<strong>Objectives:</strong> To analyze the clinical features of falls in hospitalized patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and to provide basis for preventing the occurrence of falls in hospitalize...<strong>Objectives:</strong> To analyze the clinical features of falls in hospitalized patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and to provide basis for preventing the occurrence of falls in hospitalized patients with CKD. <strong>Method: </strong>A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the 27 adverse events of falls in hospitalized patients from the department of nephrology in Peking University Shenzhen Hospital during May 2009 and May 2019. <strong>Results: </strong>Among the 27 patients with falls, people over 65 years old accounted for 55.56%;74.07% of the patients had caregivers;the peak period of falls was from June to August, accounting for 40.74%, mainly occurring from 7:00 to 8:00, 12:00 to 13:30 and 19:00 to 21:00;the locations of falls were mostly near the bed and in the bathroom, accounting for 33.33% and 22.22%, respectively;suffering from anemia, hypoproteinemia, abnormal serum potassium, calcium-phosphorus metabolism disorders accompanied by abnormal parathyroid hormone and hypertension accounted for 88.89%, 85.19%, 29.63%, 96.30% and 81.48% respectively. The inpatients on dialysis therapy accounted for 66.67%. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The occurrence of falls in hospitalized patients with CKD was not only related to age, caregivers, time, months, locations or other conventional factors, but also the complications and dialysis therapies. To effectively reduce the occurrence of falls, it’s necessary to enhance the sense of safety and responsibility of caregivers. Besides, nurses should strengthen the inspection of wards for inpatients engaging in some intensive activities, and nurses should also pay more attention to the inpatients with anemia, hypoproteinemia, calcium-phosphorus metabolism disorders and those on dialysis therapies.展开更多
Disparities in the substrate affinity and tolerance threshold for ammonia have been believed to play a key role in driving niche differentiation between ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB);however, rece...Disparities in the substrate affinity and tolerance threshold for ammonia have been believed to play a key role in driving niche differentiation between ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB);however, recent surveys argue that direct competition between AOA and AOB is also important in this phenomenon. Accordingly, it is reasonable to predict that diverse AOA lineages would grow in ammonium (NH_(4)^(+))-rich alkaline arable soils if AOB growth is suppressed. To test this hypothesis, a microcosm study was established using three different types of alkaline arable soils, in which a high NH_(4)^(+) concentration (200 μg N g^(-1) dry soil) was maintained by routinely replenishing urea and the activities of AOB were selectively inhibited by 1-octyne or 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP). Compared with amendment with urea alone, 1-octyne partially retarded AOB growth, while DMPP completely inhibited AOB. Both inhibitors accelerated the growth of AOA, with significantly higher ratios of abundance of AOA to AOB observed with DMPP amendment across soils. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis (NMDS) indicated that different treatments significantly altered the community structures of both AOA and AOB and AOA OTUs enriched by high-NH_(4)^(+) amendment were taxonomically constrained across the soils tested and closely related to Nitrososphaera viennensis EN76 and N. garnensis. Given that these representative strains have been demonstrated to be sensitive to high ammonia concentrations, our results suggest that it is the competitiveness for ammonia, rather than disparities in substrate affinity and tolerance threshold for ammonia, that drives niche differentiation between these phylotypes and AOB in NH_(4)^(+)-rich alkaline soils.展开更多
DEAR EDITOR,Gap junctions regulate intercellular communication between Sertoli cells and germ cells in male testes and play vital functions in spermatogenesis.Many factors in animal breeding and husbandry can induce o...DEAR EDITOR,Gap junctions regulate intercellular communication between Sertoli cells and germ cells in male testes and play vital functions in spermatogenesis.Many factors in animal breeding and husbandry can induce oxidative stress,which can impair the testis microenvironment and male animal fertility.However,the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown.Recently,we identified that androgen signals promote the expression of connexin-43(Cx43),a key component of gap junctions,to regulate spermatogenesis.Thus,we asked whether hyperactive reactive oxygen species(ROS)can impair gap junctions by interfering with Cx43 in porcine testes.Using a porcine Sertoli cell in vitro system,we found that hyperactive ROS caused extensive apoptosis in Sertoli cells,remarkable decrease in Cx43 expression,and failed maintenance of co-cultured spermatogonial stem cells(SSCs),indicating that ROS impaired the function of Sertoli cells and promoted loss of SSCs.This observation provides a possible mechanism for the impact of ROS on fertility of male animals.展开更多
