Targeting Chang'E-8 mission'in-situ resource utilization(ISRU)for sustainable lunar habitats,laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)provides a viable pathway for in-situ additive manufacturing of lunar regolith.To eluci...Targeting Chang'E-8 mission'in-situ resource utilization(ISRU)for sustainable lunar habitats,laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)provides a viable pathway for in-situ additive manufacturing of lunar regolith.To elucidate mission relevant mechanical behavior and failure mechanisms of LPBF fabricated lunar regolith simulants,mare type and highland type simulant specimens were produced.Microstructural characterization,mechanical test coupled with three-dimensional digital image correlation(3D-DIC),and an energy-dissipation framework were employed for comprehensive analysis.The pristine highland specimens achieved 5.79 MPa and a peak strain of 0.13(50 mm×50 mm×30 mm),significantly outperforming their mare counterparts.Wire-cutting to 20 mm×20 mm×20 mm lowered strength by~20%and peak strain to 0.04,indicating cutting-induced defects reduce ductility.All specimens displayed multipeaked stress–strain curves.3D-DIC revealed band-type strain localization in pristine highland samples,diffuse strain patterns in cut highland samples,and highly tortuous,network-type bands in mare samples;the anisotropy index was also quantified.Fragmented particles exhibited fractal dimensions ranging from 1.6 to 2.0(size 1.25–9 mm).Energy evolution progressed through three distinct stages:elastic energy storage,progressive energy dissipation delaying crack propagation,and final unstable collapse.An energy-based damage model was established and validated.The data and methods developed support Chang'E-8 missions'ISRU demonstrations and establish a transferable framework toward sustainable lunar habitats.展开更多
Soft actuators,capable of producing mechanical work in response to external stimuli,have potential applications in robotics and exoskeletons.However,they face major challenges related to energy supply,especially in lo...Soft actuators,capable of producing mechanical work in response to external stimuli,have potential applications in robotics and exoskeletons.However,they face major challenges related to energy supply,especially in long-distance and miniaturized environments.Fuel-driven actuators offer a promising solution by enabling the conversion of chemical energy into mechanical energy,supporting selfsustaining operations.Chemical energy from fuel can be converted into mechanical energy either directly or indirectly through methods such as electron transfer-induced charge injection,structural changes,fuel-to-electricity conversion,fuel combustioninduced heat,or fuel-induced pneumatic actuation.This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent developments in fuel-powered actuators,covering their fundamental principles,advancements,and challenges.It concludes with an outlook for miniaturized and autonomous robots,highlighting the great potential of integrating fuel-powered actuators.展开更多
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a member of the proprotein convertase (PCs) family, which facilitates the degradation of low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDL-R) via intracellular and cell su...Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a member of the proprotein convertase (PCs) family, which facilitates the degradation of low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDL-R) via intracellular and cell surface pathways, consequently elevating serum LDL-C levels. PCSK9 is implicated in various processes such as lipid metabolism, atherosclerosis, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, thrombosis, and apoptosis. It is closely linked to ischemic stroke through its role in inducing and advancing atherosclerosis. PCSK9 inhibitors play a useful role in both acute and secondary prevention of ischemic stroke and can reduce the risk of ischemic stroke. This review examines the influence of PCSK9 on the risk factors associated with ischemic stroke and explores its potential mechanisms, and briefly describes the application of PCSK9 inhibitors in ischemic stroke.展开更多
Lunar in-situ construction using additive manufacturing(AM)technology has emerged as a critical pathway for sustainable extraterrestrial exploration.This review systematically evaluates two dominant AM paradigms for l...Lunar in-situ construction using additive manufacturing(AM)technology has emerged as a critical pathway for sustainable extraterrestrial exploration.This review systematically evaluates two dominant AM paradigms for lunar regolith processing:low-temperature deposition forming(material extrusion and binder jetting),and high-energy beam additive manufacturing(powder bed fusion and directed energy deposition).Low-temperature methods achieve moderate compressive strength with low energy consumption but face challenges such as binder dependency and vacuum instability.By contrast,high-energy beam techniques enable binder-free fabrication with better compatibility