Steroids function as signaling molecules in both animals and plants. While animal steroid hormones are perceived by nuclear receptor family of transcription factors, brassinosteroids （BR） in plants are perceived by ...Steroids function as signaling molecules in both animals and plants. While animal steroid hormones are perceived by nuclear receptor family of transcription factors, brassinosteroids （BR） in plants are perceived by a cell surface receptor kinase, BRI 1. Recent studies have demonstrated that BR binding to the extracellular domain of BRI 1 induces kinase activation and dimerization with another receptor kinase, BAKI. Activated BRI 1 or BAKI then regulate, possibly indirectly, the activities of BIN2 kinase and/or BSU 1 phosphatase, which directly regulate the phosphorylation status and nuclear accumulation of two homologous transcription factors, BZRI and BES 1. BZRI and BES 1 directly bind to promoters of BR responsive genes to regulate their expression. The BR signaling pathway has become a paradigm for both receptor kinase signaling in plants and steroid signaling by cell surface receptors in general.展开更多
The construction of an integrated nanoplatform with controlled fungicide delivery features in the specific microenvironment produced by fungal pathogens is a highly desirable strategy to improve the utilization of fun...The construction of an integrated nanoplatform with controlled fungicide delivery features in the specific microenvironment produced by fungal pathogens is a highly desirable strategy to improve the utilization of fungicides. Herein, we report a supramolecular fungicide delivery system based on benzimidazolemodified NH_(2)-MIL-101(Fe) metal–organic frameworks(B-MIL-101(Fe) MOFs) as carriers loaded with osthole(OS), and β-cyclodextrin(β-CD) as nanovalves to form β-CD@B-MIL-101(Fe)-OS. The nanoplatform can release the loaded OS for fungus control through self-degradation of the MOFs skeleton in an oxalic acid microenvironment produced by Botrytis cinerea. The experimental results exhibit that the constructed supramolecular fungicide delivery system could effectively inhibit mycelial growth and protect the tomatoes from infection by B. cinerea during the ripening stage. This strategy constructs a facile and integrated supramolecular drug delivery system for B. cinerea control and opens up a new avenue for the sustainable development of modern agriculture.展开更多
Brassinosteroids( BRs),a group of polyhydroxylated plant steroid hormones,have fundamental functions in many aspects of plant growth and development. The BRI1-EMS SUPPRESSOR1( BES1) transcription factor is a positive ...Brassinosteroids( BRs),a group of polyhydroxylated plant steroid hormones,have fundamental functions in many aspects of plant growth and development. The BRI1-EMS SUPPRESSOR1( BES1) transcription factor is a positive regulator involved in BRs signaling pathways. We studied the role of At BES1D( obtained from bes1-D Arabidopsis) in tomato( Solanum lycopersicum) seed germination. Overexpression of At BES1D in tomato inhibited seed germination compared with wild type Zhongshusihao( ZS4). The expression of abscisic acid( ABA) related genes was enhanced in At BES1D transgenic tomato seeds during germination.Furthermore,At BES1D transgenic tomato seeds were hypersensitive to ABA. Our findings suggest that the inhibitory effect of At BES1D transcription factor on tomato seed germination may be correlated with an enhanced ABA pathway.展开更多
With rising living standards,consumers’demand for color diversity and nutritional quality in tomato products has increased.Flavonoids are a key determinant of peel color and nutritional value in tomato fruit,where th...With rising living standards,consumers’demand for color diversity and nutritional quality in tomato products has increased.Flavonoids are a key determinant of peel color and nutritional value in tomato fruit,where their biosynthesis is controlled by various phytohormones,including brassinosteroids(BRs).However,the underlying mechanism by which BR regulates flavonoid biosynthesis remains unclear.Here,we show that exogenous BRs suppress flavonoid accumulation,whereas reduced endogenous BR levels in RNAi lines of SlCYP90B3,a rate-limiting BR biosynthetic gene,result in increased flavonoid content in the fruit peel.We further demonstrate that BRI1-EMS-suppressor1(SlBES1),a basic helix–loop–helix transcription factor essential for BR signaling,not only regulates fruit firmness but also represses flavonoid accumulation by directly binding to the promoters of the flavonoid biosynthetic genes SlCHS1,SlCHS2,and SlF3'H.Additionally,SlBES1 modulates a hierarchical transcriptional cascade by repressing the expression of SlMYB12,further suppressing flavonoid biosynthesis.Moreover,the homologous transcription factor brassinazole-resistant1(SlBZR1)enhances SlBES1-mediated repression of flavonoid accumulation.Specifically,SlBES1 predominantly inhibits flavonoid biosynthesis,whereas SlBZR1 primarily enhances carotenoid pathway activity.Notably,variation in SlBES1 is correlated with flavonoid content during tomato domestication.Collectively,these results highlight a novel role for SlBES1 as a negative regulator of flavonoid biosynthesis,offering potential strategies for flavonoid biofortification in tomato.展开更多
