Intensively farmed crops used to experience numerous environmental stresses.Among these,shade and drought significantly influence the morpho-physiological and biochemical attributes of plants.However,the interactive e...Intensively farmed crops used to experience numerous environmental stresses.Among these,shade and drought significantly influence the morpho-physiological and biochemical attributes of plants.However,the interactive effect of shade and drought on the growth and development of soybean under dense cropping systems has not been reported yet.This study investigated the interactive effect of PEG-induced osmotic stress and shade on soybean seedlings.The soybean cultivar viz.,C-103 was subjected to PEG-induced osmotic stress from polyethylene glycol 6000(PEG-6000)under shading and non-shading conditions.PEG-induced osmotic stress significantly reduced the relative water contents,morphological parameters,carbohydrates and chlorophyll contents under both light environments.A significant increase was observed in osmoprotectants,reactive oxygen species and antioxidant enzymes in soybean seedlings.Henceforth,the findings revealed that,seedlings grown under non-shading conditions produced more malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide contents as compared to the shade-treated plants when subjected to PEG-induced osmotic stress.Likewise,the shaded plants accumulated more sugars and proline than non-shaded ones under drought stress.Moreover,it was found that nonshaded grown plants were more sensitive to PEG-induced osmotic stress than those exposed to shading conditions,which suggested that shade could boost the protective mechanisms against osmotic stress or at least would not exaggerate the adverse effects of PEG-induced osmotic stress in soybean seedlings.展开更多
Purpose Gunshot wounds are the second leading cause of spinal cord injuries.Surgical intervention for gunshot injury to the spine carries a high rate of complications.There is a scarcity of data on civilian gunshot in...Purpose Gunshot wounds are the second leading cause of spinal cord injuries.Surgical intervention for gunshot injury to the spine carries a high rate of complications.There is a scarcity of data on civilian gunshot injuries to the spine in Pakistan.Approximately 60 cases over the last 10 years have been recoded,with unusual presentation and neurological recovery.Thus it is imperative to fill this gap in data,by reviewing cases of civilian gunshot injuries to spine presenting at a tertiary care hospital(Aga Khan University Hospital,Karachi).Methods This is a retrospective cohort study.Patients of all ages who presented to the emergency department of Aga Khan University Hospital,with gunshot injuries to spine between January 2005 and December 2016 were included in the study.Data were collected on neurological status(American Spinal Injury Association score was used for the initial and follow-up neurological assessment),extent of cord transection,motor and sensory deficits.The patients were further grouped into those with cord transection,and those with fractures of the bony spine but an intact spinal cord.These patients were then followed and the outcomes were recorded.Results A total of 40 patients were identified.The mean±SD of patients age was(30.9±9.5)years.Of the 40 patients with gunshot wounds,31 had the medical imaging performed at the facility,and hence they were included in this categorization.The remaining 9 patients were excluded from this additional grouping.Thirteen patients were managed surgically and 27 patients underwent the conservative management.The mean±SD of follow-up was(8.7±7.2)months.In our study,the thoracic spine was the most commonly injured region in gunshot injuries.Of the 31 patients with medical imaging performed at our institute,17(54.8%)had cord transection,of whom 8(47%)ultimately developed paraplegia.Conclusion The prognosis of gunshot injuries to the spine can be varied depending on whether the spinal cord is intact or transected.This will help healthcare providers to plan the further management of the patient and counsel them accordingly.展开更多
Plants are frequently exposed to adverse environments during their life span.Among them drought stress is one of the major threats to agricultural productivity.In order to survive in such unstable environment,plants h...Plants are frequently exposed to adverse environments during their life span.Among them drought stress is one of the major threats to agricultural productivity.In order to survive in such unstable environment,plants have developed mechanisms through which they recognize the severity of the stress based on the incoming environmental stimuli.To combat the detrimental effects of drought,the plants have evolved various strategies to modulate their physio-hormonal attributes.These strategies that can be modulated by shade and microbes contribute to enhancing tolerance to drought and reducing yield loss.Plant hormones,such as abscisic acid,auxin and ethylene have a major role in the shade-and microbe-associated improvement of drought tolerance through their effects on various metabolic pathways.In this process,the CLAVATA3/EMBRYOSURROUNDING REGION-RELATED 25 peptide has a major role due to its effect on ABA synthesis as shown in our regulatory model.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31871552 and 31671445)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program,China(2018HH0108)the Sichuan Innovation Team Project of National Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System,China(sccxtd-2020-20)。