In recent years, the Internet of Things (IoT) technology has developedby leaps and bounds. However, the large and heterogeneous networkstructure of IoT brings high management costs. In particular, the low costof IoT d...In recent years, the Internet of Things (IoT) technology has developedby leaps and bounds. However, the large and heterogeneous networkstructure of IoT brings high management costs. In particular, the low costof IoT devices exposes them to more serious security concerns. First, aconvolutional neural network intrusion detection system for IoT devices isproposed. After cleaning and preprocessing the NSL-KDD dataset, this paperuses feature engineering methods to select appropriate features. Then, basedon the combination of DCNN and machine learning, this paper designs acloud-based loss function, which adopts a regularization method to preventoverfitting. The model consists of one input layer, two convolutional layers,two pooling layers and three fully connected layers and one output layer.Finally, a framework that can fully consider the user’s privacy protection isproposed. The framework can only exchange model parameters or intermediateresults without exchanging local individuals or sample data. This paperfurther builds a global model based on virtual fusion data, so as to achievea balance between data privacy protection and data sharing computing. Theperformance indicators such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and AUCof the model are verified by simulation. The results show that the model ishelpful in solving the problem that the IoT intrusion detection system cannotachieve high precision and low cost at the same time.展开更多
This paper makes micro video combine with flipped classroom,constructs the teaching mode of flipped classroom based on micro video.This mode specifically include three teaching processes,such as design and practice of...This paper makes micro video combine with flipped classroom,constructs the teaching mode of flipped classroom based on micro video.This mode specifically include three teaching processes,such as design and practice of pre class task,design and practice of classroom interaction task,task and practice of comprehensive evaluation after class,and tries in the teaching of the course of Financial Management,improves the students＇ autonomous learning ability, enhances the participation degree of classroom teaching,promotes knowledge absorption of students,the effect of teaching is good.展开更多
Geckos can move quickly in various environments by efficiently controlling their complex adhesive toe pads.The locomotion behaviours observed in the attachment-detachment(A-D)cycle of their toe pads in response to cha...Geckos can move quickly in various environments by efficiently controlling their complex adhesive toe pads.The locomotion behaviours observed in the attachment-detachment(A-D)cycle of their toe pads in response to changes in their environment should be studied to understand the adaptive behavioural characteristics of such toe pads.The lack of systematic research on the entire A-D cycle,including the release,swing,contact,and adhesion stages,limits the comprehension of the adhesive locomotion mechanism.The A-D cycle of Gekko gecko that facilitates the foot locomotion on inclined and vertical surfaces was investigated to clarify the locomotion behaviours in different stages.Results show that the change trends of foot locomotor angles(yaw and pitch)during the entire A-D cycle remain unchanged in response to various substrates.The bending angles(fore 41°;hind 51°)and contact time percentages(fore 7.42%;hind 7.44%)in the contact stage as well as the forefoot angle ranges(yaw:163.09°;pitch:308.68°)in the A-D cycle also remain constant across all substrates.These invariant foot locomotion behaviours during the swing and contact stages suggest that the foot behaviours are weakly related to the forces acting on the foot,which change according to the environment.Furthermore,the forefoot and hindfoot have different anatomical structure and functional demands,thus,the angle range of forefoot locomotion is larger than that of hindfoot locomotion,and the pitch angle change trend of the forefoot is opposite to that of the hindfoot.The diverse and complex locomotion control of the adhesive toe pads for various environments is reduced by the consistent behaviours in the gecko’s A-D cycle,such as the constant postures in the swing and contact stages.This study provides insight into the adhesive locomotion mechanism of geckos and can facilitate further research on the effective design and control of adhesion robots.展开更多
