A wide spectrum of scenarios may lead to radiation incidents and the liberation of radioactive material. In the case of a terrorist attack by a "dirty bomb", there is a risk of mechanical and thermal trauma,...A wide spectrum of scenarios may lead to radiation incidents and the liberation of radioactive material. In the case of a terrorist attack by a "dirty bomb", there is a risk of mechanical and thermal trauma, external irradiation, superficial contamination and incorporation of radioactive material. The first treatment priority must be given to the care of trauma patients with life-threatening injuries, as the health effects of radiation occur with latency. Radionuclide incorporation will lead to a longer-lasting irradiation from inside the body, associated with a higher risk of stochastic radiation effects(e.g., occurrence of tumors) in the long run. It must be expected that victims with potentially incorporated radionuclides will far outnumber trauma patients. The elimination of radionuclides can be enhanced by the administration of decorporation agents such as(Ca) Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid(DTPA) or Prussian blue,reducing the radiological burden of the body. There is still no consensus whether decorporation treatment should be started immediately based only on a suspicion of radionuclide incorporation("urgent approach") or if the results of internal dosimetry confirming the necessity of a treatment should be awaited, accepting the delay caused by the measurements and computations("precautionary approach"). As the therapeutic effectiveness may be substantially decreased if treatment initiation is delayed only by several days, depending on the radionuclide, the physicochemical properties of the compounds involved and the route of absorption, we favor an "urgent approach" from a medical point of view. In doubt, it seems justified to treat victims by precaution, as the adverse effects of the medication seem minimal. However, in the case of a high number of victims, an "urgent treatment approach" may require a large number of daily doses of antidotes, and therefore, adequate investments in preparedness and antidote stockpiling are necessary.展开更多
Processing emotional and social information are two closely related and evolutionarily conserved fundamental domains that promote survival and health across species[1].However,extensive human neuroimaging studies have...Processing emotional and social information are two closely related and evolutionarily conserved fundamental domains that promote survival and health across species[1].However,extensive human neuroimaging studies have yielded inconsistent findings.For instance,the amygdala,a key brain region engaged in social-affective cognition,often lacks differential“activation”during the“emotional vs.neutral faces”contrast[2],[3].展开更多
Background The lack of clearly defined neuromodulation targets has contributed to the inconsistent results of real-time fMRI-based neurofeedback(rt-fMRI-NF)for the treatment of chronic pain.Functional neurosurgery(fun...Background The lack of clearly defined neuromodulation targets has contributed to the inconsistent results of real-time fMRI-based neurofeedback(rt-fMRI-NF)for the treatment of chronic pain.Functional neurosurgery(funcSurg)approaches have shown more consistent effects in reducing pain in patients with severe chronic pain.Objective This study aims to redefine rt-fMRI-NF targets for chronic pain management informed by funcSurg studies.Methods Based on independent systematic reviews,we identified the neuromodulation targets of the rt-fMRI-NF(in acute and chronic pain)and funcSurg(in chronic pain)studies.We then characterized the underlying functional networks using a subsample of the 7 T resting-state fMRI dataset from the Human Connectome Project.Principal component analyses(PCA)were used to identify dominant patterns(accounting for a cumulative explained variance>80%)within the obtained functional maps,and the overlap between these PCA maps and canonical intrinsic brain networks(default,salience,and sensorimotor)was calculated using a null map approach.Results The anatomical targets used in rt-fMRI-NF and funcSurg approaches are largely distinct,with the middle cingulate cortex as a common target.Within the investigated canonical rs-fMRI networks,these approaches exhibit both divergent and overlapping functional connectivity patterns.Specifically,rt-fMRI-NF approaches primarily target the default mode network(P value range 0.001–0.002)and the salience network(P=0.002),whereas funcSurg approaches predominantly target the salience network(P=0.001)and the sensorimotor network(P value range 0.001–0.023).Conclusion Key hubs of the salience and sensorimotor networks may represent promising targets for the therapeutic application of rt-fMRI-NF in chronic pain.展开更多
