate the DtCNN model.An additional 180 consecutive patients between De-cember 2019 and April 2021 were prospectively included for further validation.All patients underwent 2D-SWE examina-tion and serum biomarker assessment.A DtCNN model con-taining two pathways for the staging of fibrosis and inflam-mation was used to improve the classification of significant fibrosis(≥F2),advanced fibrosis(≥F3)as well as cirrhosis(F4).Results:Both fibrosis and inflammation affected LS measurements by 2D-SWE.The proposed DtCNN performed the best among all the classification models for fibrosis stage[significant fibrosis AUC=0.89(95%CI:0.87-0.92),ad-vanced fibrosis AUC=0.87(95%CI:0.84-0.90),liver cirrho-sis AUC=0.85(95%CI:0.81-0.89)].The DtCNN-based pre-diction of inflammation activity achieved AUCs of 0.82(95%CI:0.78-0.86)for grade≥A1,0.88(95%CI:0.85-0.90)grade≥A2 and 0.78(95%CI:0.75-0.81)for grade≥A3,which were significantly higher than the AUCs of the single-task groups.Similar findings were observed in the prospec-tive study.Conclusions:The proposed DtCNN improved di-agnostic performance compared with existing fibrosis staging models by including inflammation in the model,which sup-ports its potential clinical application.展开更多
Quantification of brain oxygenation and metabolism,both of which are indicators of the level of brain activity,plays a vital role in understanding the cerebral perfusion and the pathophysiology of brain disorders.Magn...Quantification of brain oxygenation and metabolism,both of which are indicators of the level of brain activity,plays a vital role in understanding the cerebral perfusion and the pathophysiology of brain disorders.Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),a widely used clinical imaging technique,which is very sensitive to magnetic susceptibility,has the possibility of substitut-ing positron emission tomography(PET)in measuring oxygen metabolism.This review mainly focuses on the quantitative blood oxygenation level-dependent(qBOLD)method for the evaluation of oxygen extraction fraction(OEF)in the brain.Here,we review the theoretic basis of qBOLD,as well as existing acquisition and quantification methods.Some published clinical studies are also presented,and the pros and cons of qBOLD method are discussed as well.展开更多
Human phenomics is defned as the comprehensive collection of observable phenotypes and characteristics infuenced by a complex interplay among factors at multiple scales.These factors include genes,epigenetics at the m...Human phenomics is defned as the comprehensive collection of observable phenotypes and characteristics infuenced by a complex interplay among factors at multiple scales.These factors include genes,epigenetics at the microscopic level,organs,microbiome at the mesoscopic level,and diet and environmental exposures at the macroscopic level.“Phenomic imaging”utilizes various imaging techniques to visualize and measure anatomical structures,biological functions,metabolic processes,and biochemical activities across diferent scales,both in vivo and ex vivo.Unlike conventional medical imaging focused on disease diagnosis,phenomic imaging captures both normal and abnormal traits,facilitating detailed correlations between macro-and micro-phenotypes.This approach plays a crucial role in deciphering phenomes.This review provides an overview of diferent phenomic imaging modalities and their applications in human phenomics.Additionally,it explores the associations between phenomic imaging and other omics disciplines,including genomics,transcriptomics,proteomics,immunomics,and metabolomics.By integrating phenomic imaging with other omics data,such as genomics and metabolomics,a comprehensive understanding of biological systems can be achieved.This integration paves the way for the development of new therapeutic approaches and diagnostic tools.展开更多
Cardiac magnetic resonance(CMR)imaging provides important biomarkers for the early diagnosis of many cardiovascular diseases and has been reported to reveal phenome-wide associations of cardiac/aortic structure and fu...Cardiac magnetic resonance(CMR)imaging provides important biomarkers for the early diagnosis of many cardiovascular diseases and has been reported to reveal phenome-wide associations of cardiac/aortic structure and functionality in popula-tion studies.Nevertheless,due to the complexity of operation and variations among manufactural vendors,magnetic field strengths,coils,sequences,scan parameters,and image analysis approaches,CMR is rarely used in large cohort studies.Existing guidelines mainly focused on the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases,which did not aim to basic research.The purpose of this study was to propose a recommendation for CMR based phenotype measurements for cohort study.We classify the imaging sequences of CMR into three categories according to the importance and universality of correspond-ing measurable phenotypes.The acquisition time and repeatability of the phenotypic measurement were also taken into consideration during the categorization.Unlike other guidelines,this recommendation focused on quantitative measurement of large amount of phenotypes from CMR.展开更多