Background:Hepatitis B poses a heavy burden for children in China,however,the national studies on the distributional characteristics and health care costs of children with severe hepatitis B is still lacking.This stud...Background:Hepatitis B poses a heavy burden for children in China,however,the national studies on the distributional characteristics and health care costs of children with severe hepatitis B is still lacking.This study aimed to analyze the disease characteristics,health economic effects,and medical cost for children with severe hepatitis B in China.Methods:Based on patient information in the Hospital Quality Monitoring System,cases with severe hepatitis B were divided into four groups according to age,and the etiology and symptoms of each group were quantified.The cost of hospitalization was calculated for cases with different disease processes,and severity of disease.The spatial aggregation of cases and the relationship with health economic factors were analyzed by Moran’s I analysis.Results:The total number of children discharged with hepatitis B from January 2016 to April 2022 was 1603,with an average age of 10.5 years.Liver failure cases accounted for 43.48%(697/1603)of total cases and cirrhosis cases accounted for 11.23%(180/1603).According to the grouping of disease progression,there were 1292 cases without associated complications,and the median hospitalization cost was$818.12.According to the spatial analysis,the aggregation of cases was statistically significant at the prefectural and provincial levels in 2019,2020,and 2021(all P<0.05).The number of severe cases was negatively correlated with gross domestic product(Moran’s I<0)and percentage of urban population(Moran’s I<0),and positively correlated with the number of pediatric beds per million population(Moran’s I>0).Conclusion:The number of severe hepatitis B cases is low in areas with high gross domestic product levels and high urban population ratios,and health care costs have been declining over the years.展开更多
●Long-term organic fertilization promoted the positive rhizosphere effects on r-strategist bacteria and K-strategist bacterivorous nematodes.●Long-term inorganic fertilization facilitated the positive rhizosphere ef...●Long-term organic fertilization promoted the positive rhizosphere effects on r-strategist bacteria and K-strategist bacterivorous nematodes.●Long-term inorganic fertilization facilitated the positive rhizosphere effects on K-strategist bacteria and r-strategist bacterivorous nematodes.●The r/K-strategist bacteria interact with r/K-strategist bacterivorous nematodes to suppress herbivorous nematodes abundances.Microbial food web organisms’responses to fertilization are influenced by their r/K-strategies.The roles of r/K-strategist microbes and their associated microbivorous nematodes in regulating herbivorous nematodes abundances remain unexplored,especially under different fertilization regimes.Filling this knowledge gap is critical for enhancing agricultural sustainability through optimization of microbial food web.Here,the microbial food web community structure was analyzed in two soil compartments(bulk/rhizosphere soil)from oilseed rape(Brassica napusL.)season to investigate interactions between r/K-strategist microbes and nematodes under organic and inorganic fertilization regimes.Fertilization regimes,rather than soil compartments,predominantly controlled the microbial food web community structure.Under organic fertilization,the relative abundances of r-strategist bacteria and bacterivores of cp-3 guild were greater in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil.In contrast,under inorganic fertilization regimes,K-strategist bacteria and bacterivores of cp-2 guild were enriched in the rhizosphere versus the bulk soil.Differential r/K-strategist bacteria controlled the microbial food web network,with r-and K-strategist bacteria predominating under organic and inorganic fertilization,respectively.Soil organic carbon from organic fertilization stimulated the growth of r-strategist bacteria,which interacted with bacterivores of cp-3 guild to reduce the relative abundance of herbivores in the rhizosphere soil.Acidification from inorganic fertilization enriched K-strategist bacteria,which interacted with bacterivores cp-2 or cp-3 guilds to suppress herbivores abundances in the rhizosphere soil.Overall,our findings highlight the importance of cross-kingdom interactions among r/K-strategist organisms for the biocontrol of herbivores,providing guidance for harnessing microbial food web to create a healthy plant rhizosphere.展开更多
The present study investigated the impact of administering compound probiotics through distinct routes on the growth performance and intestinal health of broiler chickens.A cohort of 4001-d-old male Arbor Acres(AA)bro...The present study investigated the impact of administering compound probiotics through distinct routes on the growth performance and intestinal health of broiler chickens.A cohort of 4001-d-old male Arbor Acres(AA)broilers were distributed randomly into five treatment groups,each comprising eight replicate pens with ten broilers per pen.The treatments consisted of:1)control(CON),a basal diet;2)chlorotetracycline(CTC),the basal diet supplemented with 80 mg/kg of chlorotetracycline;3)nosiheptide(NOS),the basal diet enriched with 5 mg/kg of nosiheptide;4)compound probiotics in feed(CP-FE),the basal diet fortified with 1 g/kg of compound probiotics;5)compound probiotics in solution(CP-SOL),the basal diet,with 20 g of probiotics per 1000 broilers daily added to the water from d 1 to 21.During the initial phase(d 1 to 21),the CP-FE regimen notably enhanced average daily gain(ADG)and diminished the feed conversion ratio(FCR),whereas the CP-SOL protocol significantly augmented body weight,ADG,and average daily feed intake(ADFI)(P<0.05).Over the entire experimental period(d 1 to 42),the CTC treatment significantly improved FCR(P=0.006).Broilers under the CP-FE and CP-SOL regimen exhibited a higher relative abundance of Lactobacillus in the cecal contents during the first phase(P<0.001).In the subsequent phase(d 22 to 42),the CP-FE diet was associated with elevated