Vergence eye movements are the inward and outward rotation of the eyes responsible for binocular coordination.While studies have mapped and investigated the neural substrates of vergence,it is not well understood whet...Vergence eye movements are the inward and outward rotation of the eyes responsible for binocular coordination.While studies have mapped and investigated the neural substrates of vergence,it is not well understood whether vergence eye movements evoke the blood oxygen level-dependent signal reliably in separate experimental visits.The test-retest reliability of stimulus-induced vergence eye movement tasks during a functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)experiment is important for future randomized clinical trials(RCTs).In this study,we established region of interest(ROI)masks for the vergence neural circuit.Twenty-seven binocularly normal young adults participated in two functional imaging sessions measured on different days on the same 3 T Siemens scanner.The fMRI experiments used a block design of sustained visual fixation and rest blocks interleaved between task blocks that stimulated eight or four vergence eye movements.The test-retest reliability of task-activation was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient(ICC),and that of spatial extent was assessed using the Dice coefficient.Functional activation during the vergence eye movement task of eight movements compared to rest was repeatable within the primary visual cortex(ICC=0.8),parietal eye fields(ICC=0.6),supplementary eye field(ICC=0.5),frontal eye fields(ICC=0.5),and oculomotor vermis(ICC=0.6).The results demonstrate significant test-retest reliability in the ROIs of the vergence neural substrates for functional activation magnitude and spatial extent using the stimulus protocol of a task block stimulating eight vergence eye movements compared to sustained fixation.These ROIs can be used in future longitudinal RCTs to study patient populations with vergence dysfunctions.展开更多
White matter(WM)comprises approximately half of the human brain volume and is primarily composed of bundles of axons and glia.The axons conduct nerve impulses between gray matter(GM)to support information transmission...White matter(WM)comprises approximately half of the human brain volume and is primarily composed of bundles of axons and glia.The axons conduct nerve impulses between gray matter(GM)to support information transmission and coordination within brain networks or circuits.Despite the overwhelming emphasis of human brain imaging on GM,few would deny the importance of the functional contributions of WM to human cognition and behavior.For in vivo brain studies,diffusion magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)has been widely used to delineate WM fibers and measure their microstructural properties,but diffusion MRI reveals little about functional activity.For a long time,we have lacked an in vivo way to quantify functional metrics of wM.In contrast to the widespread application of functional MRI(fMRI)based on blood oxygenation-level-dependent(BOLD)signals to assess GM functions[1],BOLD effects in WM have been regarded as noise or nuisance variables in most neuroimaging studies.展开更多
One important challenge in psychiatric research is to translate findings from brain imaging research studies that identified brain alterations in patient groups into an accurate diagnosis at an early stage of illness,...One important challenge in psychiatric research is to translate findings from brain imaging research studies that identified brain alterations in patient groups into an accurate diagnosis at an early stage of illness,pre-diction of prognosis before treatment,and guidance for selection of effective treatments that target patient-relevant pathophysiological features.This is the primary aim of the field of Psychoradiology.Using databases collected from large samples at multiple centers,sophisticated artificial intelligence(AI)algorithms may be used to develop clinically useful image analysis pipelines that can help physicians diagnose,predict,and make treatment decisions.In this review,we selectively summarize psychoradiological research using magnetic reso-nance imaging of the brain to explore the neural mechanism of psychiatric disorders,and outline progress and the path forward for the combination of psychoradiology and AI for complementing clinical examinations in patients with psychiatric disorders,as well as limitations in the application of AI that should be considered in future translational research.展开更多
Background:Brain structural alterations of the striatum have been frequently observed in internet gaming disorder(IGD);however,the replicability of the results and the associations with social-affective dysregulations...Background:Brain structural alterations of the striatum have been frequently observed in internet gaming disorder(IGD);however,the replicability of the results and the associations with social-affective dysregulations such as social anxiety remain to be determined.Methods:The present study combined a dimensional neuroimaging approach with both voxel-wise and data-driven multivariate approaches to(i)replicate our previous results on a negative association between IGD symptom load(assessed by the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form)and striatal volume,(ii)extend these findings to female individuals,and(iii)employ multivariate and mediation models to determine common brain structural representations of IGD and social anxiety(assessed by the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale).Results:In line with the original study,the voxel-wise analyses revealed a negative association between IGD and volumes of the bilateral caudate.Going beyond the earlier study investigating only male participants,the present study demonstrates that the association in the right caudate was comparable in both the male and the female subsamples.Further examination using themultivariate approach revealed regionally different associations between IGD and social anxiety with striatal density representations in the dorsal striatum(caudate)and ventral striatum(nucleus accumbens).Higher levels of IGD were associated with higher social anxiety and the association was critically mediated by the multivariate neurostructural density variations of the striatum.Conclusions:Altered striatal volumes may represent a replicable and generalizable marker of IGD symptoms.However,exploratory multivariate analyses revealed more complex and regional specific associations between striatal density and IGD as well as social anxiety symptoms.Variations in both tendencies may share common structural brain representations,which mediate the association between increased IGD and social anxiety.展开更多
