In pursuit of energy-efficient optical interconnect,the silicon microring modulator(Si-MRM)has emerged as a pivotal device offering an ultra-compact footprint and capability of on-chip wavelength division multiplexing...In pursuit of energy-efficient optical interconnect,the silicon microring modulator(Si-MRM)has emerged as a pivotal device offering an ultra-compact footprint and capability of on-chip wavelength division multiplexing(WDM).This paper presents a 1×4 metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitor(MOSCAP)Si-MRM array gated by high-mobility titanium-doped indium oxide(ITiO),which was fabricated by combining Intel’s high-volume manufacturing process and the transparent conductive oxide(TCO)patterning with the university facility.The 1×4 Si-MRM array exhibits a high electro-optic(E-O)efficiency with V_(π)·L of 0.12 V·cm and achieves a modulation rate of(3×25+1×15)Gb/s with a measured bandwidth of 14 GHz.Additionally,it can perform on-chip WDM modulation at four equally spaced wavelengths without using thermal heaters.The process compatibility between silicon photonics and TCO materials is verified by such an industry-university co-fabrication approach for the MOSCAP Si-MRM array and demonstrated enhanced performance from heterogeneous integration.展开更多
Glutathione is an important antioxidant and has many important functions in plant development, growth and defense. Glutathione synthesis and degradation is highly compartment-specific and relies on the subcellular ava...Glutathione is an important antioxidant and has many important functions in plant development, growth and defense. Glutathione synthesis and degradation is highly compartment-specific and relies on the subcellular availability of its precursors, cysteine, glutamate, glycine and γ-glutamylcysteine especially in plastids and the cytosol which are considered as the main centers for glutathione synthesis. The availability of glutathione precursors within these cell compartments is therefore of great importance for successful plant development and defense. The aim of this study was to investigate the compartmentspecific importance of glutathione precursors in Arabidopsis thaliana. The subcellular distribution was compared between wild type plants （Col-0）, plants with impaired glutathione synthesis （glutathione deficient pad2-1 mutant, wild type plants treated with buthionine sulfoximine）, and one complemented line （OE3） with restored glutathione synthesis. Immunocytohistochemistry revealed that the inhibition of glutathione synthesis induced the accumulation of the glutathione precursors cysteine, glutamate and glycine in most cell compartments including plastids and the cytosol. A strong decrease could be observed in γ-glutamylcysteine （γ-EC） contents in these cell compartments. These experiments demonstrated that the inhibition of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase （GSH1） - the first enzyme of glutathione synthesis - causes a reduction of γ-EC levels and an accumulation of all other glutathione precursors within the cells.展开更多
基金Intel Corporation(76084461)National Science Foundation(2240352)+3 种基金Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency(N660012424000)Army Research Office(W911NF2410165)Air Force Office of Scientific Research(FA9550-20-1-0151)National Aeronautics and Space Administration(80NSSC23K0195).
文摘In pursuit of energy-efficient optical interconnect,the silicon microring modulator(Si-MRM)has emerged as a pivotal device offering an ultra-compact footprint and capability of on-chip wavelength division multiplexing(WDM).This paper presents a 1×4 metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitor(MOSCAP)Si-MRM array gated by high-mobility titanium-doped indium oxide(ITiO),which was fabricated by combining Intel’s high-volume manufacturing process and the transparent conductive oxide(TCO)patterning with the university facility.The 1×4 Si-MRM array exhibits a high electro-optic(E-O)efficiency with V_(π)·L of 0.12 V·cm and achieves a modulation rate of(3×25+1×15)Gb/s with a measured bandwidth of 14 GHz.Additionally,it can perform on-chip WDM modulation at four equally spaced wavelengths without using thermal heaters.The process compatibility between silicon photonics and TCO materials is verified by such an industry-university co-fabrication approach for the MOSCAP Si-MRM array and demonstrated enhanced performance from heterogeneous integration.
基金supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF,P20619 and P22988 to B.Z.)
文摘Glutathione is an important antioxidant and has many important functions in plant development, growth and defense. Glutathione synthesis and degradation is highly compartment-specific and relies on the subcellular availability of its precursors, cysteine, glutamate, glycine and γ-glutamylcysteine especially in plastids and the cytosol which are considered as the main centers for glutathione synthesis. The availability of glutathione precursors within these cell compartments is therefore of great importance for successful plant development and defense. The aim of this study was to investigate the compartmentspecific importance of glutathione precursors in Arabidopsis thaliana. The subcellular distribution was compared between wild type plants （Col-0）, plants with impaired glutathione synthesis （glutathione deficient pad2-1 mutant, wild type plants treated with buthionine sulfoximine）, and one complemented line （OE3） with restored glutathione synthesis. Immunocytohistochemistry revealed that the inhibition of glutathione synthesis induced the accumulation of the glutathione precursors cysteine, glutamate and glycine in most cell compartments including plastids and the cytosol. A strong decrease could be observed in γ-glutamylcysteine （γ-EC） contents in these cell compartments. These experiments demonstrated that the inhibition of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase （GSH1） - the first enzyme of glutathione synthesis - causes a reduction of γ-EC levels and an accumulation of all other glutathione precursors within the cells.