levels of Faecalibacterium,Alistipes,and Lactobacillus(P<0.05).Additionally,the CP-FE group experienced an increase in serum immunoglobulin(Ig)A concentration during the early phase(P=0.009).In contrast,the CP-SOL group demonstrated no significant alterations in serum immune globulin levels on d 21(P>0.05),but displayed an increase in IgM on d 42(P=0.003).Irrespective of the administration route-feed or water-compound probiotics stimulated the expression of IL-10 in the cecum(P=0.006)and curbed the mRNA expression of TNF-α in the ileum(P=0.011)in early phase.The supplementation also led to higher levels of acetic(P=0.006)and total short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs;P=0.005)level in the cecal contents in early phase.Furthermore,it upregulated the mRNA expression of claudin-1,MUC-2,occludin,and ZO-1,increased villus height,and the number of goblet cells,while reducing crypt depth(P<0.05).The findings suggest that administering compound probiotics via water has a more pronounced effect on the growth performance and intestinal health of broilers.展开更多
Aerial ammonia exposure leads to tissue damage and metabolic dysfunction.However,it is unclear how different organs are coordinated to defend against aerial ammonia exposure.Twenty-four pigs were randomly divided into...Aerial ammonia exposure leads to tissue damage and metabolic dysfunction.However,it is unclear how different organs are coordinated to defend against aerial ammonia exposure.Twenty-four pigs were randomly divided into 4 groups,exposed to 0,10,25 or 35 mg/m^(3) ammonia respectively for 25 d.After above 25 mg/m^(3) ammonia exposure,decreased aspartate(P=0.016),glutamate(P=0.030)and increased ornithine(P=0.002)were found in the ammonia-removing liver,and after high ammonia(35 mg/m^(3))exposure,glutamine synthetase(GS)expression was increased(P=0.012).An increased glutamate(P=0.004)and decreased glutaminase(GLS)expression(P=0.083)were observed in the lungs after high ammonia exposure.There was also an increasing trend of glutamine in the kidneys after high ammonia exposure(P=0.066).For branched-chain amino acid(BCAA)catabolism,high ammonia exposure increased BCAA content in both the lungs and muscle(P<0.05),whereas below 25 mg/m^(3) ammonia exposure increased BCAA only in the lungs(P<0.05).The expression of BCAA transaminase(BCAT1/2)and dehydrogenase complex(BCKDHA/B and DBT)were inhibited to a varying degree in the liver,lungs and muscle after above 25 mg/m^(3) ammonia exposure,especially high ammonia exposure.The expression of BCKDH complex and glutamate-glutamine metabolism-related genes were highly expressed in the liver,followed by the lungs and muscle(P<0.01),whereas the BCAT2 expression was highest in the lungs(P=0.002).Altogether,low ammonia exposure sufficed to evoke the urea cycle to detoxify ammonia in the liver.The process of ammonia removal in the liver and potential ability of the lungs to detoxify ammonia were enhanced with increasing ammonia.Furthermore,high ammonia exposure impaired the BCAA catabolism and decreased the transcripts of the BCAA catabolism-related enzymes,resulting in high BCAA content in extrahepatic tissues.Therefore,with aerial ammonia increasing,an increased urea cycle and glutamine synthesis were ammonia defensive strategies,and high ammonia exposure impaired the BCAA catabolism.展开更多
Although high temperatures influence gut health,data on underlying mechanisms remains scant.Using a pig model,this study performed a global analysis on how chronic heat stress affects the transport and immune function...Although high temperatures influence gut health,data on underlying mechanisms remains scant.Using a pig model,this study performed a global analysis on how chronic heat stress affects the transport and immune function of the gut through transcriptome,proteome,microbial diversity and flow cytometry.A total of 27 pigs with similar body weights were assigned into 3 groups,control(Con)group(23℃),chronic heat stressed(HS)group(33°C),and pair-fed(PF)group,in a controlled environment for 21 days.Our results showed that pigs in the HS group had reduced growth performance and diminished height of ileal villi(P<0.01).Transcriptome and proteome analyses demonstrated notable modification of expression of nutrients and ion transport-related transporters and gut mechanical barrier-related genes by chronic heart stress(P<0.05),suggesting damage of transport functions and the gut barrier.Chronic heat stress-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress also increased the synthesis of misfolded proteins,leading to upregulation of misfolded protein degradation and synthesis,as well as vesicle transport disorder(P<0.05).Energy supply processes were enhanced in the mitochondrion(P<0.05)to maintain biological processes with high energy demands.Furthermore,chronic heat stress activated complement cascade response-related genes and proteins in the gut mucosa(P<0.05).Our flow cytometry assays showed that the proportion of gut lymphocytes(CD4^(+)T cells,T cells,B cells in Peyer’s patch lymphocytes and CD4^(+)CD25^(+)T cells in intraepithelial lymphocytes)were significantly altered in the HS group pigs(P<0.05).In addition,the occurrence of gut microbial dysbiosis in the HS group pigs was characterized by increased potential pathogens(e.g.,Asteroleplasma,Shuttleworthia,Mycoplasma)and suppression of beneficial bacteria(e.g.,Coprococcus and Aeriscardovia),which are associated with gut immune function.Altogether,our data demonstrated that chronic heat stress induced gut transport and immune function disorder associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress in growing pigs.展开更多