Abnormal structure and function of the human brain cause various mental and neurological disorders.The search for neurobiological mechanisms and biomarkers associated with psychiatric disorders has always been a focal...Abnormal structure and function of the human brain cause various mental and neurological disorders.The search for neurobiological mechanisms and biomarkers associated with psychiatric disorders has always been a focal point and a challenging issue in neuroscience.Functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)allows the noninvasive re-cording of high spatial-temporal resolution brain activity in patients,making it one of the primary research methods in integrative neuroscience.展开更多
Major depressive disorder(MDD)causes great decrements in health and quality of life with increments in healthcare costs,but the causes and pathogenesis of depression remain largely unknown,which greatly prevent its ea...Major depressive disorder(MDD)causes great decrements in health and quality of life with increments in healthcare costs,but the causes and pathogenesis of depression remain largely unknown,which greatly prevent its early detection and effective treatment.With the advancement of neuroimaging approaches,numerous functional and structural alterations in the brain have been detected in MDD and more recently attempts have been made to apply these findings to clinical practice.In this review,we provide an updated summary of the progress in translational application of psychoradiological findings in MDD with a specified focus on potential clinical usage.The foreseeable clinical applications for different MRI modalities were introduced according to their role in disorder classification,subtyping,and prediction.While evidence of cerebral structural and functional changes associated with MDD classification and subtyping was heterogeneous and/or sparse,the ACC and hippocampus have been consistently suggested to be important biomarkers in predicting treatment selection and treatment response.These findings underlined the potential utility of brain biomarkers for clinical practice.展开更多
Human cognition is usually underpinned by intrinsic structure and functional neural co-activation in spatially distributed brain regions.Owing to lacking an effective approach to quantifying the covarying of structure...Human cognition is usually underpinned by intrinsic structure and functional neural co-activation in spatially distributed brain regions.Owing to lacking an effective approach to quantifying the covarying of structure and functional responses,how the structural–functional circuits interact and how genes encode the relationships,to deepen our knowledge of human cognition and disease,are still unclear.Here,we propose a multimodal covariance network(MCN)construction approach to capture interregional covarying of the structural skeleton and transient functional activities for a single individual.We further explored the potential association between brain-wide gene expression patterns and structural–functional covarying in individuals involved in a gambling task and individuals with major depression disorder(MDD),adopting multimodal data from a publicly available human brain transcriptomic atlas and 2 independent cohorts.MCN analysis showed a replicable cortical structural–functional fine map in healthy individuals,and the expression of cognition-and disease phenotype-related genes was found to be spatially correlated with the corresponding MCN differences.Further analysis of cell type-specific signature genes suggests that the excitatory and inhibitory neuron transcriptomic changes could account for most of the observed correlation with task-evoked MCN differences.展开更多
Background:Abnormalities of cortical thickness(CTh)in patients with their first episode psychosis(FEP)have been frequently reported,but findings are inconsistent.Objective:To define the most consistent CTh changes in ...Background:Abnormalities of cortical thickness(CTh)in patients with their first episode psychosis(FEP)have been frequently reported,but findings are inconsistent.Objective:To define the most consistent CTh changes in patients with FEP by meta-analysis of publishedwholebrain studies.Methods:The meta-analysis used seed-based dmapping(SDM)software to obtain the most prominent regional CTh changes in FEP,and meta-regression analyses to explore the effects of demographics and clinical characteristics.The meta-analysis results were verified in an independent sample of 142 FEP patients and 142 age-and sex-matched healthy controls(HCs),using both a vertex-wise and a region of interest analysis,with multiple comparisons correction.Results:The meta-analysis identified lower CTh in the rightmiddle temporal cortex(MTC)extending to superior temporal cortex(STC),insula,and anterior cingulate cortex(ACC)in FEP compared with HCs.No significant correlations were identified between CTh alterations and demographic or clinical variables.These results were replicated in the independent dataset analysis.Conclusion:This study identifies a robust pattern of cortical abnormalities in FEP and extends understanding of gray matter abnormalities and pathological mechanisms in FEP.展开更多