for in-situ resource utilization,though they suffer from porosity,high energy intensity,and geometric limitations.In the context of lunar in-situ resource utilization(ISRU),low-temperature methods offer near-term feasibility for small-scale infrastructure,while high-energy approaches show promise for large-scale,autonomous construction by leveraging solar energy and raw regolith.Future advancements will hinge on hybrid systems that integrate material efficiency,energy sustainability,and robotic adaptability to overcome extreme environmental challenges.This review consolidates technological progress,identifies interdisciplinary synergies,and provides strategic insights into guiding the transition from Earth-dependent prototypes to self-sufficient lunar habitats,ultimately advancing the capability of humanity for a long-term extraterrestrial presence.展开更多
Glial cells play crucial roles in regulating physiological and pathological functions,including sensation,the response to infection and acute injury,and chronic neurodegenerative disorders.Glial cells include astrocyt...Glial cells play crucial roles in regulating physiological and pathological functions,including sensation,the response to infection and acute injury,and chronic neurodegenerative disorders.Glial cells include astrocytes,microglia,and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system,and satellite glial cells and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system.Despite the greater understanding of glial cell types and functional heterogeneity achieved through single-cell and single-nucleus RNA sequencing in animal models,few studies have investigated the transcriptomic profiles of glial cells in the human spinal cord.Here,we used high-throughput single-nucleus RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics to map the cellular and molecular heterogeneity of astrocytes,microglia,and oligodendrocytes in the human spinal cord.To explore the conservation and divergence across species,we compared these findings with those from mice.In the human spinal cord,astrocytes,microglia,and oligodendrocytes were each divided into six distinct transcriptomic subclusters.In the mouse spinal cord,astrocytes,microglia,and oligodendrocytes were divided into five,four,and five distinct transcriptomic subclusters,respectively.The comparative results revealed substantial heterogeneity in all glial cell types between humans and mice.Additionally,we detected sex differences in gene expression in human spinal cord glial cells.Specifically,in all astrocyte subtypes,the levels of NEAT1 and CHI3L1 were higher in males than in females,whereas the levels of CST3 were lower in males than in females.In all microglial subtypes,all differentially expressed genes were located on the sex chromosomes.In addition to sex-specific gene differences,the levels of MT-ND4,MT2A,MT-ATP6,MT-CO3,MT-ND2,MT-ND3,and MT-CO_(2) in all spinal cord oligodendrocyte subtypes were higher in females than in males.Collectively,the present dataset extensively characterizes glial cell heterogeneity and offers a valuable resource for exploring the cellular basis of spinal cordrelated illnesses,including chronic pain,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,and multiple sclerosis.展开更多
Extreme environments are unstructured and change rapidly,making human exploration in unfamiliar areas difficult.Construction robotics can help reduce risks to human safety and property in these environments by integra...Extreme environments are unstructured and change rapidly,making human exploration in unfamiliar areas difficult.Construction robotics can help reduce risks to human safety and property in these environments by integrating digital technology and artificial intelligence.This technology has the potential to significantly improve the quality and efficiency of construction,making it a key area for future research.Extreme environments include hazardous work sites,polluted areas,and harsh natural conditions.Our review of construction robotics in these settings highlights several knowledge gaps.We focused on four main areas:mechanism design,perception,planning,and control.Our analysis reveals challenges in practical applications,such as creating adaptable mechanisms,accurately perceiving changing environments,planning for unstructured sites,and optimizing control models.Future research should explore:biomimetic designs inspired by nature,multimodal data fusion for perception,adaptive planning strategies,and hybrid control models that combine data-driven and mechanism-based approaches.展开更多