文摘<strong>Objectives:</strong> To analyze the clinical features of falls in hospitalized patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and to provide basis for preventing the occurrence of falls in hospitalized patients with CKD. <strong>Method: </strong>A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the 27 adverse events of falls in hospitalized patients from the department of nephrology in Peking University Shenzhen Hospital during May 2009 and May 2019. <strong>Results: </strong>Among the 27 patients with falls, people over 65 years old accounted for 55.56%;74.07% of the patients had caregivers;the peak period of falls was from June to August, accounting for 40.74%, mainly occurring from 7:00 to 8:00, 12:00 to 13:30 and 19:00 to 21:00;the locations of falls were mostly near the bed and in the bathroom, accounting for 33.33% and 22.22%, respectively;suffering from anemia, hypoproteinemia, abnormal serum potassium, calcium-phosphorus metabolism disorders accompanied by abnormal parathyroid hormone and hypertension accounted for 88.89%, 85.19%, 29.63%, 96.30% and 81.48% respectively. The inpatients on dialysis therapy accounted for 66.67%. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The occurrence of falls in hospitalized patients with CKD was not only related to age, caregivers, time, months, locations or other conventional factors, but also the complications and dialysis therapies. To effectively reduce the occurrence of falls, it’s necessary to enhance the sense of safety and responsibility of caregivers. Besides, nurses should strengthen the inspection of wards for inpatients engaging in some intensive activities, and nurses should also pay more attention to the inpatients with anemia, hypoproteinemia, calcium-phosphorus metabolism disorders and those on dialysis therapies.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2017YFD0200707 and 2017YFD0200102)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(No.2019FZJD007)for Yongchao LIANGthe National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31800418)for Chang YIN.
文摘Disparities in the substrate affinity and tolerance threshold for ammonia have been believed to play a key role in driving niche differentiation between ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB);however, recent surveys argue that direct competition between AOA and AOB is also important in this phenomenon. Accordingly, it is reasonable to predict that diverse AOA lineages would grow in ammonium (NH_(4)^(+))-rich alkaline arable soils if AOB growth is suppressed. To test this hypothesis, a microcosm study was established using three different types of alkaline arable soils, in which a high NH_(4)^(+) concentration (200 μg N g^(-1) dry soil) was maintained by routinely replenishing urea and the activities of AOB were selectively inhibited by 1-octyne or 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP). Compared with amendment with urea alone, 1-octyne partially retarded AOB growth, while DMPP completely inhibited AOB. Both inhibitors accelerated the growth of AOA, with significantly higher ratios of abundance of AOA to AOB observed with DMPP amendment across soils. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis (NMDS) indicated that different treatments significantly altered the community structures of both AOA and AOB and AOA OTUs enriched by high-NH_(4)^(+) amendment were taxonomically constrained across the soils tested and closely related to Nitrososphaera viennensis EN76 and N. garnensis. Given that these representative strains have been demonstrated to be sensitive to high ammonia concentrations, our results suggest that it is the competitiveness for ammonia, rather than disparities in substrate affinity and tolerance threshold for ammonia, that drives niche differentiation between these phylotypes and AOB in NH_(4)^(+)-rich alkaline soils.
基金supported by a project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)National Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for Undergraduates(201910307021Y)。
文摘DEAR EDITOR,Gap junctions regulate intercellular communication between Sertoli cells and germ cells in male testes and play vital functions in spermatogenesis.Many factors in animal breeding and husbandry can induce oxidative stress,which can impair the testis microenvironment and male animal fertility.However,the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown.Recently,we identified that androgen signals promote the expression of connexin-43(Cx43),a key component of gap junctions,to regulate spermatogenesis.Thus,we asked whether hyperactive reactive oxygen species(ROS)can impair gap junctions by interfering with Cx43 in porcine testes.Using a porcine Sertoli cell in vitro system,we found that hyperactive ROS caused extensive apoptosis in Sertoli cells,remarkable decrease in Cx43 expression,and failed maintenance of co-cultured spermatogonial stem cells(SSCs),indicating that ROS impaired the function of Sertoli cells and promoted loss of SSCs.This observation provides a possible mechanism for the impact of ROS on fertility of male animals.
