Advancements in high-throughput sequencing(HTS)of antibody repertoires(Ig-Seq)have unprecedentedly improved our ability to characterize the antibody repertoires on a large scale.However,currently,only a few studies ex...Advancements in high-throughput sequencing(HTS)of antibody repertoires(Ig-Seq)have unprecedentedly improved our ability to characterize the antibody repertoires on a large scale.However,currently,only a few studies explored the influence of chronic HIV-1 infection on human antibody repertoires and many of them reached contradictory conclusions,possibly limited by inadequate sequencing depth and throughput.To better understand how HIV-1 infection would impact humoral immune system,in this study,we systematically analyzed the differences between the IgM(HIV-IgM)and IgG(HIV-IgG)heavy chain repertoires of HIV-1 infected patients,as well as between antibody repertoires of HIV-1 patients and healthy donors(HH).Notably,the public unique clones accounted for only a negligible proportion between the HIV-IgM and HIV-IgG repertoires libraries,and the diversity of unique clones in HIV-IgG remarkably reduced.In aspect of somatic mutation rates of CDR1 and CDR2,the HIV-IgG repertoire was higher than HIV-IgM.Besides,the average length of CDR3 region in HIV-IgM was significant longer than that in the HH repertoire,presumably caused by the great number of novel VDJ rearrangement patterns,especially a massive use of IGHJ6.Moreover,some of the B cell clonotypes had numerous clones,and somatic variants were detected within the clonotype lineage in HIV-IgG,indicating HIV-1 neutralizing activities.The in-depth characterization of HIV-IgG and HIV-IgM repertoires enriches our knowledge in the profound effect of HIV-1 infection on human antibody repertoires and may have practical value for the discovery of therapeutic antibodies.展开更多
We fabricated a three-dimensional microstructured optical waveguide(MOW)in a single-crystal using femtosecond-laser writing and phosphoric acid etching techniques,and observed excellent midinfrared waveguiding perform...We fabricated a three-dimensional microstructured optical waveguide(MOW)in a single-crystal using femtosecond-laser writing and phosphoric acid etching techniques,and observed excellent midinfrared waveguiding performance with low loss of^0.5 d B∕cm.Tracks with a periodic arrangement were written inside the yttrium aluminum garnet(YAG)crystal via femtosecond laser inscription,and then etched by the phosphoric acid(H3 PO4)to form hollow structures.The evolution of the microstructure of tracks was investigated in detail.The function of the MOW was analyzed by different numerical methods,indicating the proposed MOW can effectively operate in quasi-single-mode pattern in the midinfrared wavelength range,which agrees well with our experiment results.展开更多
The rapidly growing global data usage has demanded more efficient ways to utilize the scarce electromagnetic spectrum resource. Recent research has focused on the development of efficient multiplexing techniques in th...The rapidly growing global data usage has demanded more efficient ways to utilize the scarce electromagnetic spectrum resource. Recent research has focused on the development of efficient multiplexing techniques in the millimeter-wave band(1-10 mm, or 30-300 GHz) due to the promise of large available bandwidth for future wireless networks. Frequency-division multiplexing is still one of the most commonly-used techniques to maximize the transmission capacity of a wireless network.Based on the frequency-selective tunnelling effect of the low-loss epsilon-near-zero metamaterial waveguide, we numerically and experimentally demonstrate five-channel frequency-division multiplexing and demultiplexing in the millimeter-wave range.We show that this device architecture offers great flexibility to manipulate the filter Q-factors and the transmission spectra of different channels, by changing of the epsilon-near-zero metamaterial waveguide topology and by adding a standard waveguide between two epsilon-near-zero channels. This strategy of frequency-division multiplexing may pave a way for efficiently allocating the spectrum for future communication networks.展开更多
基金supported by grants from the National Key R&D Program of China(2019YFA0904400)National Natural Science Foundation of China(81822027,81630090,81902108)Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(20DZ2254600,20DZ2261200)。
文摘Advancements in high-throughput sequencing(HTS)of antibody repertoires(Ig-Seq)have unprecedentedly improved our ability to characterize the antibody repertoires on a large scale.However,currently,only a few studies explored the influence of chronic HIV-1 infection on human antibody repertoires and many of them reached contradictory conclusions,possibly limited by inadequate sequencing depth and throughput.To better understand how HIV-1 infection would impact humoral immune system,in this study,we systematically analyzed the differences between the IgM(HIV-IgM)and IgG(HIV-IgG)heavy chain repertoires of HIV-1 infected patients,as well as between antibody repertoires of HIV-1 patients and healthy donors(HH).Notably,the public unique clones accounted for only a negligible proportion between the HIV-IgM and HIV-IgG repertoires libraries,and the diversity of unique clones in HIV-IgG remarkably reduced.In aspect of somatic mutation rates of CDR1 and CDR2,the HIV-IgG repertoire was higher than HIV-IgM.Besides,the average length of CDR3 region in HIV-IgM was significant longer than that in the HH repertoire,presumably caused by the great number of novel VDJ rearrangement patterns,especially a massive use of IGHJ6.Moreover,some of the B cell clonotypes had numerous clones,and somatic variants were detected within the clonotype lineage in HIV-IgG,indicating HIV-1 neutralizing activities.The in-depth characterization of HIV-IgG and HIV-IgM repertoires enriches our knowledge in the profound effect of HIV-1 infection on human antibody repertoires and may have practical value for the discovery of therapeutic antibodies.
基金Postdoctoral Foundation of China(2018M653022)National Natural Science Foundation of China(11734012,91850110)We thank Dr.Neng Wang for constructive discussions and Zhen Shang for some help in experiments.
文摘We fabricated a three-dimensional microstructured optical waveguide(MOW)in a single-crystal using femtosecond-laser writing and phosphoric acid etching techniques,and observed excellent midinfrared waveguiding performance with low loss of^0.5 d B∕cm.Tracks with a periodic arrangement were written inside the yttrium aluminum garnet(YAG)crystal via femtosecond laser inscription,and then etched by the phosphoric acid(H3 PO4)to form hollow structures.The evolution of the microstructure of tracks was investigated in detail.The function of the MOW was analyzed by different numerical methods,indicating the proposed MOW can effectively operate in quasi-single-mode pattern in the midinfrared wavelength range,which agrees well with our experiment results.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11734012,62105213,12074267,516022053,and 12174265)the Young Innovative Talents Project of Universities in Guangdong Province(Grant No.2019KQNCX123)+4 种基金the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Fund(Grant No.2020A1515111037)the Science and Technology Project of Guangdong(Grant No.2020B010190001)the Guangdong Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.2020A1515010467)the Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program(Grant No.20200814113625003)the Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics(Grant No.SKLAO2020001A06)。
文摘The rapidly growing global data usage has demanded more efficient ways to utilize the scarce electromagnetic spectrum resource. Recent research has focused on the development of efficient multiplexing techniques in the millimeter-wave band(1-10 mm, or 30-300 GHz) due to the promise of large available bandwidth for future wireless networks. Frequency-division multiplexing is still one of the most commonly-used techniques to maximize the transmission capacity of a wireless network.Based on the frequency-selective tunnelling effect of the low-loss epsilon-near-zero metamaterial waveguide, we numerically and experimentally demonstrate five-channel frequency-division multiplexing and demultiplexing in the millimeter-wave range.We show that this device architecture offers great flexibility to manipulate the filter Q-factors and the transmission spectra of different channels, by changing of the epsilon-near-zero metamaterial waveguide topology and by adding a standard waveguide between two epsilon-near-zero channels. This strategy of frequency-division multiplexing may pave a way for efficiently allocating the spectrum for future communication networks.