The effect of melt superheating treatment on the solidification microstructure and mechanical properties of theγ'phase precipitation-strengthened K424 superalloy was investigated.Differential scanning calorimetry...The effect of melt superheating treatment on the solidification microstructure and mechanical properties of theγ'phase precipitation-strengthened K424 superalloy was investigated.Differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)experiments were conducted to explore the influence of melt treatment temperature on the undercooling of the superalloy.Additionally,pouring experiments were carried out to assess how alterations in both the temperature and duration of melt treatment impacted the grain size,secondary dendrite arm spacing(SDAS),elemental segregation,and mechanical properties of the alloy.Metallographic analysis,scanning electron microscopy,energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS)and Thermo-Calc software were employed for microstructure characterization.The test specimens were subjected to tensile testing at room temperature and stress rupture testing at 975℃ under 196 MPa.The findings reveal that appropriate melt treatment conditions result in decreased grain size,refined SDAS,minimized elemental segregation,and significant improvements in mechanical properties.Specifically,the study demonstrates that a melt treatment at 1,650℃ for 5 min results in the smallest average grain size of 949μm and the smallest SDAS of 25.38μm.Furthermore,the room temperature tensile properties and creep resistance are notably affected by the melt treatment parameters.It is shown that specific melt treatment conditions,such as holding at 1,650℃ for 5 min,result in superior room temperature strength and extended stress rupture life of the K424 superalloy,while a balance between strength and stability is achieved at 1,600℃ with a holding time of 10 min.These findings offer guidance for optimizing the melt treatment parameters for the K424 superalloy,laying a foundation for further investigations.展开更多
While biventricular assist devices(BiVADs)remain underutilized in Western countries for biventricular heart failure(BHF),their application is expanding in China.This consensus synthesizes international guidelines,medi...While biventricular assist devices(BiVADs)remain underutilized in Western countries for biventricular heart failure(BHF),their application is expanding in China.This consensus synthesizes international guidelines,medical evidence,and Chinese clinical expertise to establish standardized protocols for BiVAD management.Key recommendations include:(1)Preoperative right heart catheterization and echocardiography for central venous pressure(CVP):pulmonary capillary wedge pressure(PCWP)ratio and pulmonary artery pulsatility index(PAPi)assessment(Class I);(2)BiVAD indication in refractory BHF or high-risk right heart failure post-left ventricular assist device(LVAD)implantation(Class IIa);(3)Right atrial implantation as the preferred surgical approach(Class IIa);(4)Warfarin-based anticoagulation(INR 2.0–2.5)with aspirin,avoiding direct oral anticoagulants(DOACs)(Class III).The guidance addresses critical gaps in patient selection,pump speed titration,and complication management,positioning integrated BiVAD systems as a promising solution for complex BHF.展开更多
Cholangiocarcinoma(CCA)is a particularly aggressive and challenging type of cancer,known for its poor prognosis,which is worsened by the complex interplay of various biological and environmental factors that contribut...Cholangiocarcinoma(CCA)is a particularly aggressive and challenging type of cancer,known for its poor prognosis,which is worsened by the complex interplay of various biological and environmental factors that contribute to its development.Recently,researchers have increasingly focused on the significant role of the biliary-enteric communication of liver-gut axis in the pathogenesis of CCA,highlighting a complex relationship that has not been thoroughly explored before.This review aims to summarize the key concepts related to the biliary-enteric communication of liver-gut axis and investigate its potential mechanisms that may lead to the onset and progression of CCA,a disease that presents substantial treatment challenges.Important areas of focus will include the microbiome's profound influence,which interacts with host physiology in ways that may worsen cancer development;changes in bile acid metabolism that can create toxic environments favorable for tumor growth;the regulation of inflammatory processes that may either promote or inhibit tumor progression;the immune system's involvement,which is crucial in the body's response to cancer;and the complex interactions within metabolic pathways that can affect cellular behavior and tumor dynamics.By integrating recent research findings from various studies,we aim to explore the multifaceted roles of the biliary-enteric communication of liver-gut axis in CCA,providing new insights and perspectives for future research while identifying promising therapeutic targets that could lead to innovative treatment strategies aimed at improving patient outcomes in this challenging disease.展开更多