文摘In recent years, the Internet of Things (IoT) technology has developedby leaps and bounds. However, the large and heterogeneous networkstructure of IoT brings high management costs. In particular, the low costof IoT devices exposes them to more serious security concerns. First, aconvolutional neural network intrusion detection system for IoT devices isproposed. After cleaning and preprocessing the NSL-KDD dataset, this paperuses feature engineering methods to select appropriate features. Then, basedon the combination of DCNN and machine learning, this paper designs acloud-based loss function, which adopts a regularization method to preventoverfitting. The model consists of one input layer, two convolutional layers,two pooling layers and three fully connected layers and one output layer.Finally, a framework that can fully consider the user’s privacy protection isproposed. The framework can only exchange model parameters or intermediateresults without exchanging local individuals or sample data. This paperfurther builds a global model based on virtual fusion data, so as to achievea balance between data privacy protection and data sharing computing. Theperformance indicators such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and AUCof the model are verified by simulation. The results show that the model ishelpful in solving the problem that the IoT intrusion detection system cannotachieve high precision and low cost at the same time.
文摘This paper makes micro video combine with flipped classroom,constructs the teaching mode of flipped classroom based on micro video.This mode specifically include three teaching processes,such as design and practice of pre class task,design and practice of classroom interaction task,task and practice of comprehensive evaluation after class,and tries in the teaching of the course of Financial Management,improves the students＇ autonomous learning ability, enhances the participation degree of classroom teaching,promotes knowledge absorption of students,the effect of teaching is good.
基金supported by the National Key R&D program of China (2019YFB1309600)National Natural Science Foundation of China (51975283).
文摘Geckos can move quickly in various environments by efficiently controlling their complex adhesive toe pads.The locomotion behaviours observed in the attachment-detachment(A-D)cycle of their toe pads in response to changes in their environment should be studied to understand the adaptive behavioural characteristics of such toe pads.The lack of systematic research on the entire A-D cycle,including the release,swing,contact,and adhesion stages,limits the comprehension of the adhesive locomotion mechanism.The A-D cycle of Gekko gecko that facilitates the foot locomotion on inclined and vertical surfaces was investigated to clarify the locomotion behaviours in different stages.Results show that the change trends of foot locomotor angles(yaw and pitch)during the entire A-D cycle remain unchanged in response to various substrates.The bending angles(fore 41°;hind 51°)and contact time percentages(fore 7.42%;hind 7.44%)in the contact stage as well as the forefoot angle ranges(yaw:163.09°;pitch:308.68°)in the A-D cycle also remain constant across all substrates.These invariant foot locomotion behaviours during the swing and contact stages suggest that the foot behaviours are weakly related to the forces acting on the foot,which change according to the environment.Furthermore,the forefoot and hindfoot have different anatomical structure and functional demands,thus,the angle range of forefoot locomotion is larger than that of hindfoot locomotion,and the pitch angle change trend of the forefoot is opposite to that of the hindfoot.The diverse and complex locomotion control of the adhesive toe pads for various environments is reduced by the consistent behaviours in the gecko’s A-D cycle,such as the constant postures in the swing and contact stages.This study provides insight into the adhesive locomotion mechanism of geckos and can facilitate further research on the effective design and control of adhesion robots.
基金supported by grants from the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences from the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(No.2021-I2M-1-062)the National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding(No.2022-PUMCH-B-115)+3 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFC2500801)the Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation General Municipal(No.M21019)the Beijing Foundation-Haidian Original Innovation Unite Foundation Key Program(No.L222019)the 2020 CMB Open Competition Program(No.20-381).
