为了全面展示锂电池剩余电量估算方法的研究进展,本文查阅了Web of science、知网、国家知识产权局等数据库中2013年以来的相关论文和专利,综述了锂电池剩余电量的主流估算方法。针对常用的直接估算的方法(安时积分法、开路电压法和阻...为了全面展示锂电池剩余电量估算方法的研究进展,本文查阅了Web of science、知网、国家知识产权局等数据库中2013年以来的相关论文和专利,综述了锂电池剩余电量的主流估算方法。针对常用的直接估算的方法(安时积分法、开路电压法和阻抗表征)、基于等效电路模型的方法、基于电化学模型的方法和基于人工智能神经网络等的锂电池剩余电量估算方法,本文汇总了各方法的估计误差,结果为安时积分法的最大估计误差可达15%;开路电压法最大估计误差为12.4%;电化学阻抗谱法平均估计误差小于3.8%;卡尔曼滤波法的估计误差小于1%;粒子群滤波法的平均误差可小于1%;基于电化学模型的方法平均误差小于2%;基于神经网络的方法平均误差小于2%;多方法混合和多参量联合估计的方法最大误差小于5%,平均误差小于2.5%。结果表明,卡尔曼滤波法相较于直接估算的方法和其他基于模型的方法,精确度更高且更容易实现;基于神经网络的方法无需对电池模型进行分析即可获得较为准确的结果;多种方法混合使用和利用多种参量修正估算值的方法进一步提高了估算精度。本文还针对电动汽车以及植入式医疗电子设备对于剩余电量估算方法的需求,对比分析了各方法的估算精度、优点、难点及适用电池类型,阐明估算方法的具体应用方案,并展望估算方法在这两个领域的发展方向。本文可为相关领域的研究和从业人员提供全面、详实的锂电池剩余电量估算方法的研究现状及发展方向信息。展开更多
This study proposes a novel U-shaped 65Mn steel bumper as the displacement restraining device for base-isolated structures with laminated elastomeric rubber bearings.A series of bumpers with different geometric parame...This study proposes a novel U-shaped 65Mn steel bumper as the displacement restraining device for base-isolated structures with laminated elastomeric rubber bearings.A series of bumpers with different geometric parameters were designed and tested under monotonic and cyclic quasi-static loading protocols.The experimental results from a total of 232 specimens were analyzed to develop an analytical model to calculate the backbone curve and the maximum elastic restoring force for U-shaped 65Mn bumpers.Thus,the analytical equations to calculate the elastic,hardening,and unloading stiffness of U-shaped 65Mn bumpers,as well as their maximum elastic restoring force,are validated by using an additional ten groups of bumpers with varying radiuses.These analytical equations can accurately predict the mechanical parameters of U-shaped 65Mn steel bumpers for a design purpose.展开更多
The oil-rich Damintun Depression is located in the Liaohe Basin, Northeast China, and was formed during the Paleogene. The major oil-producing strata in the depression are mudstone and shale. To explore the burial dia...The oil-rich Damintun Depression is located in the Liaohe Basin, Northeast China, and was formed during the Paleogene. The major oil-producing strata in the depression are mudstone and shale. To explore the burial diagenetic history of the basin and the formation thresholds of hydrocarbons, the characters of the kaolinite subgroup minerals and mixed-layer illite/smectite in the mudstone and the shale are studied by using X-ray diffraction, electron probe, scanning electron microscope, and Fourier infrared spectrum. The kaolinite subgroup consists of kaolinite and halloysite. The kaolinite is flake-like or vermiform-like. The halloysite is in long tubular shape and its length is related to its iron content. A longer tube has lower iron content. The crystallinity of kaolinite is 0.40 ~20, and its degree of order increases from 0.03 to 1.17 with the burial depth. Kaolinite is in disorder when the buried depth is less than or equal to 2479 m, and it is partially ordered when the buried depth is greater than 2479 m. Kaolinite is supposed to turn into dickite when the depth is greater than 2550 m, but low penetrability and low poros- ity of the shale and mudstone prevent such a change. The mixed-layer illite/smectite changes from disorder to order continually as the buried depth increases. Its disorder （RoI/S）, as defined by illite layer content （I%）, is smaller than 50% at depths less than 2550.25 m. Based on Hoffman ＆ Hower＇s model, the paleo-geothermal gradients of 3.37-3.76℃/100 m （3.57℃/100 m on average） can be derived in the Paleocene Damintun Depression, which is significantly higher than the present geothermal gradient （2.9℃00 m）. The threshold depth of the oil formation in the depression is about 2550 m.展开更多
