In response to the rise of the energy storage industries such as new energy vehicles and the wide application of lithium in various fields worldwide,the global demand for lithium resources has been in explosive growth...In response to the rise of the energy storage industries such as new energy vehicles and the wide application of lithium in various fields worldwide,the global demand for lithium resources has been in explosive growth.In order to further comprehensively understand the global supply and demand pattern,development and utilization status,genesis of ore deposits and other characteristics of lithium resources,based on the achievements of many researchers at home and abroad,this paper systematically summarized the lithium supply and demand situation,resource endowment,deposit classification and distribution,typical geological characteristics,metallogenic factors and metallogenic regularity of terrestrial brine-type lithium deposits which are the main types of development and utilization all over the world.The review shows that brine-type lithium resource and(or)reserves in the plateau salt lakes are huge and play an important role.In addition,the mineralization potential of the underground brine-type lithium deposit is broad worldwide.The potential resources of underground brines are enormous,and the geothermal spring water type is also worthy of attention.Brine lithium deposits are mainly controlled by the subduction and collision of regional plate tectonics,arid climate and provenance conditions.Strengthening of the scientific research on underground brines in the future is expected to provide another significant support for the global demand for lithium resources.展开更多
Pattern Recognition （PR） is a key ability of intelligent machines and an important field in intelligence technology. Pattern recognition enables machines to perceive and interact with the environment, humans and oth...Pattern Recognition （PR） is a key ability of intelligent machines and an important field in intelligence technology. Pattern recognition enables machines to perceive and interact with the environment, humans and other machines. The research topics of pattern recognition include： pattern classification （statistical and structural methods, neural networks, kernel methods, etc）, clustering, feature extraction and selection, visual object detection and recognition, video analysis, and applications in various domains. Both the methods and applications have been tremendously progressed in recent years, particularly with the benefit of deep learning methods （deep neural networks）, which learn discriminative features by cascading many layers of transformation.展开更多
Consensus problem is investigated for heterogeneous multi-agent systems composed of first-order agents and second-order agents in this paper. Leader-following consensus protocol is adopted to solve consensus problem o...Consensus problem is investigated for heterogeneous multi-agent systems composed of first-order agents and second-order agents in this paper. Leader-following consensus protocol is adopted to solve consensus problem of heterogeneous multi-agent systems with time-varying communication and input delays. By constructing Lyapunov-Krasovkii functional, sufficient consensus conditions in linear matrix inequality(LMI) form are obtained for the system under fixed interconnection topology. Moreover, consensus conditions are also obtained for the heterogeneous systems under switching topologies with time delays. Simulation examples are given to illustrate effectiveness of the results.展开更多
With the technological development of exploitation and separation,the primary source of lithium has gradually changed from ore to brine,which has become the main raw material,accounting for more than 80% of the total ...With the technological development of exploitation and separation,the primary source of lithium has gradually changed from ore to brine,which has become the main raw material,accounting for more than 80% of the total production.Resources of lithium-bearing brine are abundant in China.This paper has summarized the spatial and temporal distribution,characteristics,and formation mechanism of the lithium-rich brine in China,aiming to provide a comprehensive set of guidelines for future lithium exploitation from brines.Lithium brines usually exist in modem saline lakes and deep underground sedimentary rocks as subsurface brines.The metallogenic epoch of China's lithium-rich brine spans from the Triassic to the Quaternary,and these brines exhibit obvious regional distribution characteristics.Modem lithium-rich saline lakes are predominately located in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.In comparison,the subsurface lithium-rich brines are mainly distributed in the sedimentary basins of Sichuan,Hubei,Jiangxi,and the western part of the Qaidam Basin.Lithium-rich saline lakes are chloride-enriched,sulfate-enriched,and carbonateenriched,while the deep lithium-rich brines are mainly chloride-enriched.On the whole,the value of Mg/Li in deep brine is generally lower than that of brine in saline lakes.The genesis of lithium-rich brines in China is not uniform,generally there are two processes,which are respectively suitable for salt lakes and deep brine.展开更多