Background Naturalistic stimuli,such as videos,can elicit complex brain activations.However,the intricate nature of these stimuli makes it challenging to attribute specific brain functions to the resulting activations...Background Naturalistic stimuli,such as videos,can elicit complex brain activations.However,the intricate nature of these stimuli makes it challenging to attribute specific brain functions to the resulting activations,particularly for higher-level processes such as social interactions.Objective We hypothesized that activations in different layers of a convolutional neural network(VGG-16)would correspond to varying levels of brain activation,reflecting the brain's visual processing hierarchy.Additionally,we aimed to explore which brain regions would be linked to the deeper layers of the network.Methods This study analyzed functional MRI data from participants watching a cartoon video.Using a pre-trained VGG-16 convolutional neural network,we mapped hierarchical features of the video to different levels of brain activation.Activation maps from various kernels and layers were extracted from video frames,and the time series of average activation patterns for each kernel were used in a voxel-wise model to examine brain responses.Results Lower layers of the network were primarily associated with activations in lower visual regions,although some kernels also unexpectedly showed associations with the posterior cingulate cortex.Deeper layers were linked to more anterior and lateral regions of the visual cortex,as well as the supramarginal gyrus.Conclusions This analysis demonstrated both the potential and limitations of using convolutional neural networks to connect video content with brain functions,providing valuable insights into how different brain regions respond to varying levels of visual processing.展开更多
基金supported by the National Eye Institute of the National Institutes of Health,Department of Health and Human Services,Bethesda,MD,USA(NEI ROIEY023261 to TLA)。
文摘Vergence eye movements are the inward and outward rotation of the eyes responsible for binocular coordination.While studies have mapped and investigated the neural substrates of vergence,it is not well understood whether vergence eye movements evoke the blood oxygen level-dependent signal reliably in separate experimental visits.The test-retest reliability of stimulus-induced vergence eye movement tasks during a functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)experiment is important for future randomized clinical trials(RCTs).In this study,we established region of interest(ROI)masks for the vergence neural circuit.Twenty-seven binocularly normal young adults participated in two functional imaging sessions measured on different days on the same 3 T Siemens scanner.The fMRI experiments used a block design of sustained visual fixation and rest blocks interleaved between task blocks that stimulated eight or four vergence eye movements.The test-retest reliability of task-activation was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient(ICC),and that of spatial extent was assessed using the Dice coefficient.Functional activation during the vergence eye movement task of eight movements compared to rest was repeatable within the primary visual cortex(ICC=0.8),parietal eye fields(ICC=0.6),supplementary eye field(ICC=0.5),frontal eye fields(ICC=0.5),and oculomotor vermis(ICC=0.6).The results demonstrate significant test-retest reliability in the ROIs of the vergence neural substrates for functional activation magnitude and spatial extent using the stimulus protocol of a task block stimulating eight vergence eye movements compared to sustained fixation.These ROIs can be used in future longitudinal RCTs to study patient populations with vergence dysfunctions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82371507 and 82090034)Outstanding Youth Fund for Universities in Anhui Province(2024AH020004)+5 种基金the collaborative innovation project between universities and Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center(GXXT-2022-028)the Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center Hefei Brain Project,the 2021 Anhui Province Key R&D Project:Population Health Special Project(202104j07020033)major project of Research Fund of Anhui Institute of Translational Medicine in 2020(2020zhyx A04)the Anhui Province Clinical Medical Research Transformation Special Project(202204295107020006 and 202204295107020028)National Institutes of Health grant(R01 NS113832 and R01 NS129855)National Research and Engineering Council Canada,Discovery Grant。
文摘White matter(WM)comprises approximately half of the human brain volume and is primarily composed of bundles of axons and glia.The axons conduct nerve impulses between gray matter(GM)to support information transmission and coordination within brain networks or circuits.Despite the overwhelming emphasis of human brain imaging on GM,few would deny the importance of the functional contributions of WM to human cognition and behavior.For in vivo brain studies,diffusion magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)has been widely used to delineate WM fibers and measure their microstructural properties,but diffusion MRI reveals little about functional activity.For a long time,we have lacked an in vivo way to quantify functional metrics of wM.In contrast to the widespread application of functional MRI(fMRI)based on blood oxygenation-level-dependent(BOLD)signals to assess GM functions[1],BOLD effects in WM have been regarded as noise or nuisance variables in most neuroimaging studies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.81621003,82027808,81820108018)Dr.Gong was also supported by the USChina joint grant(Grant No.NSFC81761128023)NIH/NIMH R01MH112189-01.