Graph theory has emerged as a valuable tool in liver research,aiding in the assessment of complex interactions underlying liver diseases at different organizational levels.This has allowed significant advancements in ...Graph theory has emerged as a valuable tool in liver research,aiding in the assessment of complex interactions underlying liver diseases at different organizational levels.This has allowed significant advancements in the detection,treatment,and control of liver disorders.Particularly,graph theory is useful in identifying different liver diseases.Graph theory can be used to analyze liver networks and identify altered nodes and edges,which may serve as potential noninvasive biomarkers for disease detection.Furthermore,graph-based techniques,including graph neural networks and graph knowledge,have been employed to construct interaction networks,providing insights into the communication involved in focal liver diseases and related conditions such as coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),hepatic muscular atrophy,and hepatic necrosis.Functional networks for the liver have also been developed with graphbased methods,providing insights into the metabolic processes occurring in the liver and the functional organization of the liver.Graph theory is also useful for image analysis,with applications such as image segmentation,registration,synthesis,and object identification.By representing images as graphs,it is possible to analyze and process them with graphbased algorithms,handling complex relationships among pixels and making them useful in boundary extraction and texture analysis.Overall,graph theory is an essential research tool for liver research,providing valuable insights into the complex interactions underlying liver diseases as well as innovative approaches for diagnosis and treatment.展开更多
Imaging-derived phenotypes(IDPs)have been increasingly used in population-based cohort studies in recent years.As widely reported,magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)is an important imaging modality for assessing the anato...Imaging-derived phenotypes(IDPs)have been increasingly used in population-based cohort studies in recent years.As widely reported,magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)is an important imaging modality for assessing the anatomical structure and function of the brain with high resolution and excellent soft-tissue contrast.The purpose of this article was to describe the imaging protocol of the brain MRI in the China Phenobank Project(CHPP).Each participant underwent a 30-min brain MRI scan as part of a 2-h whole-body imaging protocol in CHPP.The brain imaging sequences included T1-magnetization that prepared rapid gradient echo,T2 fuid-attenuated inversion-recovery,magnetic resonance angiography,difusion MRI,and resting-state functional MRI.The detailed descriptions of image acquisition,interpretation,and post-processing were provided in this article.The measured IDPs included volumes of brain subregions,cerebral vessel geometrical parameters,microstructural tracts,and function connectivity metrics.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52034002 and U2202254)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.FRF-TT-19-001)。
文摘The sulfation and decomposition process has proven effective in selectively extracting lithium from lepidolite.It is essential to clarify the thermochemical behavior and kinetic parameters of decomposition reactions.Accordingly,comprehensive kinetic study by employing thermalgravimetric analysis at various heating rates was presented in this paper.Two main weight loss regions were observed during heating.The initial region corresponded to the dehydration of crystal water,whereas the subsequent region with overlapping peaks involved complex decomposition reactions.The overlapping peaks were separated into two individual reaction peaks and the activation energy of each peak was calculated using isoconversional kinetics methods.The activation energy of peak 1 exhibited a continual increase as the reaction conversion progressed,while that of peak 2 steadily decreased.The optimal kinetic models,identified as belonging to the random nucleation and subsequent growth category,provided valuable insights into the mechanism of the decomposition reactions.Furthermore,the adjustment factor was introduced to reconstruct the kinetic mechanism models,and the reconstructed models described the kinetic mechanism model more accurately for the decomposition reactions.This study enhanced the understanding of the thermochemical behavior and kinetic parameters of the lepidolite sulfation product decomposition reactions,further providing theoretical basis for promoting the selective extraction of lithium.
