Background:Cupping therapy(CT),an ancient practice revived in modern sports medicine,offers potential benefits for athlete recovery and performance.Distinctions between wet CT(WCT)and dry CT(DCT)in sports science focu...Background:Cupping therapy(CT),an ancient practice revived in modern sports medicine,offers potential benefits for athlete recovery and performance.Distinctions between wet CT(WCT)and dry CT(DCT)in sports science focus on their effects on recovery metrics,particularly how they influence sleep quality,perceived wellness,and athletic performance.Despite anecdotal evidence of its efficacy,rigorous comparative studies are scarce.Objective:This study aimed to evaluates and compare the effects of WCT and DCT on endurance,perceived wellness,exertion levels,and sleep quality among young,active males,addressing the gap in the literature regarding CT's efficacy in sports performance and recovery.Methods:Thirty-two amateur runners were randomly divided into two groups:one followed WCT sessions and the other followed DCT sessions.The study assessed the interventions'impacts on endurance performance(Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test),sleep quality(Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index),and perceived exertion(Borg CR10 Scale).Heart rate was measured using a Polar H10 sensor to gauge physiological responses during physical tests.Results:Significant improvements were observed in the WCT group for sleep latency(%change=-82.31%;interaction group×time p=0.006;Cohen's d=0.74)and sleep disturbance(%change=-68.70%;interaction group×time p<0.001;Cohen's d=1.09),suggesting enhanced sleep quality(global score;%change=-52.81;interaction group×time p=0.004;Cohen's d=0.77).However,no significant differences were found in direct performance metrics(distance,maximal heart rate,maximal oxygen uptake)between WCT and DCT groups.These findings highlight WCT's potential as a recovery aid,particularly through improved sleep,without directly influencing endurance performance outcomes.Conclusion:WCT may serve as an effective ergogenic aid for athletes by potentially improving sleep quality and reducing perceived exertion,thus contributing indirectly to performance through enhanced recovery.展开更多
Background and purpose: Lifelong endurance exercise is generally associated with cardiovascular health benefits.However, recent studies suggest that prolonged high-volume training may contribute to coronary atheroscle...Background and purpose: Lifelong endurance exercise is generally associated with cardiovascular health benefits.However, recent studies suggest that prolonged high-volume training may contribute to coronary atherosclerosis,even in athletes with low traditional cardiovascular risk. This case report aims to explore the cardiovascular status of a master endurance athlete with an exceptionally high lifetime training volume, in light of recent concerns raised in the literature.Methods: We present the case of a 60-year-old recreational male marathon runner with no history of cardiovascular disease, who completed over 500 marathons between the ages of 30 and 60 years, covering ~127 000-km running. In 2024 alone, he completed 60 marathons. Cardiovascular evaluation included clinical risk assessment and coronary computed tomography angiography(CTCA).Results: The runner was asymptomatic, had a low ESC-SCORE2(3.3%), a favorable lipid profile, and normal levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and lipoprotein(a). CTCA revealed no evidence of calcified, mixed, or non-calcified coronary plaques.Conclusions: This case highlights that some master athletes may demonstrate resilience to coronary atherosclerosis despite decades of high training volume. In low-risk individuals, prolonged endurance training alone may not necessarily lead to coronary artery disease, emphasizing the need for individualized cardiovascular screening strategies.展开更多
Little is known about the physiological and psychobiological responses that occur during and after high intensity functional training(HIFT).We compared physiological and psychobiological responses during and after a H...Little is known about the physiological and psychobiological responses that occur during and after high intensity functional training(HIFT).We compared physiological and psychobiological responses during and after a HIFT session with a high intensity continuous training(HICT)session.Twenty-one trained and healthy men were submitted to 20-min session of HIFT and HICT on separate days.The heart rate,blood lactate concentration[Lac],levels of state anxiety,rates of perceived exertion(RPE)and perceived discomfort(RPE-D),and affective valence were measured.Exercise intensity of the HICT was adjusted to the mean heart rate obtained in the HIFT session.The highest