In the greater inland Jianghan Basin of South China,three salt depressions are lacking accurate geological times,of which Jiangling Depression is the largest.Evaporites are important records of paleoclimate,however,th...In the greater inland Jianghan Basin of South China,three salt depressions are lacking accurate geological times,of which Jiangling Depression is the largest.Evaporites are important records of paleoclimate,however,the geological ages of evaporates are very difficult to be determined because often evaporates have scare macrofossils and microfossils.Nonmarine Cretaceous to Tertiary halite deposits interbedded with mudstones are widely distributed in China.Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum had very high temperatures and attracted strong interests of geologists because these times can be compared with future climate change because of global warming.However,previous studies focused on marine sediments found that during the Paleocene-Early Eocene,massive evaporate deposits formed in Jiangling depression of the Jianghan Basin.In this paper,the authors show that the Shashi Formation halite deposits formed in the Paleocene according to palynology.Most of these palynology fossils are arid types,so the massive evaporites in the Jiangling depression could be closely related to the hot Paleocene climate.High temperatures during the Paleocene contributed to the formation of the massive evaporates in the Jiangling Depression,until sylvite was the result.展开更多
1.Objective Lop Nur is currently one of the world’s largest playa and located in the easternmost of the Tarim Basin,northwestern China.It developed unique giant glauberite deposits during the Quaternary,of which anal...1.Objective Lop Nur is currently one of the world’s largest playa and located in the easternmost of the Tarim Basin,northwestern China.It developed unique giant glauberite deposits during the Quaternary,of which analogue with such a scale deposit is rarely seen around the world.Moreover,potassium-rich brine hosted in these glauberite intercrystalline contains a resource of KCl up to 0.25×10^(9) t.展开更多
INTRODUCTION The vast arid regions in mid-latitude Asia(MLA)are among the most prominent landscapes on Earth’s surface and have been thought to provide a key source of global atmospheric dust(Hovan et al.,1989).Over ...INTRODUCTION The vast arid regions in mid-latitude Asia(MLA)are among the most prominent landscapes on Earth’s surface and have been thought to provide a key source of global atmospheric dust(Hovan et al.,1989).Over the past decades,research on aridification of MLA have made tremendous progress and pointed large-scale aridity has prevailed in this region since the Late Pliocene despite long-term stepwise drying(Fang et al.,2020;Liu et al.,2014).However,direct sedimentary records for the late Pliocene aridification is still lack,hindering our understanding of regional comparison and the behind drive mechanism.The Tarim Basin in northwest China is one of the driest and largest inland basins and is considered as an ideal candidate for aridity records of MLA(Sun et al.,2013).Although considerable studies of environmental variations have been conducted(Liu et al.,2020;Zheng et al.,2015),a comprehensive picture of climatic change of the basin during the Late Pliocene is still unavailable,due to fragmentary sedimentary records,especially in the eastern Tarim Basin.In this contribution,we report the Late Pliocene lacustrine sediments found in Lop Nur of the east of Tarim Basin.The occurrence of abundant magnesite,their related crystal morphology and C-O isotopic signature suggested a typical brackish or even saline lake environment and arid climatic condition in eastern Tarim Basin during this interval.展开更多
To effectively mine the contents embedded in web images, it is useful to classify the images into different types so that they can be fed to different procedures for detailed analysis. The authors herein propose a hie...To effectively mine the contents embedded in web images, it is useful to classify the images into different types so that they can be fed to different procedures for detailed analysis. The authors herein propose a hierarchical algorithm for efficiently classifying web images into four classes. Their algorithm consists of two stages： the first stage extracts global features reflecting the distributions of color, edge and gradient, and uses a support vector machine （SVM） classifier for preliminary classification. Images assigned low confidence by the first stage classifier are processed by the second stage, which further extracts local texture features represented in the bag-of-words framework and uses another SVM classifier for final classification. In addition, they design two fusion strategies to train the second-stage classifier and generate the final prediction depending on the usage of local features in the second stage. To validate the effectiveness of proposed method, they built a database containing more than 55,000 images from various sources. On their test image set, they obtained an overall classification accuracy of 98.4% and the processing speed is over 27 fps on an Intel（R） Xeon（R） central processing unit （2.90 GHz）.展开更多
Classifying patterns of known classes and rejecting ambiguous and novel(also called as out-of-distribution(OOD))inputs are involved in open world pattern recognition.Deep neural network models usually excel in closed-...Classifying patterns of known classes and rejecting ambiguous and novel(also called as out-of-distribution(OOD))inputs are involved in open world pattern recognition.Deep neural network models usually excel in closed-set classification while perform poorly in rejecting OOD inputs.To tackle this problem,numerous methods have been designed to perform open set recognition(OSR)or OOD rejection/detection tasks.Previous methods mostly take post-training score transformation or hybrid models to ensure low scores on OOD inputs while separating known classes.In this paper,we attempt to build a unified framework for building open set classifiers for both classification and OOD rejection.We formulate the open set recognition of K-known-class as a(K+1)-class classification problem with model trained on known-class samples only.By decomposing the K-class problem into K one-versus-all(OVA)binary