文摘Background:Hepatitis B poses a heavy burden for children in China,however,the national studies on the distributional characteristics and health care costs of children with severe hepatitis B is still lacking.This study aimed to analyze the disease characteristics,health economic effects,and medical cost for children with severe hepatitis B in China.Methods:Based on patient information in the Hospital Quality Monitoring System,cases with severe hepatitis B were divided into four groups according to age,and the etiology and symptoms of each group were quantified.The cost of hospitalization was calculated for cases with different disease processes,and severity of disease.The spatial aggregation of cases and the relationship with health economic factors were analyzed by Moran’s I analysis.Results:The total number of children discharged with hepatitis B from January 2016 to April 2022 was 1603,with an average age of 10.5 years.Liver failure cases accounted for 43.48%(697/1603)of total cases and cirrhosis cases accounted for 11.23%(180/1603).According to the grouping of disease progression,there were 1292 cases without associated complications,and the median hospitalization cost was$818.12.According to the spatial analysis,the aggregation of cases was statistically significant at the prefectural and provincial levels in 2019,2020,and 2021(all P<0.05).The number of severe cases was negatively correlated with gross domestic product(Moran’s I<0)and percentage of urban population(Moran’s I<0),and positively correlated with the number of pediatric beds per million population(Moran’s I>0).Conclusion:The number of severe hepatitis B cases is low in areas with high gross domestic product levels and high urban population ratios,and health care costs have been declining over the years.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFD0800202)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.226-2024-00052)+2 种基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42007083)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2020M671736)supported by a Royal Society University Research Fellowship(Grant No.URF150571)。
文摘●Long-term organic fertilization promoted the positive rhizosphere effects on r-strategist bacteria and K-strategist bacterivorous nematodes.●Long-term inorganic fertilization facilitated the positive rhizosphere effects on K-strategist bacteria and r-strategist bacterivorous nematodes.●The r/K-strategist bacteria interact with r/K-strategist bacterivorous nematodes to suppress herbivorous nematodes abundances.Microbial food web organisms’responses to fertilization are influenced by their r/K-strategies.The roles of r/K-strategist microbes and their associated microbivorous nematodes in regulating herbivorous nematodes abundances remain unexplored,especially under different fertilization regimes.Filling this knowledge gap is critical for enhancing agricultural sustainability through optimization of microbial food web.Here,the microbial food web community structure was analyzed in two soil compartments(bulk/rhizosphere soil)from oilseed rape(Brassica napusL.)season to investigate interactions between r/K-strategist microbes and nematodes under organic and inorganic fertilization regimes.Fertilization regimes,rather than soil compartments,predominantly controlled the microbial food web community structure.Under organic fertilization,the relative abundances of r-strategist bacteria and bacterivores of cp-3 guild were greater in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil.In contrast,under inorganic fertilization regimes,K-strategist bacteria and bacterivores of cp-2 guild were enriched in the rhizosphere versus the bulk soil.Differential r/K-strategist bacteria controlled the microbial food web network,with r-and K-strategist bacteria predominating under organic and inorganic fertilization,respectively.Soil organic carbon from organic fertilization stimulated the growth of r-strategist bacteria,which interacted with bacterivores of cp-3 guild to reduce the relative abundance of herbivores in the rhizosphere soil.Acidification from inorganic fertilization enriched K-strategist bacteria,which interacted with bacterivores cp-2 or cp-3 guilds to suppress herbivores abundances in the rhizosphere soil.Overall,our findings highlight the importance of cross-kingdom interactions among r/K-strategist organisms for the biocontrol of herbivores,providing guidance for harnessing microbial food web to create a healthy plant rhizosphere.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32372930)the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-41)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program.
文摘The present study investigated the impact of administering compound probiotics through distinct routes on the growth performance and intestinal health of broiler chickens.A cohort of 4001-d-old male Arbor Acres(AA)broilers were distributed randomly into five treatment groups,each comprising eight replicate pens with ten broilers per pen.The treatments consisted of:1)control(CON),a basal diet;2)chlorotetracycline(CTC),the basal diet supplemented with 80 mg/kg of chlorotetracycline;3)nosiheptide(NOS),the basal diet enriched with 5 mg/kg of nosiheptide;4)compound probiotics in feed(CP-FE),the basal diet fortified with 1 g/kg of compound probiotics;5)compound probiotics in solution(CP-SOL),the basal diet,with 20 g of probiotics per 1000 broilers daily added to the water from d 1 to 21.During the initial phase(d 1 to 21),the CP-FE regimen notably enhanced average daily gain(ADG)and diminished the feed conversion ratio(FCR),whereas the CP-SOL protocol significantly augmented body weight,ADG,and average daily feed intake(ADFI)(P<0.05).Over the entire experimental period(d 1 to 42),the CTC treatment significantly improved FCR(P=0.006).Broilers under the CP-FE and CP-SOL regimen exhibited a higher relative abundance