The density and viscosity of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate[BMIM][BF4]and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride[BMIM][Cl]and their binary mixtures within the temperatures from 303.15 K to323.15 K and at ...The density and viscosity of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate[BMIM][BF4]and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride[BMIM][Cl]and their binary mixtures within the temperatures from 303.15 K to323.15 K and at ambient pressure were determined in this work.The temperature dependences of density and viscosity were satisfactorily described with the linear model and the Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher type equation,respectively.The molar volume and viscosity of binary IL mixtures were predicted through ideal mixing rules showing that almost null deviations for IL mixtures were observed and their mixing was remarkably close to linear ideal behavior in the molar volumes,while comparatively large errors in viscosity occurred.Additionally,the molar volume of the investigated pure ILs and their mixtures could well be predicted by a predictive model presented by Valderrama et al.(Fluid Phase Equilib.,275(2009)145).展开更多
Pareidae and Dipsadidae,two independently evolved taxa in the Serpentes lineage,both feed exclusively on terrestrial mollusks(snails and slugs).Dipsadid snakes developed hypertrophic infralabial glands in their lower ...Pareidae and Dipsadidae,two independently evolved taxa in the Serpentes lineage,both feed exclusively on terrestrial mollusks(snails and slugs).Dipsadid snakes developed hypertrophic infralabial glands in their lower jaw,which are thought to be associated with their specialized feeding behaviors.However,whether a similar gland exists in pareid snakes is unknown.In this study,we examined the morphological characteristics of the infralabial glands in Pareas berdmorei and Pareas chinensis based on comparative anatomical,histochemical,and histopathological analysis.Our results demonstrated that both Pareas species had similar hypertrophied infralabial glands in the lower jaw,which consisted of tubules with mucinous properties and seromucous acini.The secretory granules of the seromucous cells also showed high electron density.The cytoplasm was rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum,mitochondria,and Golgi apparatus,suggesting that these cells may secrete protein substances,and play an important role in digesting mollusks.This study provides evidence of morphological convergence between Pareidae and Dipsadidae due to specialized diet adaptation,which will be the foundation for prospective functional research.展开更多
Limb reduction in Squamata present the dramatic characteristic to focus and usually accompanied with particularly morphological modifications, impacting tremendous locomotion changing and might generate different ener...Limb reduction in Squamata present the dramatic characteristic to focus and usually accompanied with particularly morphological modifications, impacting tremendous locomotion changing and might generate different energy requirement. Herein, we combined both morphological and mitochondrial genomic data to explore the evolution of phenotypic transformation and mitochondrial genome of limbless and body-elongated squamates. We collected phenotypic measurements of 503 individuals, representing limbed or limbless taxa across all major lineages in Squama ta to investiga te the morphological correla tions with limb-reduction. Furthermore, we provided the mitochondrial genome of the representative limbless and elongated species Dibamus bourreti(Angel, 1935) to detect selective constraints on limbless clades with published mitogenomes of other squa ma te reptiles. Our results evidenced tha t body elongation had certain negative relationship with limbreduction in Squamata lineage and Lacertilia lineage(R = –0.495, P < 2.2 e-16;R= –0.332, P = 1.1 e-13, respectively), while tail length showed slight correlation in both clades(R = 0.156, P = 4.3 e-04;R= 0.192, P = 2.1 e-05, respectively). Besides, detection demonstrated that ATP6 has experienced accelerated evolution among limbless lineages, suggesting selective pressure on mitogenomes may play an essential role in energy disparity for locomotion of limbed and limbless squamates.展开更多
Limb loss shows recurrent phenotypic evolution across squamate lineages.Here,based on three de novo-assembled genomes of limbless lizards from different lineages,we showed that divergence of conserved non-coding eleme...Limb loss shows recurrent phenotypic evolution across squamate lineages.Here,based on three de novo-assembled genomes of limbless lizards from different lineages,we showed that divergence of conserved non-coding elements(CNEs)played an important role in limb development.These CNEs were associated with genes required for limb initiation and outgrowth,and with regulatory signals in the early stage of limb development.Importantly,we identified the extensive existence of insertions and deletions(In Dels)in the CNEs,with the numbers ranging from 111 to 756.Most of these CNEs with In Dels were lineagespecific in the limbless squamates.Nearby genes of these In Del CNEs were important to early limb formation,such as Tbx4,Fgf10,and Gli3.Based on functional experiments,we found that nucleotide mutations and In Dels both affected the regulatory function of the CNEs.Our study provides molecular evidence underlying limb loss in squamate reptiles from a developmental perspective and sheds light on the importance of regulatory element In Dels in phenotypic evolution.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2015CB251401)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21878025,21776069,21476070).