classification tasks and binding some parameters,we show that combining the scores of OVA classifiers can give(K+1)-class posterior probabilities,which enables classification and OOD rejection in a unified framework.To maintain the closed-set classification accuracy of the OVA trained classifier,we propose a hybrid training strategy combining OVA loss and multi-class cross-entropy loss.We implement the OVA framework and hybrid training strategy on the recently proposed convolutional prototype network and prototype classifier on vision transformer(ViT)backbone.Experiments on popular OSR and OOD detection datasets demonstrate that the proposed framework,using a single multi-class classifier,yields competitive performance in closed-set classification,OOD detection,and misclassification detection.The code is available at https://github.com/zhen-cheng121/CPN_OVA_unified.展开更多
Ligand-induced receptor dimerization or oligomerization is a widespread mechanism for ensuring communication specificity,safeguarding receptor activation,and facilitating amplification of signal transduction across th...Ligand-induced receptor dimerization or oligomerization is a widespread mechanism for ensuring communication specificity,safeguarding receptor activation,and facilitating amplification of signal transduction across the cellular membrane.However,cell-surface antigeninduced multimerization(dubbed AIM herein)has not yet been consciously leveraged in chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)engineering for enriching T cell-based therapies.We co-developed ciltacabtagene autoleucel(cilta-cel),whose CAR incorporates two B-cell maturation antigen(BCMA)-targeted nanobodies in tandem,for treating multiple myeloma.Here we elucidated a structural and functional model in which BCMA-induced cilta-cel CAR multimerization amplifies myeloma-targeted T cell-mediated cytotoxicity.Crystallographic analysis of BCMA–nanobody complexes revealed atomic details of antigen–antibody hetero-multimerization whilst analytical ultracentrifugation and small-angle X-ray scattering characterized interdependent BCMA apposition and CAR juxtaposition in solution.BCMA-induced nanobody CAR multimerization enhanced cytotoxicity,alongside elevated immune synapse formation and cytotoxicity-mediating cytokine release,towards myeloma-derived cells.Our results provide a framework for contemplating the AIM approach in designing next-generation CARs.展开更多
基金This study was jointly supported by Central Welfare Basic Scientific Research Business Expenses(KK2005,YYWF201607)the project of the industrial leading talant of Wuhan municipality of Hubei Province,the Editor of China Geology,Rui-qin Li,and many thanks for a nice review by anonymous reviewers.
文摘In response to the rise of the energy storage industries such as new energy vehicles and the wide application of lithium in various fields worldwide,the global demand for lithium resources has been in explosive growth.In order to further comprehensively understand the global supply and demand pattern,development and utilization status,genesis of ore deposits and other characteristics of lithium resources,based on the achievements of many researchers at home and abroad,this paper systematically summarized the lithium supply and demand situation,resource endowment,deposit classification and distribution,typical geological characteristics,metallogenic factors and metallogenic regularity of terrestrial brine-type lithium deposits which are the main types of development and utilization all over the world.The review shows that brine-type lithium resource and(or)reserves in the plateau salt lakes are huge and play an important role.In addition,the mineralization potential of the underground brine-type lithium deposit is broad worldwide.The potential resources of underground brines are enormous,and the geothermal spring water type is also worthy of attention.Brine lithium deposits are mainly controlled by the subduction and collision of regional plate tectonics,arid climate and provenance conditions.Strengthening of the scientific research on underground brines in the future is expected to provide another significant support for the global demand for lithium resources.
文摘Pattern Recognition （PR） is a key ability of intelligent machines and an important field in intelligence technology. Pattern recognition enables machines to perceive and interact with the environment, humans and other machines. The research topics of pattern recognition include： pattern classification （statistical and structural methods, neural networks, kernel methods, etc）, clustering, feature extraction and selection, visual object detection and recognition, video analysis, and applications in various domains. Both the methods and applications have been tremendously progressed in recent years, particularly with the benefit of deep learning methods （deep neural networks）, which learn discriminative features by cascading many layers of transformation.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61104092,61134007 and 61203147)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions
文摘Consensus problem is investigated for heterogeneous multi-agent systems composed of first-order agents and second-order agents in this paper. Leader-following consensus protocol is adopted to solve consensus problem of heterogeneous multi-agent systems with time-varying communication and input delays. By constructing Lyapunov-Krasovkii functional, sufficient consensus conditions in linear matrix inequality(LMI) form are obtained for the system under fixed interconnection topology. Moreover, consensus conditions are also obtained for the heterogeneous systems under switching topologies with time delays. Simulation examples are given to illustrate effectiveness of the results.