文摘One important challenge in psychiatric research is to translate findings from brain imaging research studies that identified brain alterations in patient groups into an accurate diagnosis at an early stage of illness,pre-diction of prognosis before treatment,and guidance for selection of effective treatments that target patient-relevant pathophysiological features.This is the primary aim of the field of Psychoradiology.Using databases collected from large samples at multiple centers,sophisticated artificial intelligence(AI)algorithms may be used to develop clinically useful image analysis pipelines that can help physicians diagnose,predict,and make treatment decisions.In this review,we selectively summarize psychoradiological research using magnetic reso-nance imaging of the brain to explore the neural mechanism of psychiatric disorders,and outline progress and the path forward for the combination of psychoradiology and AI for complementing clinical examinations in patients with psychiatric disorders,as well as limitations in the application of AI that should be considered in future translational research.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,no.8221101268,no.82271583,no.32250610208)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(grant no.2018YFA0701400).
文摘Background:Brain structural alterations of the striatum have been frequently observed in internet gaming disorder(IGD);however,the replicability of the results and the associations with social-affective dysregulations such as social anxiety remain to be determined.Methods:The present study combined a dimensional neuroimaging approach with both voxel-wise and data-driven multivariate approaches to(i)replicate our previous results on a negative association between IGD symptom load(assessed by the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form)and striatal volume,(ii)extend these findings to female individuals,and(iii)employ multivariate and mediation models to determine common brain structural representations of IGD and social anxiety(assessed by the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale).Results:In line with the original study,the voxel-wise analyses revealed a negative association between IGD and volumes of the bilateral caudate.Going beyond the earlier study investigating only male participants,the present study demonstrates that the association in the right caudate was comparable in both the male and the female subsamples.Further examination using themultivariate approach revealed regionally different associations between IGD and social anxiety with striatal density representations in the dorsal striatum(caudate)and ventral striatum(nucleus accumbens).Higher levels of IGD were associated with higher social anxiety and the association was critically mediated by the multivariate neurostructural density variations of the striatum.Conclusions:Altered striatal volumes may represent a replicable and generalizable marker of IGD symptoms.However,exploratory multivariate analyses revealed more complex and regional specific associations between striatal density and IGD as well as social anxiety symptoms.Variations in both tendencies may share common structural brain representations,which mediate the association between increased IGD and social anxiety.
基金supported by the STI 2030-the major projects of the Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology(2021ZD0200500)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M730302).
文摘Abnormal structure and function of the human brain cause various mental and neurological disorders.The search for neurobiological mechanisms and biomarkers associated with psychiatric disorders has always been a focal point and a challenging issue in neuroscience.Functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)allows the noninvasive re-cording of high spatial-temporal resolution brain activity in patients,making it one of the primary research methods in integrative neuroscience.
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(Nos.81171488,81671669,81621003,81820108018,and 81801681)Program for Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University(PCSIRT,No.IRT16R52)of China.
文摘Major depressive disorder(MDD)causes great decrements in health and quality of life with increments in healthcare costs,but the causes and pathogenesis of depression remain largely unknown,which greatly prevent its early detection and effective treatment.With the advancement of neuroimaging approaches,numerous functional and structural alterations in the brain have been detected in MDD and more recently attempts have been made to apply these findings to clinical practice.In this review,we provide an updated summary of the progress in translational application of psychoradiological findings in MDD with a specified focus on potential clinical usage.The foreseeable clinical applications for different MRI modalities were introduced according to their role in disorder classification,subtyping,and prediction.While evidence of cerebral structural and functional changes associated with MDD classification and subtyping was heterogeneous and/or sparse,the ACC and hippocampus have been consistently suggested to be important biomarkers in predicting treatment selection and treatment response.These findings underlined the potential utility of brain biomarkers for clinical practice.