Applied field magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters(AF-MPDTs), with their high specific impulse and considerable thrust, are increasingly favored for large-scale space missions. This paper presents the composition, functiona...Applied field magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters(AF-MPDTs), with their high specific impulse and considerable thrust, are increasingly favored for large-scale space missions. This paper presents the composition, functionality, and testing methods of a high-power electric propulsion performance testing system, along with the vacuum ignition test results of a 100 kW superconducting MPD thruster. The relationships between thruster efficiency, magnetic field strength, current,and mass flow rate are analyzed. For each combination of current and flow rate in an AF-MPDT, there is an optimal magnetic field strength where the thruster efficiency reaches its peak. Under conditions of 320 A current and 60 mg/s flow rate,the optimal magnetic field strength is 0.5 T, yielding the highest thruster efficiency of 71%.展开更多
The magnetoplasmadynamic thruster(MPDT) is characterized by its high specific impulse and substantial thrust density, making it a promising propulsion system for deep space exploration missions. In both laboratory exp...The magnetoplasmadynamic thruster(MPDT) is characterized by its high specific impulse and substantial thrust density, making it a promising propulsion system for deep space exploration missions. In both laboratory experiments and practical applications, cathode ablation has emerged as a critical concern. An optical diagnostic approach based on monochromatic radiation temperature measurement, utilizing plume emission spectra and the selection of an appropriate test band, has been successfully employed. This method provides an accurate temperature distribution across the cathode surface, offering a novel testing technique for the optimization and evaluation of magnetic plasma thruster designs.展开更多
基金supported by the Young Student Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.525B2139)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2023YFB3711300 and 2021YFF0500301)the Space Application System of China Manned Space Program(No.KJZ-YYWCL404)。
文摘Targeting Chang'E-8 mission'in-situ resource utilization(ISRU)for sustainable lunar habitats,laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)provides a viable pathway for in-situ additive manufacturing of lunar regolith.To elucidate mission relevant mechanical behavior and failure mechanisms of LPBF fabricated lunar regolith simulants,mare type and highland type simulant specimens were produced.Microstructural characterization,mechanical test coupled with three-dimensional digital image correlation(3D-DIC),and an energy-dissipation framework were employed for comprehensive analysis.The pristine highland specimens achieved 5.79 MPa and a peak strain of 0.13(50 mm×50 mm×30 mm),significantly outperforming their mare counterparts.Wire-cutting to 20 mm×20 mm×20 mm lowered strength by~20%and peak strain to 0.04,indicating cutting-induced defects reduce ductility.All specimens displayed multipeaked stress–strain curves.3D-DIC revealed band-type strain localization in pristine highland samples,diffuse strain patterns in cut highland samples,and highly tortuous,network-type bands in mare samples;the anisotropy index was also quantified.Fragmented particles exhibited fractal dimensions ranging from 1.6 to 2.0(size 1.25–9 mm).Energy evolution progressed through three distinct stages:elastic energy storage,progressive energy dissipation delaying crack propagation,and final unstable collapse.An energy-based damage model was established and validated.The data and methods developed support Chang'E-8 missions'ISRU demonstrations and establish a transferable framework toward sustainable lunar habitats.
基金Financial support from the program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant no.52475059)Major Program of National Natural Science Founda-tion of China(NSFC)for Basic Theory and Key Technology of Tri-Co Robots(92248301)+3 种基金the Postdoctoral Research Foundation of China(No.2024M751167)the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(2023QNRC001)Jiangsu Province Natural Science Foundation(No.BK20240155)supported by the Nano&Material Technology Development Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF),funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(RS2024-00406534,RS-2025-25442809)。
文摘Soft actuators,capable of producing mechanical work in response to external stimuli,have potential applications in robotics and exoskeletons.However,they face major challenges related to energy supply,especially in long-distance and miniaturized environments.Fuel-driven actuators offer a promising solution by enabling the conversion of chemical energy into mechanical energy,supporting selfsustaining operations.Chemical energy from fuel can be converted into mechanical energy either directly or indirectly through methods such as electron transfer-induced charge injection,structural changes,fuel-to-electricity conversion,fuel combustioninduced heat,or fuel-induced pneumatic actuation.This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent developments in fuel-powered actuators,covering their fundamental principles,advancements,and challenges.It concludes with an outlook for miniaturized and autonomous robots,highlighting the great potential of integrating fuel-powered actuators.