文摘With the technological development of exploitation and separation,the primary source of lithium has gradually changed from ore to brine,which has become the main raw material,accounting for more than 80% of the total production.Resources of lithium-bearing brine are abundant in China.This paper has summarized the spatial and temporal distribution,characteristics,and formation mechanism of the lithium-rich brine in China,aiming to provide a comprehensive set of guidelines for future lithium exploitation from brines.Lithium brines usually exist in modem saline lakes and deep underground sedimentary rocks as subsurface brines.The metallogenic epoch of China's lithium-rich brine spans from the Triassic to the Quaternary,and these brines exhibit obvious regional distribution characteristics.Modem lithium-rich saline lakes are predominately located in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.In comparison,the subsurface lithium-rich brines are mainly distributed in the sedimentary basins of Sichuan,Hubei,Jiangxi,and the western part of the Qaidam Basin.Lithium-rich saline lakes are chloride-enriched,sulfate-enriched,and carbonateenriched,while the deep lithium-rich brines are mainly chloride-enriched.On the whole,the value of Mg/Li in deep brine is generally lower than that of brine in saline lakes.The genesis of lithium-rich brines in China is not uniform,generally there are two processes,which are respectively suitable for salt lakes and deep brine.
基金This research was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(41502089,41173051,41473039)Major State Basic Research Development Program(973 Program,2011CB403007)+1 种基金Central Welfare Basic Scientific Research Business Expenses(YK1603,K1415,K1703)China Geological Survey programs(DD20190816,DD20190817,DD20190606).
文摘In the greater inland Jianghan Basin of South China,three salt depressions are lacking accurate geological times,of which Jiangling Depression is the largest.Evaporites are important records of paleoclimate,however,the geological ages of evaporates are very difficult to be determined because often evaporates have scare macrofossils and microfossils.Nonmarine Cretaceous to Tertiary halite deposits interbedded with mudstones are widely distributed in China.Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum had very high temperatures and attracted strong interests of geologists because these times can be compared with future climate change because of global warming.However,previous studies focused on marine sediments found that during the Paleocene-Early Eocene,massive evaporate deposits formed in Jiangling depression of the Jianghan Basin.In this paper,the authors show that the Shashi Formation halite deposits formed in the Paleocene according to palynology.Most of these palynology fossils are arid types,so the massive evaporites in the Jiangling depression could be closely related to the hot Paleocene climate.High temperatures during the Paleocene contributed to the formation of the massive evaporates in the Jiangling Depression,until sylvite was the result.
基金This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41972092,40830420,41702097)the Scientific and Technical project of SDIC Xinjiang Luobupo Potash Co.,LTD..
文摘1.Objective Lop Nur is currently one of the world’s largest playa and located in the easternmost of the Tarim Basin,northwestern China.It developed unique giant glauberite deposits during the Quaternary,of which analogue with such a scale deposit is rarely seen around the world.Moreover,potassium-rich brine hosted in these glauberite intercrystalline contains a resource of KCl up to 0.25×10^(9) t.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.41972092)the Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program (No.2022xjkk1303)。
文摘INTRODUCTION The vast arid regions in mid-latitude Asia(MLA)are among the most prominent landscapes on Earth’s surface and have been thought to provide a key source of global atmospheric dust(Hovan et al.,1989).Over the past decades,research on aridification of MLA have made tremendous progress and pointed large-scale aridity has prevailed in this region since the Late Pliocene despite long-term stepwise drying(Fang et al.,2020;Liu et al.,2014).However,direct sedimentary records for the late Pliocene aridification is still lack,hindering our understanding of regional comparison and the behind drive mechanism.The Tarim Basin in northwest China is one of the driest and largest inland basins and is considered as an ideal candidate for aridity records of MLA(Sun et al.,2013).Although considerable studies of environmental variations have been conducted(Liu et al.,2020;Zheng et al.,2015),a comprehensive picture of climatic change of the basin during the Late Pliocene is still unavailable,due to fragmentary sedimentary records,especially in the eastern Tarim Basin.In this contribution,we report the Late Pliocene lacustrine sediments found in Lop Nur of the east of Tarim Basin.The occurrence of abundant magnesite,their related crystal morphology and C-O isotopic signature suggested a typical brackish or even saline lake environment and arid climatic condition in eastern Tarim Basin during this interval.