文摘为了全面展示锂电池剩余电量估算方法的研究进展,本文查阅了Web of science、知网、国家知识产权局等数据库中2013年以来的相关论文和专利,综述了锂电池剩余电量的主流估算方法。针对常用的直接估算的方法(安时积分法、开路电压法和阻抗表征)、基于等效电路模型的方法、基于电化学模型的方法和基于人工智能神经网络等的锂电池剩余电量估算方法,本文汇总了各方法的估计误差,结果为安时积分法的最大估计误差可达15%;开路电压法最大估计误差为12.4%;电化学阻抗谱法平均估计误差小于3.8%;卡尔曼滤波法的估计误差小于1%;粒子群滤波法的平均误差可小于1%;基于电化学模型的方法平均误差小于2%;基于神经网络的方法平均误差小于2%;多方法混合和多参量联合估计的方法最大误差小于5%,平均误差小于2.5%。结果表明,卡尔曼滤波法相较于直接估算的方法和其他基于模型的方法,精确度更高且更容易实现;基于神经网络的方法无需对电池模型进行分析即可获得较为准确的结果;多种方法混合使用和利用多种参量修正估算值的方法进一步提高了估算精度。本文还针对电动汽车以及植入式医疗电子设备对于剩余电量估算方法的需求,对比分析了各方法的估算精度、优点、难点及适用电池类型,阐明估算方法的具体应用方案,并展望估算方法在这两个领域的发展方向。本文可为相关领域的研究和从业人员提供全面、详实的锂电池剩余电量估算方法的研究现状及发展方向信息。
基金National Science Foundation of China for the Financial Support for This Research under Grant Nos.51378047 and 51408027。
文摘This study proposes a novel U-shaped 65Mn steel bumper as the displacement restraining device for base-isolated structures with laminated elastomeric rubber bearings.A series of bumpers with different geometric parameters were designed and tested under monotonic and cyclic quasi-static loading protocols.The experimental results from a total of 232 specimens were analyzed to develop an analytical model to calculate the backbone curve and the maximum elastic restoring force for U-shaped 65Mn bumpers.Thus,the analytical equations to calculate the elastic,hardening,and unloading stiffness of U-shaped 65Mn bumpers,as well as their maximum elastic restoring force,are validated by using an additional ten groups of bumpers with varying radiuses.These analytical equations can accurately predict the mechanical parameters of U-shaped 65Mn steel bumpers for a design purpose.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40772027)
文摘The oil-rich Damintun Depression is located in the Liaohe Basin, Northeast China, and was formed during the Paleogene. The major oil-producing strata in the depression are mudstone and shale. To explore the burial diagenetic history of the basin and the formation thresholds of hydrocarbons, the characters of the kaolinite subgroup minerals and mixed-layer illite/smectite in the mudstone and the shale are studied by using X-ray diffraction, electron probe, scanning electron microscope, and Fourier infrared spectrum. The kaolinite subgroup consists of kaolinite and halloysite. The kaolinite is flake-like or vermiform-like. The halloysite is in long tubular shape and its length is related to its iron content. A longer tube has lower iron content. The crystallinity of kaolinite is 0.40 ~20, and its degree of order increases from 0.03 to 1.17 with the burial depth. Kaolinite is in disorder when the buried depth is less than or equal to 2479 m, and it is partially ordered when the buried depth is greater than 2479 m. Kaolinite is supposed to turn into dickite when the depth is greater than 2550 m, but low penetrability and low poros- ity of the shale and mudstone prevent such a change. The mixed-layer illite/smectite changes from disorder to order continually as the buried depth increases. Its disorder （RoI/S）, as defined by illite layer content （I%）, is smaller than 50% at depths less than 2550.25 m. Based on Hoffman ＆ Hower＇s model, the paleo-geothermal gradients of 3.37-3.76℃/100 m （3.57℃/100 m on average） can be derived in the Paleocene Damintun Depression, which is significantly higher than the present geothermal gradient （2.9℃00 m）. The threshold depth of the oil formation in the depression is about 2550 m.
