The internal structures of cells as the basic units of life are a major wonder of the microscopic world.Cellular images provide an intriguing window to help explore and understand the composition and function of these...The internal structures of cells as the basic units of life are a major wonder of the microscopic world.Cellular images provide an intriguing window to help explore and understand the composition and function of these structures.Scientific imagery combined with artistic expression can further expand the potential of imaging in educational dissemination and interdisciplinary applications.展开更多
In eukaryotic cells,autophagosomes are double-membrane vesicles that are highly mobile and traffic along cytoskeletal tracks.While core autophagy-related proteins(ATGs)and other regulators involved in autophagosome bi...In eukaryotic cells,autophagosomes are double-membrane vesicles that are highly mobile and traffic along cytoskeletal tracks.While core autophagy-related proteins(ATGs)and other regulators involved in autophagosome biogenesis in plants have been extensively studied,the specific components regulating plant autophagosome motility remain elusive.In this study,using TurboID-based proximity labeling,we identify the retromer subcomplex comprising sorting nexin 1(SNX1),SNX2a,and SNX2b as interacting partners of ATG8.Remarkably,SNX proteins decorate ATG8-labeled autophagosomes and facilitate their coordinated movement along microtubules.Depletion of SNX proteins restricts the motility of autophagosomes in the cytoplasm,resulting in decreased autophagic flux.Furthermore,we show that the microtubule-associated protein CLASP is a bridge,connecting the SNX-ATG8-decorated autophagosomes to the microtubules.Genetically,the clasp-1 mutant phenotype resembles that of plants with disrupted SNXs or microtubule networks,displaying diminished autophagosome motility and reduced autophagic flux.Collectively,our study unveils a hitherto unanticipated role of the SNXs subcomplex in connecting autophagosomes with microtubules to promote autophagosome mobility in Arabidopsis.展开更多
Bone conduction hearing aids(BCHA)actively serve patients with conductive hearing loss or external auditory canal problems,including auditory canal atresia,ossicular dislocation,etc.They are typically categorized into...Bone conduction hearing aids(BCHA)actively serve patients with conductive hearing loss or external auditory canal problems,including auditory canal atresia,ossicular dislocation,etc.They are typically categorized into surgically implanted devices,embedded directly into the skull,and adhesive devices,which transmit sound through the skin.The latter are advantageous for being noninvasive and suitable for children under five.However,adhesive devices,due to their sound transmission method,require enhanced sound output performance compared to implanted devices.Graphene,known for its low mass density yet excellent mechanical and electrical properties,finds application in various electronic fields.Currently,it serves as a diaphragm in electroacoustic transducers,enabling stable vibrations across broad frequency ranges.The electroacoustic transducers of BCHA are typically driven by electromagnetic methods,which may be effective in low-frequency ranges but not in high-frequency ranges.This study successfully introduced a hybrid approach that combines the complementary advantages of both electromagnetic and electrostatic modes by utilizing a graphene sheet as the diaphragm for a hybrid graphene BCHA.The electrostatic mode,which performs better in highfrequency ranges compared to the electromagnetic mode,was implemented in this hybrid structure.According to the measured frequency response data,the hybrid mode showed up to an 11 dB improvement compared to the electromagnetic mode and up to a 21 dB improvement compared to the electrostatic mode,exhibiting a relatively flat shape over a wide frequency range.Subsequently,the device’s effectiveness as a BCHA is confirmed through experiments on rabbits,showcasing its potential in auditory aid advancement.展开更多
The vacuole is a unique plant organelle that plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis under various environmental stress conditions. However, the effects of biotic stress on vacuole structure has no...The vacuole is a unique plant organelle that plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis under various environmental stress conditions. However, the effects of biotic stress on vacuole structure has not been examined using three-dimensional(3D) visualization. Here, we performed 3D electron tomography to compare the ultrastructural changes in the vacuole during infection with different viruses. The 3D models revealed that vacuoles are remodeled in cells infected with cucumber mosaic virus(CMV) or tobacco necrosis virus A Chinese isolate(TNV-AC), resulting in the formation of spherules at the periphery of the vacuole. These spherules contain neck-like channels that connect their interior with the cytosol. Confocal microscopy of CMV replication proteins 1 a and 2 a and TNV-AC auxiliary replication protein p23 showed that all of these proteins localize to the tonoplast.Electron microscopy revealed that the expression of these replication proteins alone is sufficient to induce spherule formation on the tonoplast, suggesting that these proteins play prominent roles in inducing vacuolar membrane remodeling. This is the first report of the 3D structures of viral replication factories built on the tonoplasts. These findings contribute to our understanding of vacuole biogenesis under normal conditions and during assembly of plant(+) RNA virus replication complexes.展开更多
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.226-2024-00038),China.