基金supported by the Research Foundation for Talented Scholars of Fujian Medical University,No.XRCZX2018014(to DZ)Startup Fund for Scientific Research,Fujian Medical University,No.2019QH1017(to CW)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province,China,Nos.2021J01693(to DZ),2021J02032(to ZCY)。
文摘Previous studies have shown that the compound(E)-2-(3,4-dihydroxystyryl)-3-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one(D30),a pyromeconic acid derivative,possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties,inhibits amyloid-β aggregation,and alleviates scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment,similar to the phase Ⅲ clinical drug resveratrol.In this study,we established a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease via intracerebroventricular injection of fibrillar amyloid-β to investigate the effect of D30 on fibrillar amyloid-β-induced neuropathology.Our results showed that D30 alleviated fibrillar amyloid-β-induced cognitive impairment,promoted fibrillar amyloid-β clearance from the hippocampus and cortex,suppressed oxidative stress,and inhibited activation of microglia and astrocytes.D30 also reversed the fibrillar amyloid-β-induced loss of dendritic spines and synaptic protein expression.Notably,we demonstrated that exogenous fibrillar amyloid-βintroduced by intracerebroventricular injection greatly increased galectin-3 expression levels in the brain,and this increase was blocked by D30.Considering the role of D30 in clearing amyloid-β,inhibiting neuroinflammation,protecting synapses,and improving cognition,this study highlights the potential of galectin-3 as a promising treatment target for patients with Alzheimer's disease.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52034002,U1802253)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2019YFC1908401)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.FRF-TT-19-001)。
文摘Lithium is considered to be the most important energy metal of the 21st century.Because of the development trend of global electrification,the consumption of lithium has increased significantly over the last decade,and it is foreseeable that its demand will continue to increase for a long time.Limited by the total amount of lithium on the market,lithium extraction from natural resources is still the first choice for the rapid development of emerging industries.This paper reviews the recent technological developments in the extraction of lithium from natural resources.Existing methods are summarized by the main resources,such as spodumene,lepidolite,and brine.The advantages and disadvantages of each method are compared.Finally,reasonable suggestions are proposed for the development of lithium extraction from natural resources based on the understanding of existing methods.This review provides a reference for the research,development,optimization,and industrial application of future processes.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2019YFC1908404)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51834008, 51874040,52034002)+1 种基金the Guangxi Innovation-Driven Development Project(AA18242042-1)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (FRF-TP-18-020A3)。
文摘The recycling of waste printed circuit board(WPCBs) is of great significance for saving resources and protecting the environment. In this study, the WPCBs were pyrolyzed by microwave and the contained valuable metals Cu, Sn and Pb were recovered from the pyrolyzed WPCBs. The effect of pyrolysis temperature and time on the recovery efficiency of valuable metals was investigated. Additionally, the characterization for morphology and surface elemental distribution of pyrolysis residues was carried out to investigate the pyrolysis mechanism. The plastic fiber boards turned into black carbides, and they can be easily separated from the metals by manual. The results indicate that 91.2%, 96.1% and 94.4% of Cu, Sn and Pb can be recovered after microwave pyrolysis at 700 °C for 60 minutes. After pyrolysis, about 79.8%(mass)solid products, 11.9%(mass) oil and 8.3%(mass) gas were produced. These gas and oil can be used as fuel and raw materials of organic chemicals, respectively. This process provides an efficient and energy-saving technology for recovering valuable metals from WPCBs.