heart rate in the training sessions was significantly higher in HIFT(mean±standard deviation[SD]:[187±9]bpm)than in HICT(mean±SD:[178±8]bpm,p<0.001).The[Lac]was significantly higher immediately after the HIFT(median[interquartile range(IQR)]:6.8[4.4]mmol/L)than the HICT(median[IQR]:3.2[1.9],p=0.021)and 10 min after(median[IQR]:HIFT=6.8[4.9]mmol/L,HICT=2.9[2.4]mmol/L,p=0.003).The RPE was also significantly higher in the HIFT(median[IQR]:HIFT=20[2],HICT=15[5],p=0.009).The physiological and psychobiological responses compared between HIFT and HICT sessions are similar,except for the higher heart rate obtained during the sessions,[Lac]and RPE.Probably,the results found for the higher heart rate obtained during the sessions,[Lac]and RPE may be explained by the higher participation of the anaerobic glycolytic metabolism during the HIFT session.展开更多
Background:Pacing,defined as percentage changes of speed between successive splits,has been extensively studied in running and cycling endurance sports;however,less information about the trends in change of speed duri...Background:Pacing,defined as percentage changes of speed between successive splits,has been extensively studied in running and cycling endurance sports;however,less information about the trends in change of speed during cross-country(XC)ski racing is available.Therefore,the aim of the present study was to examine the effect of performance(quartiles of race time(Q),with Q1 the fastest and Q4 the slowest)level on pacing in the Vasaloppet ski race,the largest XC skiing race in the world.Methods:For this purpose,we analyzed female(n=19,465)and male(n=164,454)finishers in the Vasaloppet ski race from 2004 to 2017 using a one-way(2 sexes)analysis of variance with repeated measures to examine percentage changes of speed between 2 successive splits.Overall,the race consisted of 8 splits.Results:The race speeds of Q1,Q2,Q3,and Q4 were 13.6±1.8,10.6±0.5,9.2±0.3,and 8.1±-0.4 km/h,respectively,among females and 16.7±1.7,13.1±0.7,10.9±0.6,and 8.9±0.7 km/h,respectively,among males.The overall pacing strategy of finishers was variable.A small sex×split interaction on speed was observed(η^2=0.016,p〈0.001),with speed difference between sexes ranging from 14.9%(Split 7)to 27.0%(Split 1)and larger changes in speed between 2 successive splits being shown for females(p〈0.001,η^2=0.004).A large performance×split interaction on speed,with Q1 presenting the smallest changes of speed between splits,was shown for females(η^2=0.149,p〈0.001)and males(η^2=0.169,p〈0.001).Conclusion:Male and fast XC skiers are more even pacers.Coaches and athletes should develop tailored sex-and performance-level pacing strategies;for instance,they should advise fast XC skiers to start fast and maintain their speed,rather than starting slowly and trying to make up time by going faster at times during the race.2018 Published by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Shanghai University of Sport.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.展开更多
Little is known about the prevalent nationalities among the best-placed athletes participating in“Ironman Hawaii.”Moreover,the age at which athletes achieve their best performances remains unclear.The present study ...Little is known about the prevalent nationalities among the best-placed athletes participating in“Ironman Hawaii.”Moreover,the age at which athletes achieve their best performances remains unclear.The present study aimed to compare the prevalent nationalities among the athletes,their respective placement among the top five,and the performance difference between the different age groups in‘Ironman Hawaii’from 2003 to 2019.A total of 30354 amateur triathletes were selected from the Obsessed Triathlete(OBSTRI)website.A“TOP 5”division filter was applied for further analysis,resulting in 1851 athletes being included in this study.Among the male runners,Americans participated the most in Ironman events(39%),followed by Germans(10%).Among female runners,Americans participated the most(54%),followed by Australian runners(8%).Male Americans also featured most among the top five(30%),followed by Germans(16%).Female Americans were the most prevalent among the top five(47%),followed by Australian Americans(10%).There were no significant performance differences(p>0.05)between the 25–29 and 40–44 age groups for either sex.The 45–49 age group presented significantly worse performance than the 35–39 age group for both sexes(p<0.001).North Americans were the most performant and frequent participants in“Ironman Hawaii.”The expected performance decline due to aging was observed after 45 years in both sexes.展开更多