The plant hormone ethylene is essential for climacteric fruit ripening, although it is unclear how other phytohormones and their interactions with ethylene might affect fruit ripening. Here, we explored how brassinost...The plant hormone ethylene is essential for climacteric fruit ripening, although it is unclear how other phytohormones and their interactions with ethylene might affect fruit ripening. Here, we explored how brassinosteroids(BRs) regulate fruit ripening in tomato(Solanum lycopersicum) and how they interact with ethylene. Exogenous BR treatment and increased endogenous BR contents in tomato plants overexpressing the BR biosynthetic gene SlCYP90B3promoted ethylene production and fruit ripening.Genetic analysis indicated that the BR signaling regulators Brassinazole-resistant1(SlBZR1) and BRI1-EMS-suppressor1(SlBES1) act redundantly in fruit softening. Knocking out Sl BZR1 inhibited ripening through transcriptome reprogramming at the onset of ripening. Combined transcriptome deep sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing identified 73 Sl BZR1-repressed targets and 203 Sl BZR1-induced targets involving major ripening-related genes, suggesting that Sl BZR1 positively regulates tomato fruit ripening.Sl BZR1 directly targeted several ethylene and carotenoid biosynthetic genes to contribute to the ethylene burst and carotenoid accumulation to ensure normal ripening and quality formation. Furthermore,knock-out of Brassinosteroid-insensitive2(Sl BIN2),a negative regulator of BR signaling upstream of Sl BZR1, promoted fruit ripening and carotenoid accumulation. Taken together, our results highlight the role of Sl BZR1 as a master regulator of tomato fruit ripening with potential for tomato quality improvement and carotenoid biofortification.展开更多
基金This work was supported in part by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30328004,No.30571269)National Institutes of Health(R01 GM66258-01).
文摘Steroids function as signaling molecules in both animals and plants. While animal steroid hormones are perceived by nuclear receptor family of transcription factors, brassinosteroids （BR） in plants are perceived by a cell surface receptor kinase, BRI 1. Recent studies have demonstrated that BR binding to the extracellular domain of BRI 1 induces kinase activation and dimerization with another receptor kinase, BAKI. Activated BRI 1 or BAKI then regulate, possibly indirectly, the activities of BIN2 kinase and/or BSU 1 phosphatase, which directly regulate the phosphorylation status and nuclear accumulation of two homologous transcription factors, BZRI and BES 1. BZRI and BES 1 directly bind to promoters of BR responsive genes to regulate their expression. The BR signaling pathway has become a paradigm for both receptor kinase signaling in plants and steroid signaling by cell surface receptors in general.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52173200,31470414,31870332)the Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province(No.20230101052JC)+2 种基金the Special Fund Project of Shenzhen City for Local Science and Technology Development Guided by the Central Government(No.2021Szvup049)the National Major Increase or Decrease Project-Construction of the sustainable utilization capacity of famous traditional Chinese medicine resources(No.2060302)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2022-JCXK-13)。
文摘The construction of an integrated nanoplatform with controlled fungicide delivery features in the specific microenvironment produced by fungal pathogens is a highly desirable strategy to improve the utilization of fungicides. Herein, we report a supramolecular fungicide delivery system based on benzimidazolemodified NH_(2)-MIL-101(Fe) metal–organic frameworks(B-MIL-101(Fe) MOFs) as carriers loaded with osthole(OS), and β-cyclodextrin(β-CD) as nanovalves to form β-CD@B-MIL-101(Fe)-OS. The nanoplatform can release the loaded OS for fungus control through self-degradation of the MOFs skeleton in an oxalic acid microenvironment produced by Botrytis cinerea. The experimental results exhibit that the constructed supramolecular fungicide delivery system could effectively inhibit mycelial growth and protect the tomatoes from infection by B. cinerea during the ripening stage. This strategy constructs a facile and integrated supramolecular drug delivery system for B. cinerea control and opens up a new avenue for the sustainable development of modern agriculture.