基金financially supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 2232038)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 52034002 and U1802253)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. FRF-TT-19-001)
文摘Copper-indium-gallium-diselenide(CIGS)is a fast-evolving commercial solar cell.The firm demand for global carbon reduction and the rise of potential environmental threats necessitate spent CIGS solar cell recycling.In this paper,the sources and characteristics of valuable metals in spent CIGS solar cells were reviewed.The potential environmental impacts of CIGS,including service life,critical material,and material toxicity,were outlined.The main recovery methods of valuable metals in the various types of spent CIGS,including hydrometallurgy,pyrometallurgy,and comprehensive treatment processes,were compared and discussed.The mechanism of different recovery processes was summarized.The challenges faced by different recycling processes of spent CIGS were also covered in this review.Finally,the economic viability of the recycling process was assessed.The purpose of this review is to provide reasonable suggestions for the sustainable development of CIGS and the harmless disposal of spent CIGS.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U1802253 and 52034002)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.FRF-TT-19-001)。
文摘Currently,the process of extracting rubidium from ores has attracted a great deal of attention due to the increasing application of rubidium in high-technology field.A novel process for the comprehensive utilization of rubidium ore resources is proposed in this paper.The process consists mainly of mineral dissociation,selective leaching,and desilication.The results showed that the stable silicon–oxygen tetrahedral structure of the rubidium ore was completely disrupted by thermal activation and the mineral was completely dissociated,which was conducive to subsequent selective leaching.Under the optimal conditions,extractions of 98.67% Rb and 96.23%K were obtained by leaching the rubidium ore.Moreover,the addition of a certain amount of activated Al(OH)_(3) during leaching can effectively inhibit the leaching of silicon.In the meantime,the leach residue was sodalite,which was successfully synthesized to zeolite A by hydrothermal conversion.The proposed process provided a feasible strategy for the green extraction of rubidium and the sustainable utilization of various resources.
文摘目的:观察核仁磷酸蛋白(nucleophosmin 1,NPM1)A型突变体过表达对TGF-β1诱导的K562细胞增殖及AKT磷酸化的影响。方法:腺病毒载体(Ad5-NPM1)转染髓系白血病K562细胞建立过表达NPM1蛋白细胞株;应用Western blot法及ELISA法分别检测细胞NPM1蛋白表达及上清液含量,Westernblot法检测K562细胞NPM1、AKT和P-AKT蛋白表达,MTT法检测细胞增殖。结果:K562细胞NPM1蛋白表达水平呈Ad5-NPM1转染复数[(multiplicity of infection,MOI):30-200]依赖性增加,与空载组(Ad5-vector-100)相比,Ad5-NPM1-30、Ad5-NPM1-100组K562细胞及细胞上清液NPM1蛋白水平均显著增高(P<0.01)。TGF-β1(10ng/mL)能够诱导K562细胞AKT蛋白磷酸化,但对总AKT水平无明显影响。TGF-β1(10ng/mL)+Ad5-NPM1-100组K562细胞P-AKT水平显著高于TGF-β1处理组(P<0.05),各组总AKT水平无显著差别(P>0.05)。与空白对照组(CT)相比,TGF-β1(10ng/mL)处理可促进K562细胞增殖;但TGF-β1(10ng/mL)+Ad5-NPM1-100组细胞的增殖水平明显高于TGF-β1处理组(P<0.01)。结论:NPM1可促进TGF-β1诱导的K562细胞增殖。NPM1促进TGF-β1诱导的K562细胞可能与AKT磷酸化有关。
基金supported by the National Key Research&Development Program of China(2019YFC1908404)the Major Science and Technology Projects of Qinghai Province(2018-GXA7)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51604030)。
文摘Mineral oxidation leaching in the anode area is the key step in slurry electrolysis.By adopting the slow linear potential scanning method during slurry electrolysis,this study investigated the steady-state polarization curve of a pure stibnite mineral on a graphite anode.In addition,the influence of the mineral particle size,liquid–solid ratio,stirring speed,and temperature on the collision oxidation of the mineral with the anode was studied.Based on the different oxidation reactions,the potential range can be divided into three intervals:the low-potential interval with a potential lower than 0.75 V,an intermediatepotential interval with a potential within 0.75–1.2 V,and a high-potential interval with a potential higher than 1.2 V.The collision oxidation of the mineral with the anode occurred in all three intervals.The oxidation of Sb(III)also appeared in the intermediate-and high-potential intervals,and chlorine evolution occurred in the high-potential interval.Therefore,the low-potential interval was determined to be a suitable potential interval for the slurry electrolysis process.In the low-potential interval,the particle size,liquid–solid ratio,and stirring speed had little effect on the oxidation rate of the minerals.As the temperature increased,the stibnite oxidation rate and exchange current density increased.Overall,the direct collision oxidation rate of stibnite was relatively low and the current densities under all the investigated conditions were lower than 0.4 mA·cm^(-2.This indicates that it is difficult to realize industrial production while relying solely on this process.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2202254,51974025,52034002)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(FRF-TT-19-001).