Background:Brain structural alterations of the striatum have been frequently observed in internet gaming disorder(IGD);however,the replicability of the results and the associations with social-affective dysregulations...Background:Brain structural alterations of the striatum have been frequently observed in internet gaming disorder(IGD);however,the replicability of the results and the associations with social-affective dysregulations such as social anxiety remain to be determined.Methods:The present study combined a dimensional neuroimaging approach with both voxel-wise and data-driven multivariate approaches to(i)replicate our previous results on a negative association between IGD symptom load(assessed by the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form)and striatal volume,(ii)extend these findings to female individuals,and(iii)employ multivariate and mediation models to determine common brain structural representations of IGD and social anxiety(assessed by the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale).Results:In line with the original study,the voxel-wise analyses revealed a negative association between IGD and volumes of the bilateral caudate.Going beyond the earlier study investigating only male participants,the present study demonstrates that the association in the right caudate was comparable in both the male and the female subsamples.Further examination using themultivariate approach revealed regionally different associations between IGD and social anxiety with striatal density representations in the dorsal striatum(caudate)and ventral striatum(nucleus accumbens).Higher levels of IGD were associated with higher social anxiety and the association was critically mediated by the multivariate neurostructural density variations of the striatum.Conclusions:Altered striatal volumes may represent a replicable and generalizable marker of IGD symptoms.However,exploratory multivariate analyses revealed more complex and regional specific associations between striatal density and IGD as well as social anxiety symptoms.Variations in both tendencies may share common structural brain representations,which mediate the association between increased IGD and social anxiety.展开更多
Background:The involvement of specific basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits in response inhibition has been extensively mapped in animal models.However,the pivotal nodes and directed causal regulation within this in...Background:The involvement of specific basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits in response inhibition has been extensively mapped in animal models.However,the pivotal nodes and directed causal regulation within this inhibitory circuit in humans remains con-troversial.Objective:The main aim of the present study was to determine the causal information flow and critical nodes in the basal ganglia-thalamocortical inhibitory circuits and also to examine whether these are modulated by biological factors(i.e.sex)and behavioral performance.Methods:Here,we capitalize on the recent progress in robust and biologically plausible directed causal modeling(DCM-PEB)and a large response inhibition dataset(n=250)acquired with concomitant functional magnetic resonance imaging to determine key nodes,their causal regulation and modulation via biological variables(sex)and inhibitory performance in the inhibitory circuit encompassing the right inferior frontal gyrus(rIFG),caudate nucleus(rCau),globus pallidum(rGP),and thalamus(rThal).Results:The entire neural circuit exhibited high intrinsic connectivity and response inhibition critically increased causal projections from the rIFG to both rCau and rThal.Direct comparison further demonstrated that response inhibition induced an increasing rIFG inflow and increased the causal regulation of this region over the rCau and rThal.In addition,sex and performance influenced the functional architecture of the regulatory circuits such that women displayed increased rThal self-inhibition and decreased rThal to GP modulation,while better inhibitory performance was associated with stronger rThal to rIFG communication.Furthermore,control analyses did not reveal a similar key communication in a left lateralized model.Conclusions:Together,these findings indicate a pivotal role of the rIFG as input and causal regulator of subcortical response inhibition nodes.展开更多
The smartphone represents a transformative device that dramatically changed our daily lives,including how we communicate,work,entertain ourselves,and navigate through unknown territory.Given its ubiquitous availabilit...The smartphone represents a transformative device that dramatically changed our daily lives,including how we communicate,work,entertain ourselves,and navigate through unknown territory.Given its ubiquitous availability and impact on nearly every aspect of our lives,debates on the potential impact of smartphone(over-)use on the brain and whether smartphone use can be“addictive”have increased over the last years.Several studies have used magnetic resonance imaging to characterize associations between individual differences in excessive smartphone use and variations in brain structure or function.Therefore,it is an opportune time to summarize and critically reflect on the available studies.Following this overview,we present a roadmap for future research to improve our understanding of how excessive smartphone use can affect the brain,mental health,and cognitive and affective functions.展开更多