基金Supported by National Undergraduate Training Program for Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2018A8205)。
文摘Brassinosteroids( BRs),a group of polyhydroxylated plant steroid hormones,have fundamental functions in many aspects of plant growth and development. The BRI1-EMS SUPPRESSOR1( BES1) transcription factor is a positive regulator involved in BRs signaling pathways. We studied the role of At BES1D( obtained from bes1-D Arabidopsis) in tomato( Solanum lycopersicum) seed germination. Overexpression of At BES1D in tomato inhibited seed germination compared with wild type Zhongshusihao( ZS4). The expression of abscisic acid( ABA) related genes was enhanced in At BES1D transgenic tomato seeds during germination.Furthermore,At BES1D transgenic tomato seeds were hypersensitive to ABA. Our findings suggest that the inhibitory effect of At BES1D transcription factor on tomato seed germination may be correlated with an enhanced ABA pathway.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Key Program,32430091 and 32302523)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M733133)the Zhejiang Province JianBingLingYan+X Research and Development Plan(2024C04015).Acknowledgments。
文摘With rising living standards,consumers’demand for color diversity and nutritional quality in tomato products has increased.Flavonoids are a key determinant of peel color and nutritional value in tomato fruit,where their biosynthesis is controlled by various phytohormones,including brassinosteroids(BRs).However,the underlying mechanism by which BR regulates flavonoid biosynthesis remains unclear.Here,we show that exogenous BRs suppress flavonoid accumulation,whereas reduced endogenous BR levels in RNAi lines of SlCYP90B3,a rate-limiting BR biosynthetic gene,result in increased flavonoid content in the fruit peel.We further demonstrate that BRI1-EMS-suppressor1(SlBES1),a basic helix–loop–helix transcription factor essential for BR signaling,not only regulates fruit firmness but also represses flavonoid accumulation by directly binding to the promoters of the flavonoid biosynthetic genes SlCHS1,SlCHS2,and SlF3'H.Additionally,SlBES1 modulates a hierarchical transcriptional cascade by repressing the expression of SlMYB12,further suppressing flavonoid biosynthesis.Moreover,the homologous transcription factor brassinazole-resistant1(SlBZR1)enhances SlBES1-mediated repression of flavonoid accumulation.Specifically,SlBES1 predominantly inhibits flavonoid biosynthesis,whereas SlBZR1 primarily enhances carotenoid pathway activity.Notably,variation in SlBES1 is correlated with flavonoid content during tomato domestication.Collectively,these results highlight a novel role for SlBES1 as a negative regulator of flavonoid biosynthesis,offering potential strategies for flavonoid biofortification in tomato.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Key Program 31830078)the Ministry of Agriculture of China (2016ZX08009003-001)+1 种基金Zhejiang Provincial Tenthousand Program for Leading Talents of Science and Technology Innovation (2018R52026)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (LZ15C150001)。
文摘The plant hormone ethylene is essential for climacteric fruit ripening, although it is unclear how other phytohormones and their interactions with ethylene might affect fruit ripening. Here, we explored how brassinosteroids(BRs) regulate fruit ripening in tomato(Solanum lycopersicum) and how they interact with ethylene. Exogenous BR treatment and increased endogenous BR contents in tomato plants overexpressing the BR biosynthetic gene SlCYP90B3promoted ethylene production and fruit ripening.Genetic analysis indicated that the BR signaling regulators Brassinazole-resistant1(SlBZR1) and BRI1-EMS-suppressor1(SlBES1) act redundantly in fruit softening. Knocking out Sl BZR1 inhibited ripening through transcriptome reprogramming at the onset of ripening. Combined transcriptome deep sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing identified 73 Sl BZR1-repressed targets and 203 Sl BZR1-induced targets involving major ripening-related genes, suggesting that Sl BZR1 positively regulates tomato fruit ripening.Sl BZR1 directly targeted several ethylene and carotenoid biosynthetic genes to contribute to the ethylene burst and carotenoid accumulation to ensure normal ripening and quality formation. Furthermore,knock-out of Brassinosteroid-insensitive2(Sl BIN2),a negative regulator of BR signaling upstream of Sl BZR1, promoted fruit ripening and carotenoid accumulation. Taken together, our results highlight the role of Sl BZR1 as a master regulator of tomato fruit ripening with potential for tomato quality improvement and carotenoid biofortification.