文摘Nickel is a strategic resource in social life and defense technology,playing an essential role in many fields,such as alloys and batteries.With the decrease in nickel sulfide,it is of great significance to extract nickel from laterite.The limonitic laterite is a kind of rich nickel-cobalt-scandium resource.At present,there are few reviews on the extraction of limonitic laterite.This study reviews the hydrometallurgical processes for limonitic laterite ores and the methods of recovering valuable elements.The mineralogical characteristics are analyzed,and the typical mineral compositions are summarized.The main hydrometallurgical processes are compared and discussed,including reduction roasting-ammonia leaching,sulfuric acid pressure leaching,nitric acid pressure leaching,and the atmospheric nitric acid leaching(DNi process).The methods of recovering nickel,cobalt,scandium,and iron are emphatically outlined.Finally,reasonable suggestions are proposed for comprehensive utilization.This study can provide a reference for industrial development and diversified applications.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22175182,21471103)Sheng Yuan Cooperation(No.2021SYHZ0048)+1 种基金Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.2202064)the directional institutionalized scientific research platform relies on Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility of Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘Radiation damage can cause a series of gastrointestinal(GI)tract diseases.The development of safe and effective GI tract radioprotectants still remains a great challenge clinically.Here,we firstly report an oral radioprotectant Gel@GYY that integrates a porous gelatin-based(Gel)hydrogel and a pH-responsive hydrogen sulfide(H2S)donor GYY4137(morpholin-4-ium 4 methoxyphenyl(morpholino)phosphinodithioate).Gel@GYY has a remarkable adhesion ability and long retention time,which not only enables responsive release of low-dose H2S in stomach and subsequently sustained release of H2S in the whole intestinal tract especially in the colon,but also ensures a close contact between H2S and GI tract.The released H2S can effectively scavenge free radicals induced by X-ray radiation,reduce lipid peroxidation level,repair DNA damage and recover vital superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities.Meanwhile,the released H2S inhibits radiation-induced activation of nuclear factorκB(NF-κB),thus reducing inflammatory cytokines levels in GI tract.After treatment,Gel@GYY displays efficient excretion from mice body due to its biodegradability.This work provides a new insight for therapeutic application of intelligent H2S-releasing oral delivery system and potential alternative to clinical GI physical damage protectant.
基金supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation of China(2182040)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51674026,U1802253)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(FRF-TT-19-001)the China Scholarship Council(201906465004)。
文摘Single-phaseα-CaSO4·0.5H2O whiskers were directly synthesized from waste Ca(NO3)2 solution using a hydrothermal method,and HNO3 was synchronously regenerated.The effects of reaction temperature and Ca^2+concentration on the phase composition and morphology of products were determined by X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy.On the basis of the experimental results,the formation diagram ofα-CaSO4·0.5H2O was plotted within the range of 5–35 g·L^-1 Ca^2+and 115°C–150°C.In addition,the conditions of the direct synthesis ofα-CaSO4·0.5H2O were determined.Well-crystallized,single-phaseα-CaSO4·0.5H2O whiskers with high aspect ratios(length,1785μm;diameter,10.63μm;aspect ratio,168)and HNO3(70.25 g·L^-1)were obtained at the optimal conditions of 25 g·L^-1 Ca^2+and 125°C.
基金Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project,Grant/Award Number:2023SHZD2X02A05National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:62331021Shanghai Sailing Program,Grant/Award Numbers:20YF1402400,22YF1409300。
文摘Fairness is an emerging consideration when assessing the segmentation per-formance of machine learning models across various demographic groups.During clinical decision-making,an unfair segmentation model exhibits risks in that it can pose inappropriate diagnoses and unsuitable treatment plans for underrepresented demographic groups,resulting in severe consequences for patients and society.In medical artificial intelligence(AI),the fairness of multi-organ segmentation is imperative to augment the integration of models into clinical practice.As the use of multi-organ segmentation in medical image analysis expands,it is crucial to systematically examine fairness to ensure equitable segmentation performance across diverse patient populations and ensure health equity.However,comprehensive studies assessing the problem of fairness in multi-organ segmentation remain lacking.This study aimed to provide an overview of the fairness problem in multi-organ segmentation.We first define fairness and discuss the factors that lead to fairness problems such as individual fairness,group fairness,counterfactual fairness,and max–min fairness in multi-organ segmentation,focusing mainly on datasets and models.We then present strategies to potentially improve fairness in multi-organ segmentation.Additionally,we highlight the challenges and limita-tions of existing approaches and discuss future directions for improving the fairness of AI models for clinically oriented multi-organ segmentation.