Background:Amphetamine-type stimulants(ATS)have become a critical public health issue.Animal models have indicated a clear neurotoxic potential of ATSs.In humans,chronic use has been associated with cogni-tive deficit...Background:Amphetamine-type stimulants(ATS)have become a critical public health issue.Animal models have indicated a clear neurotoxic potential of ATSs.In humans,chronic use has been associated with cogni-tive deficits and structural brain abnormalities.However,cross-sectional retrospective designs in chronic users cannot truly determine the causal direction of the effects.Objective:To prospectively determine effects of occasional ATS use on cognitive functioning and brain structure.Methods:In a prospective longitudinal study design,cognitive functioning and brain structure were assessed at baseline and at 12-month follow-up in occasional ATS users(cumulative lifetime use<10 units at baseline).Results:Examination of change scores between the initial examination and follow-up revealed declined verbal memory performance and putamen volume in users with high relative to low interim ATS exposure.In the entire sample,interim ATS use,memory decline,and putamen volume reductions were strongly associated.Conclusions:The present findings support the hypothesis that ATS use is associated with deficient dorsal stri-atal morphology that might reflect alterations in dopaminergic pathways.More importantly,these findings strongly suggest that even occasional,low-dose ATS use disrupts striatal integrity and cognitive functioning.展开更多
On behalf of all authors who contributed to our recent article describing the results from a prospective longitudinal study demonstrating amphetaminetype stimulant-(ATS-)induced reductions in putamen volume and associ...On behalf of all authors who contributed to our recent article describing the results from a prospective longitudinal study demonstrating amphetaminetype stimulant-(ATS-)induced reductions in putamen volume and associated cognitive decline in moderate users of these drugs(Kendrick et al.,2021),I thank Professor Trevor Robbins for the flanking commentary.The commentary in the current issue of Psychoradiology(Robbins,2021)sets our findings into the context of recent developments in the field of addiction research and I would like to take the opportunity to further elaborate on progress as well as challenges in neuroimaging of addiction.展开更多
文摘A wide spectrum of scenarios may lead to radiation incidents and the liberation of radioactive material. In the case of a terrorist attack by a "dirty bomb", there is a risk of mechanical and thermal trauma, external irradiation, superficial contamination and incorporation of radioactive material. The first treatment priority must be given to the care of trauma patients with life-threatening injuries, as the health effects of radiation occur with latency. Radionuclide incorporation will lead to a longer-lasting irradiation from inside the body, associated with a higher risk of stochastic radiation effects(e.g., occurrence of tumors) in the long run. It must be expected that victims with potentially incorporated radionuclides will far outnumber trauma patients. The elimination of radionuclides can be enhanced by the administration of decorporation agents such as(Ca) Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid(DTPA) or Prussian blue,reducing the radiological burden of the body. There is still no consensus whether decorporation treatment should be started immediately based only on a suspicion of radionuclide incorporation("urgent approach") or if the results of internal dosimetry confirming the necessity of a treatment should be awaited, accepting the delay caused by the measurements and computations("precautionary approach"). As the therapeutic effectiveness may be substantially decreased if treatment initiation is delayed only by several days, depending on the radionuclide, the physicochemical properties of the compounds involved and the route of absorption, we favor an "urgent approach" from a medical point of view. In doubt, it seems justified to treat victims by precaution, as the adverse effects of the medication seem minimal. However, in the case of a high number of victims, an "urgent treatment approach" may require a large number of daily doses of antidotes, and therefore, adequate investments in preparedness and antidote stockpiling are necessary.
文摘Processing emotional and social information are two closely related and evolutionarily conserved fundamental domains that promote survival and health across species[1].However,extensive human neuroimaging studies have yielded inconsistent findings.For instance,the amygdala,a key brain region engaged in social-affective cognition,often lacks differential“activation”during the“emotional vs.neutral faces”contrast[2],[3].