of Lactobacillus in the cecal contents during the first phase(P<0.001).In the subsequent phase(d 22 to 42),the CP-FE diet was associated with elevated levels of Faecalibacterium,Alistipes,and Lactobacillus(P<0.05).Additionally,the CP-FE group experienced an increase in serum immunoglobulin(Ig)A concentration during the early phase(P=0.009).In contrast,the CP-SOL group demonstrated no significant alterations in serum immune globulin levels on d 21(P>0.05),but displayed an increase in IgM on d 42(P=0.003).Irrespective of the administration route-feed or water-compound probiotics stimulated the expression of IL-10 in the cecum(P=0.006)and curbed the mRNA expression of TNF-α in the ileum(P=0.011)in early phase.The supplementation also led to higher levels of acetic(P=0.006)and total short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs;P=0.005)level in the cecal contents in early phase.Furthermore,it upregulated the mRNA expression of claudin-1,MUC-2,occludin,and ZO-1,increased villus height,and the number of goblet cells,while reducing crypt depth(P<0.05).The findings suggest that administering compound probiotics via water has a more pronounced effect on the growth performance and intestinal health of broilers.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0500501)Agricultural Research Outstanding Talents and Innovation Team(2016-nybrc03)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Institute,the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(ASTIPIAS07)。
文摘Aerial ammonia exposure leads to tissue damage and metabolic dysfunction.However,it is unclear how different organs are coordinated to defend against aerial ammonia exposure.Twenty-four pigs were randomly divided into 4 groups,exposed to 0,10,25 or 35 mg/m^(3) ammonia respectively for 25 d.After above 25 mg/m^(3) ammonia exposure,decreased aspartate(P=0.016),glutamate(P=0.030)and increased ornithine(P=0.002)were found in the ammonia-removing liver,and after high ammonia(35 mg/m^(3))exposure,glutamine synthetase(GS)expression was increased(P=0.012).An increased glutamate(P=0.004)and decreased glutaminase(GLS)expression(P=0.083)were observed in the lungs after high ammonia exposure.There was also an increasing trend of glutamine in the kidneys after high ammonia exposure(P=0.066).For branched-chain amino acid(BCAA)catabolism,high ammonia exposure increased BCAA content in both the lungs and muscle(P<0.05),whereas below 25 mg/m^(3) ammonia exposure increased BCAA only in the lungs(P<0.05).The expression of BCAA transaminase(BCAT1/2)and dehydrogenase complex(BCKDHA/B and DBT)were inhibited to a varying degree in the liver,lungs and muscle after above 25 mg/m^(3) ammonia exposure,especially high ammonia exposure.The expression of BCKDH complex and glutamate-glutamine metabolism-related genes were highly expressed in the liver,followed by the lungs and muscle(P<0.01),whereas the BCAT2 expression was highest in the lungs(P=0.002).Altogether,low ammonia exposure sufficed to evoke the urea cycle to detoxify ammonia in the liver.The process of ammonia removal in the liver and potential ability of the lungs to detoxify ammonia were enhanced with increasing ammonia.Furthermore,high ammonia exposure impaired the BCAA catabolism and decreased the transcripts of the BCAA catabolism-related enzymes,resulting in high BCAA content in extrahepatic tissues.Therefore,with aerial ammonia increasing,an increased urea cycle and glutamine synthesis were ammonia defensive strategies,and high ammonia exposure impaired the BCAA catabolism.
基金National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFD0500501)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Programof China(ASTIP-IAS07)the Seed Project of State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition of China(2004DA125184G2102)。
文摘Although high temperatures influence gut health,data on underlying mechanisms remains scant.Using a pig model,this study performed a global analysis on how chronic heat stress affects the transport and immune function of the gut through transcriptome,proteome,microbial diversity and flow cytometry.A total of 27 pigs with similar body weights were assigned into 3 groups,control(Con)group(23℃),chronic heat stressed(HS)group(33°C),and pair-fed(PF)group,in a controlled environment for 21 days.Our results showed that pigs in the HS group had reduced growth performance and diminished height of ileal villi(P<0.01).Transcriptome and proteome analyses demonstrated notable modification of expression of nutrients and ion transport-related transporters and gut mechanical barrier-related genes by chronic heart stress(P<0.05),suggesting damage of transport functions and the gut barrier.Chronic heat stress-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress also increased the synthesis of misfolded proteins,leading to upregulation of misfolded protein degradation and synthesis,as well as vesicle transport disorder(P<0.05).Energy supply processes were enhanced in the mitochondrion(P<0.05)to maintain biological processes with high energy demands.Furthermore,chronic heat stress activated complement cascade response-related genes and proteins in the gut mucosa(P<0.05).Our flow cytometry assays showed that the proportion of gut lymphocytes(CD4^(+)T cells,T cells,B cells in Peyer’s patch lymphocytes and CD4^(+)CD25^(+)T cells in intraepithelial lymphocytes)were significantly altered in the HS group pigs(P<0.05).In addition,the occurrence of gut microbial dysbiosis in the HS group pigs was characterized by increased potential pathogens(e.g.,Asteroleplasma,Shuttleworthia,Mycoplasma)and suppression of beneficial bacteria(e.g.,Coprococcus and Aeriscardovia),which are associated with gut immune function.Altogether,our data demonstrated that chronic heat stress induced gut transport and immune function disorder associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress in growing pigs.