文摘Diffusion-weighted imaging(DWI) is considered to be one of the dominant modalities used in prostate cancer(PCa) detection and the assessment of lesion aggressiveness,especially for peripheral zone(PZ) PCa.Computer-aided diagnosis(CAD),which is capable of automatically extracting and evaluating image features,can integrate multiple parameters and improve the detection of PCa.In this study,13 quantitative image features were extracted from DWI by CAD,and diagnostic efficacy was analyzed in both the PZ and transition zone(TZ).The results demonstrated that there was a significant difference(P<0.05) between PCa and non-PCa for nine of the 13 features in the PZ and five of the 13 features in the TZ.Besides,the prediction outcome of CAD had a strong correlation with the DWI scores that were graded by experienced radiologists according to the Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System Version 2(PI-RADS v2).
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62001120)the Shanghai Sail-ing Program(No.20YF1402400).
文摘Background and Aims:Liver stiffness(LS)measured by shear wave elastography(SWE)is often influenced by hepat-ic inflammation.The aim was to develop a dual-task convo-lutional neural network(DtCNN)model for the simultaneous staging of liver fibrosis and inflammation activity using 2D-SWE.Methods:A total of 532 patients with chronic hepatitis B(CHB)were included to develop and validate the DtCNN model.An additional 180 consecutive patients between De-cember 2019 and April 2021 were prospectively included for further validation.All patients underwent 2D-SWE examina-tion and serum biomarker assessment.A DtCNN model con-taining two pathways for the staging of fibrosis and inflam-mation was used to improve the classification of significant fibrosis(≥F2),advanced fibrosis(≥F3)as well as cirrhosis(F4).Results:Both fibrosis and inflammation affected LS measurements by 2D-SWE.The proposed DtCNN performed the best among all the classification models for fibrosis stage[significant fibrosis AUC=0.89(95%CI:0.87-0.92),ad-vanced fibrosis AUC=0.87(95%CI:0.84-0.90),liver cirrho-sis AUC=0.85(95%CI:0.81-0.89)].The DtCNN-based pre-diction of inflammation activity achieved AUCs of 0.82(95%CI:0.78-0.86)for grade≥A1,0.88(95%CI:0.85-0.90)grade≥A2 and 0.78(95%CI:0.75-0.81)for grade≥A3,which were significantly higher than the AUCs of the single-task groups.Similar findings were observed in the prospec-tive study.Conclusions:The proposed DtCNN improved di-agnostic performance compared with existing fibrosis staging models by including inflammation in the model,which sup-ports its potential clinical application.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81971583)National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFC1312900)+1 种基金Shanghai Natural Science Foundation(No.20ZR1406400)Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(No.2017SHZDZX01,No.2018SHZDZX01)and ZJLab.
文摘Quantification of brain oxygenation and metabolism,both of which are indicators of the level of brain activity,plays a vital role in understanding the cerebral perfusion and the pathophysiology of brain disorders.Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),a widely used clinical imaging technique,which is very sensitive to magnetic susceptibility,has the possibility of substitut-ing positron emission tomography(PET)in measuring oxygen metabolism.This review mainly focuses on the quantitative blood oxygenation level-dependent(qBOLD)method for the evaluation of oxygen extraction fraction(OEF)in the brain.Here,we review the theoretic basis of qBOLD,as well as existing acquisition and quantification methods.Some published clinical studies are also presented,and the pros and cons of qBOLD method are discussed as well.
基金Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(2017SHZDZX01).