基金supported by Key R&D project of Science and Technology Department of the Sichuan Province(China),Grant number M112022YFWZ0003。
文摘Background The lack of clearly defined neuromodulation targets has contributed to the inconsistent results of real-time fMRI-based neurofeedback(rt-fMRI-NF)for the treatment of chronic pain.Functional neurosurgery(funcSurg)approaches have shown more consistent effects in reducing pain in patients with severe chronic pain.Objective This study aims to redefine rt-fMRI-NF targets for chronic pain management informed by funcSurg studies.Methods Based on independent systematic reviews,we identified the neuromodulation targets of the rt-fMRI-NF(in acute and chronic pain)and funcSurg(in chronic pain)studies.We then characterized the underlying functional networks using a subsample of the 7 T resting-state fMRI dataset from the Human Connectome Project.Principal component analyses(PCA)were used to identify dominant patterns(accounting for a cumulative explained variance>80%)within the obtained functional maps,and the overlap between these PCA maps and canonical intrinsic brain networks(default,salience,and sensorimotor)was calculated using a null map approach.Results The anatomical targets used in rt-fMRI-NF and funcSurg approaches are largely distinct,with the middle cingulate cortex as a common target.Within the investigated canonical rs-fMRI networks,these approaches exhibit both divergent and overlapping functional connectivity patterns.Specifically,rt-fMRI-NF approaches primarily target the default mode network(P value range 0.001–0.002)and the salience network(P=0.002),whereas funcSurg approaches predominantly target the salience network(P=0.001)and the sensorimotor network(P value range 0.001–0.023).Conclusion Key hubs of the salience and sensorimotor networks may represent promising targets for the therapeutic application of rt-fMRI-NF in chronic pain.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,no.8221101268,no.82271583,no.32250610208)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(grant no.2018YFA0701400).
文摘Background:Brain structural alterations of the striatum have been frequently observed in internet gaming disorder(IGD);however,the replicability of the results and the associations with social-affective dysregulations such as social anxiety remain to be determined.Methods:The present study combined a dimensional neuroimaging approach with both voxel-wise and data-driven multivariate approaches to(i)replicate our previous results on a negative association between IGD symptom load(assessed by the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form)and striatal volume,(ii)extend these findings to female individuals,and(iii)employ multivariate and mediation models to determine common brain structural representations of IGD and social anxiety(assessed by the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale).Results:In line with the original study,the voxel-wise analyses revealed a negative association between IGD and volumes of the bilateral caudate.Going beyond the earlier study investigating only male participants,the present study demonstrates that the association in the right caudate was comparable in both the male and the female subsamples.Further examination using themultivariate approach revealed regionally different associations between IGD and social anxiety with striatal density representations in the dorsal striatum(caudate)and ventral striatum(nucleus accumbens).Higher levels of IGD were associated with higher social anxiety and the association was critically mediated by the multivariate neurostructural density variations of the striatum.Conclusions:Altered striatal volumes may represent a replicable and generalizable marker of IGD symptoms.However,exploratory multivariate analyses revealed more complex and regional specific associations between striatal density and IGD as well as social anxiety symptoms.Variations in both tendencies may share common structural brain representations,which mediate the association between increased IGD and social anxiety.
基金supported by the by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant number:2018YFA0701400-BB)National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 31530032-KMK,91632117-BB,32200904 Qian Zhuang)Key Technological Projects of Guangdong Province (grant number 2018B030335001-KMK).
