Birds exhibit remarkable variations in body size,making them an ideal group for the study of adaptive evolution.However,the genetic mechanisms underlying body size evolution in avian species remain inadequately unders...Birds exhibit remarkable variations in body size,making them an ideal group for the study of adaptive evolution.However,the genetic mechanisms underlying body size evolution in avian species remain inadequately understood.This study investigates the evolutionary patterns of avian body size by analyzing 15 body-size-related genes,including GHSR,IGF2BP1,and IGFBP7 from the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor axis,EIF2AK3,GALNS,NCAPG,PLOD1,and PLAG1 associated with tall stature,and ACAN,OBSL1,and GRB10 associated with short stature,four genes previously reported in avian species:ATP11A,PLXDC2,TNS3,and TUBGCP3.The results indicate significant adaptive evolution of body size-related genes across different avian lineages.Notably,in the IGF2BP1 gene,a significant positive correlation was observed between the evolutionary rate and body size,suggesting that larger bird species exhibit higher evolutionary rates of the IGF2BP1 gene.Furthermore,the IGFBP7 and PLXDC2 genes demonstrated accelerated evolution in large-and medium-sized birds,respectively,indicating distinct evolutionary patterns for these genes among birds of different sizes.The branch-site model analysis identified numerous positively selected sites,primarily concentrated near functional domains,thereby reinforcing the critical role of these genes in body size evolution.Interestingly,extensive convergent evolution was detected in lineages with larger body sizes.This study elucidates the genetic basis of avian body size evolution for the first time,identifying adaptive evolutionary patterns of body size-related genes across birds of varying sizes and documenting patterns of convergent evolution.These findings provide essential genetic data and novel insights into the adaptive evolution of body size in birds.展开更多
Somatic cell nuclear transfer(SCNT)-derived piglets have signi?cantly higher stillbirth rate and postnatal mortality rate than arti?cial insemination(AI)-generated piglets. The question whether the low survival rate o...Somatic cell nuclear transfer(SCNT)-derived piglets have signi?cantly higher stillbirth rate and postnatal mortality rate than arti?cial insemination(AI)-generated piglets. The question whether the low survival rate of SCNT piglets was related to birth weight, umbilical cord or placenta development was investigated. In this study,stillbirth rate, neonatal death rate, birth weight, umbilical cord status, placental parameters and placental gene expression patterns were compared between SCNT and AI piglets. Results showed that mortality rates at birth and during the neonatal stage of SCNT piglets were signi?-cantly higher than those of AI piglets. The incidence of abnormal umbilical cord in SCNT and SCNT-liveborn(SCNT-LB) piglets was signi?cantly higher than in AI and AI-liveborn(AI-LB) piglets. Birth weight, placental weight, placental surface area and placental ef?ciency in SCNT and SCNT-LB piglets were signi?cantly lower than those of AI and AI-LB piglets. Placental expression pro?les of imprinting, angiopoiesis and nutrient transportrelated genes were defective in SCNT-LB piglets compared with those in AI-LB piglets. Thus, the low survival rate of SCNT piglets may be associated with abnormal umbilical cord and placenta development. These characteristics may have resulted from aberrant expression of angiogenesis, nutrient transport, and imprinting-related genes in the placentas.展开更多
基金funded by grants from the Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects to Y.M.(No.202401AT070083)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)to Y.M.(No.32360119)+1 种基金the start-up projects on high-level talent introduction of Dali University to Y.M.(No.KY1916101940)the Erhai Watershed Ecological Environment Quality Testing Engineering Research Center of Yunnan provincial universities to W.-X.H.and Y.M.(No.DXDGCZX03).
文摘Birds exhibit remarkable variations in body size,making them an ideal group for the study of adaptive evolution.However,the genetic mechanisms underlying body size evolution in avian species remain inadequately understood.This study investigates the evolutionary patterns of avian body size by analyzing 15 body-size-related genes,including GHSR,IGF2BP1,and IGFBP7 from the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor axis,EIF2AK3,GALNS,NCAPG,PLOD1,and PLAG1 associated with tall stature,and ACAN,OBSL1,and GRB10 associated with short stature,four genes previously reported in avian species:ATP11A,PLXDC2,TNS3,and TUBGCP3.The results indicate significant adaptive evolution of body size-related genes across different avian lineages.Notably,in the IGF2BP1 gene,a significant positive correlation was observed between the evolutionary rate and body size,suggesting that larger bird species exhibit higher evolutionary rates of the IGF2BP1 gene.Furthermore,the IGFBP7 and PLXDC2 genes demonstrated accelerated evolution in large-and medium-sized birds,respectively,indicating distinct evolutionary patterns for these genes among birds of different sizes.The branch-site model analysis identified numerous positively selected sites,primarily concentrated near functional domains,thereby reinforcing the critical role of these genes in body size evolution.Interestingly,extensive convergent evolution was detected in lineages with larger body sizes.This study elucidates the genetic basis of avian body size evolution for the first time,identifying adaptive evolutionary patterns of body size-related genes across birds of varying sizes and documenting patterns of convergent evolution.These findings provide essential genetic data and novel insights into the adaptive evolution of body size in birds.
基金supported by two grants received from the Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province, China (2016B020233006 and 2016A020210074)
文摘Somatic cell nuclear transfer(SCNT)-derived piglets have signi?cantly higher stillbirth rate and postnatal mortality rate than arti?cial insemination(AI)-generated piglets. The question whether the low survival rate of SCNT piglets was related to birth weight, umbilical cord or placenta development was investigated. In this study,stillbirth rate, neonatal death rate, birth weight, umbilical cord status, placental parameters and placental gene expression patterns were compared between SCNT and AI piglets. Results showed that mortality rates at birth and during the neonatal stage of SCNT piglets were signi?-cantly higher than those of AI piglets. The incidence of abnormal umbilical cord in SCNT and SCNT-liveborn(SCNT-LB) piglets was signi?cantly higher than in AI and AI-liveborn(AI-LB) piglets. Birth weight, placental weight, placental surface area and placental ef?ciency in SCNT and SCNT-LB piglets were signi?cantly lower than those of AI and AI-LB piglets. Placental expression pro?les of imprinting, angiopoiesis and nutrient transportrelated genes were defective in SCNT-LB piglets compared with those in AI-LB piglets. Thus, the low survival rate of SCNT piglets may be associated with abnormal umbilical cord and placenta development. These characteristics may have resulted from aberrant expression of angiogenesis, nutrient transport, and imprinting-related genes in the placentas.