基金the STI 2030-Major Projects(#2022ZD0208500,#2022ZD02114000,and#2022ZD0208900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(#62103085,#61961160705,#U19A2082,and#62006197)+2 种基金the Science and Technology Development Fund,Macao SAR(file no.0045/2019/AFJ)the Key R&D Projects of Science&Technology Department of Sichuan Province(#23ZDYF0961)the Scientific Research Foundation of Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital(#2021LY21).
文摘Human cognition is usually underpinned by intrinsic structure and functional neural co-activation in spatially distributed brain regions.Owing to lacking an effective approach to quantifying the covarying of structure and functional responses,how the structural–functional circuits interact and how genes encode the relationships,to deepen our knowledge of human cognition and disease,are still unclear.Here,we propose a multimodal covariance network(MCN)construction approach to capture interregional covarying of the structural skeleton and transient functional activities for a single individual.We further explored the potential association between brain-wide gene expression patterns and structural–functional covarying in individuals involved in a gambling task and individuals with major depression disorder(MDD),adopting multimodal data from a publicly available human brain transcriptomic atlas and 2 independent cohorts.MCN analysis showed a replicable cortical structural–functional fine map in healthy individuals,and the expression of cognition-and disease phenotype-related genes was found to be spatially correlated with the corresponding MCN differences.Further analysis of cell type-specific signature genes suggests that the excitatory and inhibitory neuron transcriptomic changes could account for most of the observed correlation with task-evoked MCN differences.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos 81621003,81761128023,81820108018,82027808,and 82001795)NIH/NIMH R01MH112189-01,China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020M673245)+3 种基金Post-Doctor Research Project of West China Hospital of Sichuan University(2021HXBH025)US-China joint grant(grant nos NSFC81761128023)Instituto de Salud Carlos III/European Union(ERDF/ESF,‘Investing in your future’:CPII19/00009 and PI19/00394)the project SLT006/17/00357,from PERIS 2016-2020(Departament de Salut),CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya.
文摘Background:Abnormalities of cortical thickness(CTh)in patients with their first episode psychosis(FEP)have been frequently reported,but findings are inconsistent.Objective:To define the most consistent CTh changes in patients with FEP by meta-analysis of publishedwholebrain studies.Methods:The meta-analysis used seed-based dmapping(SDM)software to obtain the most prominent regional CTh changes in FEP,and meta-regression analyses to explore the effects of demographics and clinical characteristics.The meta-analysis results were verified in an independent sample of 142 FEP patients and 142 age-and sex-matched healthy controls(HCs),using both a vertex-wise and a region of interest analysis,with multiple comparisons correction.Results:The meta-analysis identified lower CTh in the rightmiddle temporal cortex(MTC)extending to superior temporal cortex(STC),insula,and anterior cingulate cortex(ACC)in FEP compared with HCs.No significant correlations were identified between CTh alterations and demographic or clinical variables.These results were replicated in the independent dataset analysis.Conclusion:This study identifies a robust pattern of cortical abnormalities in FEP and extends understanding of gray matter abnormalities and pathological mechanisms in FEP.
基金supported by(US)National Institute of Mental Health grants to Xin Di(R15MH125332)Bharat B.Biswal(R01MH131335).
文摘Background Naturalistic stimuli,such as videos,can elicit complex brain activations.However,the intricate nature of these stimuli makes it challenging to attribute specific brain functions to the resulting activations,particularly for higher-level processes such as social interactions.Objective We hypothesized that activations in different layers of a convolutional neural network(VGG-16)would correspond to varying levels of brain activation,reflecting the brain's visual processing hierarchy.Additionally,we aimed to explore which brain regions would be linked to the deeper layers of the network.Methods This study analyzed functional MRI data from participants watching a cartoon video.Using a pre-trained VGG-16 convolutional neural network,we mapped hierarchical features of the video to different levels of brain activation.Activation maps from various kernels and layers were extracted from video frames,and the time series of average activation patterns for each kernel were used in a voxel-wise model to examine brain responses.Results Lower layers of the network were primarily associated with activations in lower visual regions,although some kernels also unexpectedly showed associations with the posterior cingulate cortex.Deeper layers were linked to more anterior and lateral regions of the visual cortex,as well as the supramarginal gyrus.Conclusions This analysis demonstrated both the potential and limitations of using convolutional neural networks to connect video content with brain functions,providing valuable insights into how different brain regions respond to varying levels of visual processing.