文摘Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a member of the proprotein convertase (PCs) family, which facilitates the degradation of low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDL-R) via intracellular and cell surface pathways, consequently elevating serum LDL-C levels. PCSK9 is implicated in various processes such as lipid metabolism, atherosclerosis, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, thrombosis, and apoptosis. It is closely linked to ischemic stroke through its role in inducing and advancing atherosclerosis. PCSK9 inhibitors play a useful role in both acute and secondary prevention of ischemic stroke and can reduce the risk of ischemic stroke. This review examines the influence of PCSK9 on the risk factors associated with ischemic stroke and explores its potential mechanisms, and briefly describes the application of PCSK9 inhibitors in ischemic stroke.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2023YFB3711300,2021YFF0500300)Space Application System of China Manned Space ProgramStrategic Research and Consulting Project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering(Grant No.2023-JB-09-10)。
文摘Lunar in-situ construction using additive manufacturing(AM)technology has emerged as a critical pathway for sustainable extraterrestrial exploration.This review systematically evaluates two dominant AM paradigms for lunar regolith processing:low-temperature deposition forming(material extrusion and binder jetting),and high-energy beam additive manufacturing(powder bed fusion and directed energy deposition).Low-temperature methods achieve moderate compressive strength with low energy consumption but face challenges such as binder dependency and vacuum instability.By contrast,high-energy beam techniques enable binder-free fabrication with better compatibility for in-situ resource utilization,though they suffer from porosity,high energy intensity,and geometric limitations.In the context of lunar in-situ resource utilization(ISRU),low-temperature methods offer near-term feasibility for small-scale infrastructure,while high-energy approaches show promise for large-scale,autonomous construction by leveraging solar energy and raw regolith.Future advancements will hinge on hybrid systems that integrate material efficiency,energy sustainability,and robotic adaptability to overcome extreme environmental challenges.This review consolidates technological progress,identifies interdisciplinary synergies,and provides strategic insights into guiding the transition from Earth-dependent prototypes to self-sufficient lunar habitats,ultimately advancing the capability of humanity for a long-term extraterrestrial presence.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82301403(to DZ)。
文摘Glial cells play crucial roles in regulating physiological and pathological functions,including sensation,the response to infection and acute injury,and chronic neurodegenerative disorders.Glial cells include astrocytes,microglia,and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system,and satellite glial cells and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system.Despite the greater understanding of glial cell types and functional heterogeneity achieved through single-cell and single-nucleus RNA sequencing in animal models,few studies have investigated the transcriptomic profiles of glial cells in the human spinal cord.Here,we used high-throughput single-nucleus RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics to map the cellular and molecular heterogeneity of astrocytes,microglia,and oligodendrocytes in the human spinal cord.To explore the conservation and divergence across species,we compared these findings with those from mice.In the human spinal cord,astrocytes,microglia,and oligodendrocytes were each divided into six distinct transcriptomic subclusters.In the mouse spinal cord,astrocytes,microglia,and oligodendrocytes were divided into five,four,and five distinct transcriptomic subclusters,respectively.The comparative results revealed substantial heterogeneity in all glial cell types between humans and mice.Additionally,we detected sex differences in gene expression in human spinal cord glial cells.Specifically,in all astrocyte subtypes,the levels of NEAT1 and CHI3L1 were higher in males than in females,whereas the levels of CST3 were lower in males than in females.In all microglial subtypes,all differentially expressed genes were located on the sex chromosomes.In addition to sex-specific gene differences,the levels of MT-ND4,MT2A,MT-ATP6,MT-CO3,MT-ND2,MT-ND3,and MT-CO_(2) in all spinal cord oligodendrocyte subtypes were higher in females than in males.Collectively,the present dataset extensively characterizes glial cell heterogeneity and offers a valuable resource for exploring the cellular basis of spinal cordrelated illnesses,including chronic pain,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,and multiple sclerosis.
基金supported in the Strategic Research and Consulting Project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering(2023-XZ-90 and 2023-JB-09-10)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFF0500301 and 2023YFB3711300)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72171092 and 71821001)the Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Hubei Province(2021CFA091).
文摘Extreme environments are unstructured and change rapidly,making human exploration in unfamiliar areas difficult.Construction robotics can help reduce risks to human safety and property in these environments by integrating digital technology and artificial intelligence.This technology has the potential to significantly improve the quality and efficiency of construction,making it a key area for future research.Extreme environments include hazardous work sites,polluted areas,and harsh natural conditions.Our review of construction robotics in these settings highlights several knowledge gaps.We focused on four main areas:mechanism design,perception,planning,and control.Our analysis reveals challenges in practical applications,such as creating adaptable mechanisms,accurately perceiving changing environments,planning for unstructured sites,and optimizing control models.Future research should explore:biomimetic designs inspired by nature,multimodal data fusion for perception,adaptive planning strategies,and hybrid control models that combine data-driven and mechanism-based approaches.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation Joint Fund of Liaoning Province,China(No.2023-MSLH-342).