Wet-cupping therapy(WCT)is one of the oldest known medical techniques,used as a traditional and complementary therapy with a wide application all around the world for general health.Research on the effects of WCT on s...Wet-cupping therapy(WCT)is one of the oldest known medical techniques,used as a traditional and complementary therapy with a wide application all around the world for general health.Research on the effects of WCT on sports performance are sparse and inconsistent.Thus,we aimed to explore the effects of WCT on repeated sprint ability,wellness,and exertion in young active males.Forty-nine active adult males(age:[28±5]years;body height[177±8]cm;body mass:[79±7]kg;body mass index:[25.4±1.8]kg/m^(2))were selected for the study.The participants performed a running-based sprint test on two separate occasions(Control and Post-WCT).WCT was performed 24 h before the testing session.They completed the Hooper questionnaire to assess their well-being(i.e.,sleep,stress,fatigue,and soreness)before each session.The rating of perceived exertion(RPE)was collected after each testing session.A higher maximum power(p<0.05,effect size[ES]=0.6),mean power(p<0.01,ES=0.5)and minimum power(p<0.01,ES=0.6)were recorded post-WCT as compared to Control session along with a better perceived sleep(p<0.01,ES=0.85).Perceived stress(p<0.01,ES=0.6)and RPE(p<0.001;ES=1.1)were lower during the post-WCT compared to the Control session.The present findings demonstrated that WCT moderately enhanced repeated sprint ability and had positive effects on perceived sleep,stress,and exertion.WCT may be an effective ergogenic aid to improve repeated sprint ability and general wellbeing in young adult males.Future large-scale multicentric clinical studies are paramount to confirm the results of our study.展开更多
Self-modeling(SM)and self-control(SC)feedback can be presented as two solutions for learning improvement.Therefore,the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of SM and SC feedback on 100-m freestyle p...Self-modeling(SM)and self-control(SC)feedback can be presented as two solutions for learning improvement.Therefore,the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of SM and SC feedback on 100-m freestyle performance of professional swimmers and waterpolo players.25 elite male swimmers and waterpolo players,were randomly assigned to four groups:swimmer group with SM,swimmer group with SM and SC feedback,waterpolo players group with SM,and waterpolo players group with SM and SC feedback.100-m freestyle times and performance were recorded.SM and SC feedback for the participants were utilized at the acquisition stage.The device used included a Lenovo B570 laptop and an Exilim ZR200 canon camcorder.SM and SC feedback presented to the swimmers and waterpolo players led to improved speed and results,and the effect of presenting SM with SC feedback to swimmers had better results.In conclusion,the present study indicates that SC modeling of watching video is a suitable method for professional swimmers.Water polo trainers can also use SM and SC feedback to enhance their players'swimming technique.展开更多
This study aimed to investigate the trends of finishers in the Sao Silvestre race in Brazil,taking into account sex,age,and performance levels.A total of 31775 runners(women,n=13847;men,n=17928),aged(45.2±16.8)ye...This study aimed to investigate the trends of finishers in the Sao Silvestre race in Brazil,taking into account sex,age,and performance levels.A total of 31775 runners(women,n=13847;men,n=17928),aged(45.2±16.8)years,finishers in the Sao Silvestre race between 2007 and 2021,were considered in the present analysis.Data(event year,date of birth,sex,and race times)were downloaded from the official race website.The man-Whitney U test,Spearman correlation,and robust regression model were computed.Participation increased over time for both sexes.Regarding age groups,“31-40 years”(women)and“>60 years”(men)were those with the highest number of finishers.We found a decrease in performance across the years(β=2.45;p<0.005),as well as significant differences in race times for both sexes(U=42.844;p<0.001),with men presenting better performances than women.Over time,it was observed an increase in the performance gap between the sexes,but in general,the performance decreased(β=1.76;p<0.001).Stakeholders should consider improving the strategies to improve women and young people's participation in running events.展开更多
