Nanomaterial-based artificial enzymes(or nanozymes) have attracted great attention in the past few years owing to their capability not only to mimic functionality but also to overcome the inherent drawbacks of the nat...Nanomaterial-based artificial enzymes(or nanozymes) have attracted great attention in the past few years owing to their capability not only to mimic functionality but also to overcome the inherent drawbacks of the natural enzymes.Numerous advantages of nanozymes such as diverse enzyme-mimicking activities,low cost,high stability,robustness,unique surface chemistry,and ease of surface tunability and biocompatibility have allowed their integration in a wide range of biosensing applications. Several metal,metal oxide,metal–organic framework-based nanozymes have been exploited for the development of biosensing systems,which present the potential for point-of-care analysis. To highlight recent progress in the field,in this review,more than 260 research articles are discussed systematically with suitable recent examples,elucidating the role of nanozymes to reinforce,miniaturize,and improve the performance of point-of-care diagnostics addressing the ASSURED(a ordable,sensitive,specific,user-friendly,rapid and robust,equipment-free and deliverable to the end user) criteria formulated by World Health Organization. The review reveals that many biosensing strategies such as electrochemical,colorimetric,fluorescent,and immunological sensors required to achieve the ASSURED standards can be implemented by using enzyme-mimicking activities of nanomaterials as signal producing components. However,basic system functionality is still lacking. Since the enzyme-mimicking properties of the nanomaterials are dictated by their size,shape,composition,surface charge,surface chemistry as well as external parameters such as pH or temperature,these factors play a crucial role in the design and function of nanozyme-based point-of-care diagnostics. Therefore,it requires a deliberate exertion to integrate various parameters for truly ASSURED solutions to be realized. This review also discusses possible limitations and research gaps to provide readers a brief scenario of the emerging role of nanozymes in state-of-the-art POC diagnosis system development for futuristic biosensing applications.展开更多
In recent years,gold nanoparticles have demonstrated excellent enzyme-mimicking activities which resemble those of peroxidase,oxidase,catalase,superoxide dismutase or reductase.This,merged with their ease of synthesis...In recent years,gold nanoparticles have demonstrated excellent enzyme-mimicking activities which resemble those of peroxidase,oxidase,catalase,superoxide dismutase or reductase.This,merged with their ease of synthesis,tunability,biocompatibility and low cost,makes them excellent candidates when compared with biological enzymes for applications in biomedicine or biochemical analyses.Herein,over 200 research papers have been systematically reviewed to present the recent progress on the fundamentals of gold nanozymes and their potential applications.The review reveals that the morphology and surface chemistry of the nanoparticles play an important role in their catalytic properties,as well as external parameters such as pH or temperature.Yet,real applications often require specific biorecognition elements to be immobilized onto the nanozymes,leading to unexpected positive or negative effects on their activity.Thus,rational design of efficient nanozymes remains a challenge of paramount importance.Different implementation paths have already been explored,including the application of peroxidase-like nanozymes for the development of clinical diagnostics or the regulation of oxidative stress within cells via their catalase and superoxide dismutase activities.The review also indicates that it is essential to understand how external parameters may boost or inhibit each of these activities,as more than one of them could coexist.Likewise,further toxicity studies are required to ensure the applicability of gold nanozymes in vivo.Current challenges and future prospects of gold nanozymes are discussed in this review,whose significance can be anticipated in a diverse range of fields beyond biomedicine,such as food safety,environmental analyses or the chemical industry.展开更多
Antibiotics were discovered for medicinal applications,notably in the last century and since then,they have been prevalently employed for prophylactic purposes in various sectors in the last few decades.Due to the non...Antibiotics were discovered for medicinal applications,notably in the last century and since then,they have been prevalently employed for prophylactic purposes in various sectors in the last few decades.Due to the non-judicial usage of antibiotics in sectors like agriculture,aquaculture,and animal husbandry,and as therapeutic substances,antibiotics have started to become a nuisance for the environment and human beings.Furthermore,the accumulation of antibiotics in the biosphere has led to the development of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms making it difficult to treat a growing number of infections.Hereafter to understand the holistic picture of the impacts associated with antibiotics on the environ-ment,the evolution of individual antibiotic pathways for therapeutic and non-therapeutic purposes needs to be studied along with their effect on the environment.Most of the recent reviews on antibiotics either concentrate on a particular source,pathway or environmental impact;however,the present state-of-the-art review attempts to summarize and update the possible sources of antibiotics,usage,their impact on humans,and environmental health on a global scale with a special emphasis on India.Also,there is a critical discussion about the various methods employed for the removal of antibiotics from an array of sources,on both water and soil matrix.The review finally emphasize that the implication of stringent regulation and selection of appropriate technology are required to alleviate antibiotics menace from the environment.展开更多