文摘Intensively farmed crops used to experience numerous environmental stresses.Among these,shade and drought significantly influence the morpho-physiological and biochemical attributes of plants.However,the interactive effect of shade and drought on the growth and development of soybean under dense cropping systems has not been reported yet.This study investigated the interactive effect of PEG-induced osmotic stress and shade on soybean seedlings.The soybean cultivar viz.,C-103 was subjected to PEG-induced osmotic stress from polyethylene glycol 6000(PEG-6000)under shading and non-shading conditions.PEG-induced osmotic stress significantly reduced the relative water contents,morphological parameters,carbohydrates and chlorophyll contents under both light environments.A significant increase was observed in osmoprotectants,reactive oxygen species and antioxidant enzymes in soybean seedlings.Henceforth,the findings revealed that,seedlings grown under non-shading conditions produced more malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide contents as compared to the shade-treated plants when subjected to PEG-induced osmotic stress.Likewise,the shaded plants accumulated more sugars and proline than non-shaded ones under drought stress.Moreover,it was found that nonshaded grown plants were more sensitive to PEG-induced osmotic stress than those exposed to shading conditions,which suggested that shade could boost the protective mechanisms against osmotic stress or at least would not exaggerate the adverse effects of PEG-induced osmotic stress in soybean seedlings.
文摘Purpose Gunshot wounds are the second leading cause of spinal cord injuries.Surgical intervention for gunshot injury to the spine carries a high rate of complications.There is a scarcity of data on civilian gunshot injuries to the spine in Pakistan.Approximately 60 cases over the last 10 years have been recoded,with unusual presentation and neurological recovery.Thus it is imperative to fill this gap in data,by reviewing cases of civilian gunshot injuries to spine presenting at a tertiary care hospital(Aga Khan University Hospital,Karachi).Methods This is a retrospective cohort study.Patients of all ages who presented to the emergency department of Aga Khan University Hospital,with gunshot injuries to spine between January 2005 and December 2016 were included in the study.Data were collected on neurological status(American Spinal Injury Association score was used for the initial and follow-up neurological assessment),extent of cord transection,motor and sensory deficits.The patients were further grouped into those with cord transection,and those with fractures of the bony spine but an intact spinal cord.These patients were then followed and the outcomes were recorded.Results A total of 40 patients were identified.The mean±SD of patients age was(30.9±9.5)years.Of the 40 patients with gunshot wounds,31 had the medical imaging performed at the facility,and hence they were included in this categorization.The remaining 9 patients were excluded from this additional grouping.Thirteen patients were managed surgically and 27 patients underwent the conservative management.The mean±SD of follow-up was(8.7±7.2)months.In our study,the thoracic spine was the most commonly injured region in gunshot injuries.Of the 31 patients with medical imaging performed at our institute,17(54.8%)had cord transection,of whom 8(47%)ultimately developed paraplegia.Conclusion The prognosis of gunshot injuries to the spine can be varied depending on whether the spinal cord is intact or transected.This will help healthcare providers to plan the further management of the patient and counsel them accordingly.
基金This work was supported by the National Research,Development and Innovation Office(grant no.K131638)National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.31871552,31671445)Sichuan Science and Technology Program(grant no.2018HH0108).
文摘Plants are frequently exposed to adverse environments during their life span.Among them drought stress is one of the major threats to agricultural productivity.In order to survive in such unstable environment,plants have developed mechanisms through which they recognize the severity of the stress based on the incoming environmental stimuli.To combat the detrimental effects of drought,the plants have evolved various strategies to modulate their physio-hormonal attributes.These strategies that can be modulated by shade and microbes contribute to enhancing tolerance to drought and reducing yield loss.Plant hormones,such as abscisic acid,auxin and ethylene have a major role in the shade-and microbe-associated improvement of drought tolerance through their effects on various metabolic pathways.In this process,the CLAVATA3/EMBRYOSURROUNDING REGION-RELATED 25 peptide has a major role due to its effect on ABA synthesis as shown in our regulatory model.