文摘The density and viscosity of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate[BMIM][BF4]and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride[BMIM][Cl]and their binary mixtures within the temperatures from 303.15 K to323.15 K and at ambient pressure were determined in this work.The temperature dependences of density and viscosity were satisfactorily described with the linear model and the Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher type equation,respectively.The molar volume and viscosity of binary IL mixtures were predicted through ideal mixing rules showing that almost null deviations for IL mixtures were observed and their mixing was remarkably close to linear ideal behavior in the molar volumes,while comparatively large errors in viscosity occurred.Additionally,the molar volume of the investigated pure ILs and their mixtures could well be predicted by a predictive model presented by Valderrama et al.(Fluid Phase Equilib.,275(2009)145).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32220103004 and 32200363)the International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(151751KYSB20190024)+3 种基金the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2020YFH0005)the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences,CAS(QYZDB-SSWSMC058)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS(2021370)CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(2021VBA0003)(Hussam El Dine ZAHER)。
文摘Pareidae and Dipsadidae,two independently evolved taxa in the Serpentes lineage,both feed exclusively on terrestrial mollusks(snails and slugs).Dipsadid snakes developed hypertrophic infralabial glands in their lower jaw,which are thought to be associated with their specialized feeding behaviors.However,whether a similar gland exists in pareid snakes is unknown.In this study,we examined the morphological characteristics of the infralabial glands in Pareas berdmorei and Pareas chinensis based on comparative anatomical,histochemical,and histopathological analysis.Our results demonstrated that both Pareas species had similar hypertrophied infralabial glands in the lower jaw,which consisted of tubules with mucinous properties and seromucous acini.The secretory granules of the seromucous cells also showed high electron density.The cytoplasm was rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum,mitochondria,and Golgi apparatus,suggesting that these cells may secrete protein substances,and play an important role in digesting mollusks.This study provides evidence of morphological convergence between Pareidae and Dipsadidae due to specialized diet adaptation,which will be the foundation for prospective functional research.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31772434,32070410)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition a nd Resea rch Progra m(STEP) (2019QZKK0501)+2 种基金the International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (151751KYSB20190024)Biological Resources Programme, Chinese Academy of Sciences (KF JBRP-017-14)the Distinguished young scholars in Sichuan Province (2021JDJQ0002)。
文摘Limb reduction in Squamata present the dramatic characteristic to focus and usually accompanied with particularly morphological modifications, impacting tremendous locomotion changing and might generate different energy requirement. Herein, we combined both morphological and mitochondrial genomic data to explore the evolution of phenotypic transformation and mitochondrial genome of limbless and body-elongated squamates. We collected phenotypic measurements of 503 individuals, representing limbed or limbless taxa across all major lineages in Squama ta to investiga te the morphological correla tions with limb-reduction. Furthermore, we provided the mitochondrial genome of the representative limbless and elongated species Dibamus bourreti(Angel, 1935) to detect selective constraints on limbless clades with published mitogenomes of other squa ma te reptiles. Our results evidenced tha t body elongation had certain negative relationship with limbreduction in Squamata lineage and Lacertilia lineage(R = –0.495, P < 2.2 e-16;R= –0.332, P = 1.1 e-13, respectively), while tail length showed slight correlation in both clades(R = 0.156, P = 4.3 e-04;R= 0.192, P = 2.1 e-05, respectively). Besides, detection demonstrated that ATP6 has experienced accelerated evolution among limbless lineages, suggesting selective pressure on mitogenomes may play an essential role in energy disparity for locomotion of limbed and limbless squamates.
基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB31000000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32220103004,32000296)+2 种基金the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(2019QZKK0501)the International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(151751KYSB20190024)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2021JDJQ0002)。
文摘Limb loss shows recurrent phenotypic evolution across squamate lineages.Here,based on three de novo-assembled genomes of limbless lizards from different lineages,we showed that divergence of conserved non-coding elements(CNEs)played an important role in limb development.These CNEs were associated with genes required for limb initiation and outgrowth,and with regulatory signals in the early stage of limb development.Importantly,we identified the extensive existence of insertions and deletions(In Dels)in the CNEs,with the numbers ranging from 111 to 756.Most of these CNEs with In Dels were lineagespecific in the limbless squamates.Nearby genes of these In Del CNEs were important to early limb formation,such as Tbx4,Fgf10,and Gli3.Based on functional experiments,we found that nucleotide mutations and In Dels both affected the regulatory function of the CNEs.Our study provides molecular evidence underlying limb loss in squamate reptiles from a developmental perspective and sheds light on the importance of regulatory element In Dels in phenotypic evolution.