基金funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 720325the support from the Commonwealth Split-site Scholarship (2018-2019)。
文摘Nanomaterial-based artificial enzymes(or nanozymes) have attracted great attention in the past few years owing to their capability not only to mimic functionality but also to overcome the inherent drawbacks of the natural enzymes.Numerous advantages of nanozymes such as diverse enzyme-mimicking activities,low cost,high stability,robustness,unique surface chemistry,and ease of surface tunability and biocompatibility have allowed their integration in a wide range of biosensing applications. Several metal,metal oxide,metal–organic framework-based nanozymes have been exploited for the development of biosensing systems,which present the potential for point-of-care analysis. To highlight recent progress in the field,in this review,more than 260 research articles are discussed systematically with suitable recent examples,elucidating the role of nanozymes to reinforce,miniaturize,and improve the performance of point-of-care diagnostics addressing the ASSURED(a ordable,sensitive,specific,user-friendly,rapid and robust,equipment-free and deliverable to the end user) criteria formulated by World Health Organization. The review reveals that many biosensing strategies such as electrochemical,colorimetric,fluorescent,and immunological sensors required to achieve the ASSURED standards can be implemented by using enzyme-mimicking activities of nanomaterials as signal producing components. However,basic system functionality is still lacking. Since the enzyme-mimicking properties of the nanomaterials are dictated by their size,shape,composition,surface charge,surface chemistry as well as external parameters such as pH or temperature,these factors play a crucial role in the design and function of nanozyme-based point-of-care diagnostics. Therefore,it requires a deliberate exertion to integrate various parameters for truly ASSURED solutions to be realized. This review also discusses possible limitations and research gaps to provide readers a brief scenario of the emerging role of nanozymes in state-of-the-art POC diagnosis system development for futuristic biosensing applications.
基金The authors J.L.,C.E.and C.C.acknowledge funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No.720325.B.D.and C.C.thank the support from the Commonwealth Split-site Scholarship.
文摘In recent years,gold nanoparticles have demonstrated excellent enzyme-mimicking activities which resemble those of peroxidase,oxidase,catalase,superoxide dismutase or reductase.This,merged with their ease of synthesis,tunability,biocompatibility and low cost,makes them excellent candidates when compared with biological enzymes for applications in biomedicine or biochemical analyses.Herein,over 200 research papers have been systematically reviewed to present the recent progress on the fundamentals of gold nanozymes and their potential applications.The review reveals that the morphology and surface chemistry of the nanoparticles play an important role in their catalytic properties,as well as external parameters such as pH or temperature.Yet,real applications often require specific biorecognition elements to be immobilized onto the nanozymes,leading to unexpected positive or negative effects on their activity.Thus,rational design of efficient nanozymes remains a challenge of paramount importance.Different implementation paths have already been explored,including the application of peroxidase-like nanozymes for the development of clinical diagnostics or the regulation of oxidative stress within cells via their catalase and superoxide dismutase activities.The review also indicates that it is essential to understand how external parameters may boost or inhibit each of these activities,as more than one of them could coexist.Likewise,further toxicity studies are required to ensure the applicability of gold nanozymes in vivo.Current challenges and future prospects of gold nanozymes are discussed in this review,whose significance can be anticipated in a diverse range of fields beyond biomedicine,such as food safety,environmental analyses or the chemical industry.
文摘Antibiotics were discovered for medicinal applications,notably in the last century and since then,they have been prevalently employed for prophylactic purposes in various sectors in the last few decades.Due to the non-judicial usage of antibiotics in sectors like agriculture,aquaculture,and animal husbandry,and as therapeutic substances,antibiotics have started to become a nuisance for the environment and human beings.Furthermore,the accumulation of antibiotics in the biosphere has led to the development of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms making it difficult to treat a growing number of infections.Hereafter to understand the holistic picture of the impacts associated with antibiotics on the environ-ment,the evolution of individual antibiotic pathways for therapeutic and non-therapeutic purposes needs to be studied along with their effect on the environment.Most of the recent reviews on antibiotics either concentrate on a particular source,pathway or environmental impact;however,the present state-of-the-art review attempts to summarize and update the possible sources of antibiotics,usage,their impact on humans,and environmental health on a global scale with a special emphasis on India.Also,there is a critical discussion about the various methods employed for the removal of antibiotics from an array of sources,on both water and soil matrix.The review finally emphasize that the implication of stringent regulation and selection of appropriate technology are required to alleviate antibiotics menace from the environment.