文摘Human phenomics is defned as the comprehensive collection of observable phenotypes and characteristics infuenced by a complex interplay among factors at multiple scales.These factors include genes,epigenetics at the microscopic level,organs,microbiome at the mesoscopic level,and diet and environmental exposures at the macroscopic level.“Phenomic imaging”utilizes various imaging techniques to visualize and measure anatomical structures,biological functions,metabolic processes,and biochemical activities across diferent scales,both in vivo and ex vivo.Unlike conventional medical imaging focused on disease diagnosis,phenomic imaging captures both normal and abnormal traits,facilitating detailed correlations between macro-and micro-phenotypes.This approach plays a crucial role in deciphering phenomes.This review provides an overview of diferent phenomic imaging modalities and their applications in human phenomics.Additionally,it explores the associations between phenomic imaging and other omics disciplines,including genomics,transcriptomics,proteomics,immunomics,and metabolomics.By integrating phenomic imaging with other omics data,such as genomics and metabolomics,a comprehensive understanding of biological systems can be achieved.This integration paves the way for the development of new therapeutic approaches and diagnostic tools.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81971583,No.62001120)National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFC1312900,No.2019YFA0709502)+2 种基金Shanghai Sailing Program(No.20YF1402400)Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(No.2017SHZDZX01,No.2018SHZDZX01)ZJLab and Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence(Fudan University),Ministry of Education,China.
文摘Cardiac magnetic resonance(CMR)imaging provides important biomarkers for the early diagnosis of many cardiovascular diseases and has been reported to reveal phenome-wide associations of cardiac/aortic structure and functionality in popula-tion studies.Nevertheless,due to the complexity of operation and variations among manufactural vendors,magnetic field strengths,coils,sequences,scan parameters,and image analysis approaches,CMR is rarely used in large cohort studies.Existing guidelines mainly focused on the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases,which did not aim to basic research.The purpose of this study was to propose a recommendation for CMR based phenotype measurements for cohort study.We classify the imaging sequences of CMR into three categories according to the importance and universality of correspond-ing measurable phenotypes.The acquisition time and repeatability of the phenotypic measurement were also taken into consideration during the categorization.Unlike other guidelines,this recommendation focused on quantitative measurement of large amount of phenotypes from CMR.
基金Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project,Grant/Award Number:2023SHZD2X02A05Shanghai Rising-Star Program,Grant/Award Number:24QA2703300。
文摘Graph theory has emerged as a valuable tool in liver research,aiding in the assessment of complex interactions underlying liver diseases at different organizational levels.This has allowed significant advancements in the detection,treatment,and control of liver disorders.Particularly,graph theory is useful in identifying different liver diseases.Graph theory can be used to analyze liver networks and identify altered nodes and edges,which may serve as potential noninvasive biomarkers for disease detection.Furthermore,graph-based techniques,including graph neural networks and graph knowledge,have been employed to construct interaction networks,providing insights into the communication involved in focal liver diseases and related conditions such as coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),hepatic muscular atrophy,and hepatic necrosis.Functional networks for the liver have also been developed with graphbased methods,providing insights into the metabolic processes occurring in the liver and the functional organization of the liver.Graph theory is also useful for image analysis,with applications such as image segmentation,registration,synthesis,and object identification.By representing images as graphs,it is possible to analyze and process them with graphbased algorithms,handling complex relationships among pixels and making them useful in boundary extraction and texture analysis.Overall,graph theory is an essential research tool for liver research,providing valuable insights into the complex interactions underlying liver diseases as well as innovative approaches for diagnosis and treatment.
基金the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(No.2017SHZDZX01).
文摘Imaging-derived phenotypes(IDPs)have been increasingly used in population-based cohort studies in recent years.As widely reported,magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)is an important imaging modality for assessing the anatomical structure and function of the brain with high resolution and excellent soft-tissue contrast.The purpose of this article was to describe the imaging protocol of the brain MRI in the China Phenobank Project(CHPP).Each participant underwent a 30-min brain MRI scan as part of a 2-h whole-body imaging protocol in CHPP.The brain imaging sequences included T1-magnetization that prepared rapid gradient echo,T2 fuid-attenuated inversion-recovery,magnetic resonance angiography,difusion MRI,and resting-state functional MRI.The detailed descriptions of image acquisition,interpretation,and post-processing were provided in this article.The measured IDPs included volumes of brain subregions,cerebral vessel geometrical parameters,microstructural tracts,and function connectivity metrics.