文摘The effect of melt superheating treatment on the solidification microstructure and mechanical properties of theγ'phase precipitation-strengthened K424 superalloy was investigated.Differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)experiments were conducted to explore the influence of melt treatment temperature on the undercooling of the superalloy.Additionally,pouring experiments were carried out to assess how alterations in both the temperature and duration of melt treatment impacted the grain size,secondary dendrite arm spacing(SDAS),elemental segregation,and mechanical properties of the alloy.Metallographic analysis,scanning electron microscopy,energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS)and Thermo-Calc software were employed for microstructure characterization.The test specimens were subjected to tensile testing at room temperature and stress rupture testing at 975℃ under 196 MPa.The findings reveal that appropriate melt treatment conditions result in decreased grain size,refined SDAS,minimized elemental segregation,and significant improvements in mechanical properties.Specifically,the study demonstrates that a melt treatment at 1,650℃ for 5 min results in the smallest average grain size of 949μm and the smallest SDAS of 25.38μm.Furthermore,the room temperature tensile properties and creep resistance are notably affected by the melt treatment parameters.It is shown that specific melt treatment conditions,such as holding at 1,650℃ for 5 min,result in superior room temperature strength and extended stress rupture life of the K424 superalloy,while a balance between strength and stability is achieved at 1,600℃ with a holding time of 10 min.These findings offer guidance for optimizing the melt treatment parameters for the K424 superalloy,laying a foundation for further investigations.
文摘While biventricular assist devices(BiVADs)remain underutilized in Western countries for biventricular heart failure(BHF),their application is expanding in China.This consensus synthesizes international guidelines,medical evidence,and Chinese clinical expertise to establish standardized protocols for BiVAD management.Key recommendations include:(1)Preoperative right heart catheterization and echocardiography for central venous pressure(CVP):pulmonary capillary wedge pressure(PCWP)ratio and pulmonary artery pulsatility index(PAPi)assessment(Class I);(2)BiVAD indication in refractory BHF or high-risk right heart failure post-left ventricular assist device(LVAD)implantation(Class IIa);(3)Right atrial implantation as the preferred surgical approach(Class IIa);(4)Warfarin-based anticoagulation(INR 2.0–2.5)with aspirin,avoiding direct oral anticoagulants(DOACs)(Class III).The guidance addresses critical gaps in patient selection,pump speed titration,and complication management,positioning integrated BiVAD systems as a promising solution for complex BHF.
文摘Cholangiocarcinoma(CCA)is a particularly aggressive and challenging type of cancer,known for its poor prognosis,which is worsened by the complex interplay of various biological and environmental factors that contribute to its development.Recently,researchers have increasingly focused on the significant role of the biliary-enteric communication of liver-gut axis in the pathogenesis of CCA,highlighting a complex relationship that has not been thoroughly explored before.This review aims to summarize the key concepts related to the biliary-enteric communication of liver-gut axis and investigate its potential mechanisms that may lead to the onset and progression of CCA,a disease that presents substantial treatment challenges.Important areas of focus will include the microbiome's profound influence,which interacts with host physiology in ways that may worsen cancer development;changes in bile acid metabolism that can create toxic environments favorable for tumor growth;the regulation of inflammatory processes that may either promote or inhibit tumor progression;the immune system's involvement,which is crucial in the body's response to cancer;and the complex interactions within metabolic pathways that can affect cellular behavior and tumor dynamics.By integrating recent research findings from various studies,we aim to explore the multifaceted roles of the biliary-enteric communication of liver-gut axis in CCA,providing new insights and perspectives for future research while identifying promising therapeutic targets that could lead to innovative treatment strategies aimed at improving patient outcomes in this challenging disease.
文摘Applied field magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters(AF-MPDTs), with their high specific impulse and considerable thrust, are increasingly favored for large-scale space missions. This paper presents the composition, functionality, and testing methods of a high-power electric propulsion performance testing system, along with the vacuum ignition test results of a 100 kW superconducting MPD thruster. The relationships between thruster efficiency, magnetic field strength, current,and mass flow rate are analyzed. For each combination of current and flow rate in an AF-MPDT, there is an optimal magnetic field strength where the thruster efficiency reaches its peak. Under conditions of 320 A current and 60 mg/s flow rate,the optimal magnetic field strength is 0.5 T, yielding the highest thruster efficiency of 71%.
文摘The magnetoplasmadynamic thruster(MPDT) is characterized by its high specific impulse and substantial thrust density, making it a promising propulsion system for deep space exploration missions. In both laboratory experiments and practical applications, cathode ablation has emerged as a critical concern. An optical diagnostic approach based on monochromatic radiation temperature measurement, utilizing plume emission spectra and the selection of an appropriate test band, has been successfully employed. This method provides an accurate temperature distribution across the cathode surface, offering a novel testing technique for the optimization and evaluation of magnetic plasma thruster designs.