文摘Background:The involvement of specific basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits in response inhibition has been extensively mapped in animal models.However,the pivotal nodes and directed causal regulation within this inhibitory circuit in humans remains con-troversial.Objective:The main aim of the present study was to determine the causal information flow and critical nodes in the basal ganglia-thalamocortical inhibitory circuits and also to examine whether these are modulated by biological factors(i.e.sex)and behavioral performance.Methods:Here,we capitalize on the recent progress in robust and biologically plausible directed causal modeling(DCM-PEB)and a large response inhibition dataset(n=250)acquired with concomitant functional magnetic resonance imaging to determine key nodes,their causal regulation and modulation via biological variables(sex)and inhibitory performance in the inhibitory circuit encompassing the right inferior frontal gyrus(rIFG),caudate nucleus(rCau),globus pallidum(rGP),and thalamus(rThal).Results:The entire neural circuit exhibited high intrinsic connectivity and response inhibition critically increased causal projections from the rIFG to both rCau and rThal.Direct comparison further demonstrated that response inhibition induced an increasing rIFG inflow and increased the causal regulation of this region over the rCau and rThal.In addition,sex and performance influenced the functional architecture of the regulatory circuits such that women displayed increased rThal self-inhibition and decreased rThal to GP modulation,while better inhibitory performance was associated with stronger rThal to rIFG communication.Furthermore,control analyses did not reveal a similar key communication in a left lateralized model.Conclusions:Together,these findings indicate a pivotal role of the rIFG as input and causal regulator of subcortical response inhibition nodes.
基金supported by the China Brain Project (MOST2030,grant no.2022ZD0208500)National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no.NSFC 82271583,32250610208)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant no.2018YFA0701400).
文摘The smartphone represents a transformative device that dramatically changed our daily lives,including how we communicate,work,entertain ourselves,and navigate through unknown territory.Given its ubiquitous availability and impact on nearly every aspect of our lives,debates on the potential impact of smartphone(over-)use on the brain and whether smartphone use can be“addictive”have increased over the last years.Several studies have used magnetic resonance imaging to characterize associations between individual differences in excessive smartphone use and variations in brain structure or function.Therefore,it is an opportune time to summarize and critically reflect on the available studies.Following this overview,we present a roadmap for future research to improve our understanding of how excessive smartphone use can affect the brain,mental health,and cognitive and affective functions.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(grant no.2018YFA0701400)Q.L.was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(grant no.2018YFC0910503)+3 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.81873909)Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(grant no.2018SHZDZX01)Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(grant no.20ZR1404900)the Zhangjiang Laboratory.The authors thank all volunteers for their participation in this study.The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
文摘Background:Amphetamine-type stimulants(ATS)have become a critical public health issue.Animal models have indicated a clear neurotoxic potential of ATSs.In humans,chronic use has been associated with cogni-tive deficits and structural brain abnormalities.However,cross-sectional retrospective designs in chronic users cannot truly determine the causal direction of the effects.Objective:To prospectively determine effects of occasional ATS use on cognitive functioning and brain structure.Methods:In a prospective longitudinal study design,cognitive functioning and brain structure were assessed at baseline and at 12-month follow-up in occasional ATS users(cumulative lifetime use<10 units at baseline).Results:Examination of change scores between the initial examination and follow-up revealed declined verbal memory performance and putamen volume in users with high relative to low interim ATS exposure.In the entire sample,interim ATS use,memory decline,and putamen volume reductions were strongly associated.Conclusions:The present findings support the hypothesis that ATS use is associated with deficient dorsal stri-atal morphology that might reflect alterations in dopaminergic pathways.More importantly,these findings strongly suggest that even occasional,low-dose ATS use disrupts striatal integrity and cognitive functioning.
文摘On behalf of all authors who contributed to our recent article describing the results from a prospective longitudinal study demonstrating amphetaminetype stimulant-(ATS-)induced reductions in putamen volume and associated cognitive decline in moderate users of these drugs(Kendrick et al.,2021),I thank Professor Trevor Robbins for the flanking commentary.The commentary in the current issue of Psychoradiology(Robbins,2021)sets our findings into the context of recent developments in the field of addiction research and I would like to take the opportunity to further elaborate on progress as well as challenges in neuroimaging of addiction.