文摘The internal structures of cells as the basic units of life are a major wonder of the microscopic world.Cellular images provide an intriguing window to help explore and understand the composition and function of these structures.Scientific imagery combined with artistic expression can further expand the potential of imaging in educational dissemination and interdisciplinary applications.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32270291,32061160467,32470797,and 31870171)the Guangdong Province Rural Revitalization Strategy Special Funding for Seed Industry Vitalization to C.G.,the NSFC grant(32000365,32370329)+1 种基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2021A1515010913,2024B1515020043)H.L.,and the Research Grant Council of Hong Kong(GRF14113921,GRF14109222,GRF14110823,N_CUHK462/22,and C4014-23G)to B.-H.K.
文摘In eukaryotic cells,autophagosomes are double-membrane vesicles that are highly mobile and traffic along cytoskeletal tracks.While core autophagy-related proteins(ATGs)and other regulators involved in autophagosome biogenesis in plants have been extensively studied,the specific components regulating plant autophagosome motility remain elusive.In this study,using TurboID-based proximity labeling,we identify the retromer subcomplex comprising sorting nexin 1(SNX1),SNX2a,and SNX2b as interacting partners of ATG8.Remarkably,SNX proteins decorate ATG8-labeled autophagosomes and facilitate their coordinated movement along microtubules.Depletion of SNX proteins restricts the motility of autophagosomes in the cytoplasm,resulting in decreased autophagic flux.Furthermore,we show that the microtubule-associated protein CLASP is a bridge,connecting the SNX-ATG8-decorated autophagosomes to the microtubules.Genetically,the clasp-1 mutant phenotype resembles that of plants with disrupted SNXs or microtubule networks,displaying diminished autophagosome motility and reduced autophagic flux.Collectively,our study unveils a hitherto unanticipated role of the SNXs subcomplex in connecting autophagosomes with microtubules to promote autophagosome mobility in Arabidopsis.
基金supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning(KETEP)and the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy(MOTIE)of Republic of Korea(No.RS-2024-00398166)supported by a grant from Korea University and the Basic Science Research Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea(No.2022R1I1A2072826)supported in part by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean Government(MSIT)(No.2022R1A5A1027646).
文摘Bone conduction hearing aids(BCHA)actively serve patients with conductive hearing loss or external auditory canal problems,including auditory canal atresia,ossicular dislocation,etc.They are typically categorized into surgically implanted devices,embedded directly into the skull,and adhesive devices,which transmit sound through the skin.The latter are advantageous for being noninvasive and suitable for children under five.However,adhesive devices,due to their sound transmission method,require enhanced sound output performance compared to implanted devices.Graphene,known for its low mass density yet excellent mechanical and electrical properties,finds application in various electronic fields.Currently,it serves as a diaphragm in electroacoustic transducers,enabling stable vibrations across broad frequency ranges.The electroacoustic transducers of BCHA are typically driven by electromagnetic methods,which may be effective in low-frequency ranges but not in high-frequency ranges.This study successfully introduced a hybrid approach that combines the complementary advantages of both electromagnetic and electrostatic modes by utilizing a graphene sheet as the diaphragm for a hybrid graphene BCHA.The electrostatic mode,which performs better in highfrequency ranges compared to the electromagnetic mode,was implemented in this hybrid structure.According to the measured frequency response data,the hybrid mode showed up to an 11 dB improvement compared to the electromagnetic mode and up to a 21 dB improvement compared to the electrostatic mode,exhibiting a relatively flat shape over a wide frequency range.Subsequently,the device’s effectiveness as a BCHA is confirmed through experiments on rabbits,showcasing its potential in auditory aid advancement.
基金supported by grants from the National Transgenic Science and Technology Program (2019ZX08010-003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31872637)+2 种基金Chinese Universities Scientific Fund (2020TC181)the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong (GRF14126116, GRF14121019, C4012-16E, C4002-17G, and Ao E/M-05/12)Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development (0109532019) Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea。
文摘The vacuole is a unique plant organelle that plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis under various environmental stress conditions. However, the effects of biotic stress on vacuole structure has not been examined using three-dimensional(3D) visualization. Here, we performed 3D electron tomography to compare the ultrastructural changes in the vacuole during infection with different viruses. The 3D models revealed that vacuoles are remodeled in cells infected with cucumber mosaic virus(CMV) or tobacco necrosis virus A Chinese isolate(TNV-AC), resulting in the formation of spherules at the periphery of the vacuole. These spherules contain neck-like channels that connect their interior with the cytosol. Confocal microscopy of CMV replication proteins 1 a and 2 a and TNV-AC auxiliary replication protein p23 showed that all of these proteins localize to the tonoplast.Electron microscopy revealed that the expression of these replication proteins alone is sufficient to induce spherule formation on the tonoplast, suggesting that these proteins play prominent roles in inducing vacuolar membrane remodeling. This is the first report of the 3D structures of viral replication factories built on the tonoplasts. These findings contribute to our understanding of vacuole biogenesis under normal conditions and during assembly of plant(+) RNA virus replication complexes.