基金This work has been supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （NSFC） Grant nos. 61721004 and 61411136002.
文摘To effectively mine the contents embedded in web images, it is useful to classify the images into different types so that they can be fed to different procedures for detailed analysis. The authors herein propose a hierarchical algorithm for efficiently classifying web images into four classes. Their algorithm consists of two stages： the first stage extracts global features reflecting the distributions of color, edge and gradient, and uses a support vector machine （SVM） classifier for preliminary classification. Images assigned low confidence by the first stage classifier are processed by the second stage, which further extracts local texture features represented in the bag-of-words framework and uses another SVM classifier for final classification. In addition, they design two fusion strategies to train the second-stage classifier and generate the final prediction depending on the usage of local features in the second stage. To validate the effectiveness of proposed method, they built a database containing more than 55,000 images from various sources. On their test image set, they obtained an overall classification accuracy of 98.4% and the processing speed is over 27 fps on an Intel（R） Xeon（R） central processing unit （2.90 GHz）.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program,China(No.2018 AAA0100400)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U20A20223,62222609 and 62076236).
文摘Classifying patterns of known classes and rejecting ambiguous and novel(also called as out-of-distribution(OOD))inputs are involved in open world pattern recognition.Deep neural network models usually excel in closed-set classification while perform poorly in rejecting OOD inputs.To tackle this problem,numerous methods have been designed to perform open set recognition(OSR)or OOD rejection/detection tasks.Previous methods mostly take post-training score transformation or hybrid models to ensure low scores on OOD inputs while separating known classes.In this paper,we attempt to build a unified framework for building open set classifiers for both classification and OOD rejection.We formulate the open set recognition of K-known-class as a(K+1)-class classification problem with model trained on known-class samples only.By decomposing the K-class problem into K one-versus-all(OVA)binary classification tasks and binding some parameters,we show that combining the scores of OVA classifiers can give(K+1)-class posterior probabilities,which enables classification and OOD rejection in a unified framework.To maintain the closed-set classification accuracy of the OVA trained classifier,we propose a hybrid training strategy combining OVA loss and multi-class cross-entropy loss.We implement the OVA framework and hybrid training strategy on the recently proposed convolutional prototype network and prototype classifier on vision transformer(ViT)backbone.Experiments on popular OSR and OOD detection datasets demonstrate that the proposed framework,using a single multi-class classifier,yields competitive performance in closed-set classification,OOD detection,and misclassification detection.The code is available at https://github.com/zhen-cheng121/CPN_OVA_unified.
基金supported by grants from the Double First-Class Project from the Ministry of Education(grant code:WF510162602)Innovative Research Team of High-Level Local Universities in Shanghai,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Program on Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research(grant code:2019CXJQ01)+4 种基金Overseas Expertise Introduction Project for Discipline Innovation(111 Projectgrant code:B17029)National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant numbers:82230006 and 81900206)Shanghai Shenkang Hospital Development Center(grant code:SHDC2020CR5002)Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Biomacromolecules and Precision Medicine-ShanghaiTech University,Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research-Shanghai Jiao Tong University(grant code:21TQ1400226).
文摘Ligand-induced receptor dimerization or oligomerization is a widespread mechanism for ensuring communication specificity,safeguarding receptor activation,and facilitating amplification of signal transduction across the cellular membrane.However,cell-surface antigeninduced multimerization(dubbed AIM herein)has not yet been consciously leveraged in chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)engineering for enriching T cell-based therapies.We co-developed ciltacabtagene autoleucel(cilta-cel),whose CAR incorporates two B-cell maturation antigen(BCMA)-targeted nanobodies in tandem,for treating multiple myeloma.Here we elucidated a structural and functional model in which BCMA-induced cilta-cel CAR multimerization amplifies myeloma-targeted T cell-mediated cytotoxicity.Crystallographic analysis of BCMA–nanobody complexes revealed atomic details of antigen–antibody hetero-multimerization whilst analytical ultracentrifugation and small-angle X-ray scattering characterized interdependent BCMA apposition and CAR juxtaposition in solution.BCMA-induced nanobody CAR multimerization enhanced cytotoxicity,alongside elevated immune synapse formation and cytotoxicity-mediating cytokine release,towards myeloma-derived cells.Our results provide a framework for contemplating the AIM approach in designing next-generation CARs.