Our aim was to conduct a narrative review about physical exercise and Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19).A literature search was completed crossing the keywords“COVID-19”and“physical exercise”,for a narrative re-...Our aim was to conduct a narrative review about physical exercise and Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19).A literature search was completed crossing the keywords“COVID-19”and“physical exercise”,for a narrative re-view,and physical activity(PA),physical exercise,physical training,sport,physical fitness,for a systematic re-view;search strategy(Randomized Controlled Trial,in the last 1 year,English).The first search date was closed on 04/26/2020 and 06/26/2020.This strategy was chosen to assess the dynamics of scientific information production for the pandemic.In two months,an increase of 76%,from 12(19.4%)to 50(80.64%)COVID-19 articles(n=62,100%)was found.The main types of articles published were editorial articles(16.13%,n=10 of 62 articles)and commentary(9.68%,n=6 of 62 articles).The most frequent country of origin of the scientific production was the United States(12.90%,n=8 of 62 articles),the United Kingdom(12.90%,n=8 of 62 arti-cles),and Brazil(11.29%,n=7 of 62 articles).However,in 2020,there were only 2 relevant randomized controlled trials on the COVID-19 topic in the context of physical exercise.Scientific information production shows the concern of the PA science community to bring a solution to the increase in physical inactivity generated by the COVID-19 pandemic.Our findings show the dynamics of scientific production on the COVID-19,in a situation so unique such as a pandemic,denotes that the practice of PA is essential to improve and/or maintain physical and mental health.展开更多
Mobility applications are rapidly growing in cities worldwide due to their convenience and low cost.Mobility applications drivers experience vast flexibility in work hours,often work longer than in fixed-hours jobs,an...Mobility applications are rapidly growing in cities worldwide due to their convenience and low cost.Mobility applications drivers experience vast flexibility in work hours,often work longer than in fixed-hours jobs,and can constantly transport passengers in their vehicles for up to 12 h;after this,they must go offline for eight consecutive hours before driving again.Nonetheless,drivers have found an easy way around this limitation by switching to other apps and continuing driving.This burden of prolonged work can increase sedentary behavior among mobility applications drivers.Sedentary behavior is any waking activity in which the individual expends 1.5 metabolic equivalents(METs)or less while sitting or reclining.This behavior can increase the risk of detrimental effects on health.In this opinion article,we aim to discuss the possible effects of the burden of prolonged work on the sedentary behavior of mobility applications drivers and propose possible strategies to face this concerning situation.展开更多
Emerging viral diseases represent a serious issue to public and global healthcare systems and have a high potential for disease dissemination in sport/physical activity and exercise facilities.The Coronavirus disease ...Emerging viral diseases represent a serious issue to public and global healthcare systems and have a high potential for disease dissemination in sport/physical activity and exercise facilities.The Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has frightened the sports and physical activity community and enthusiasts for potential trans-mission,dissemination,and lethality in vulnerable populations;those with chronic diseases,co-morbidities,the elderly people,and in young and healthy people.This pandemic has caused a chain reaction with cancellations of sports competitions and gymnasiums closing around the world.Currently,some sporting events are gradually resuming in certain regions of the world and also the return of competitions and training.In general,without fans and public,the sports media can only report the infection of athletes and coaching staff members.However,this situation is dynamic-the world is currently experiencing the second wave of the disease;with the safety and containment measures for the disease is changing daily.The purpose of this article is to present information concerning the COVID-19 pandemic,to clarify health issues for professionals and people connected to sport and physical activity venues,presenting information to assist in educations and the health promotion and prevention.The time is now for making changes,reviewing the actions and conducts necessary for prevention,and most importantly not letting our guard down,even as vaccines become available for all people in the world.Remembering that even after getting vaccinated,it is necessary to continue with safety measures,for example,the use of facial masks and social distance and hygiene,that is,washing your hands frequently and/or sanitizing with 70%alcohol.We can't let our guard down for COVID-19.展开更多
We purpose to determine the nationality of the European middle-distance athletes under 18 years(U18)and under 20 years(U20)during the last decade,to verify the participation trend for each country,and to assess whethe...We purpose to determine the nationality of the European middle-distance athletes under 18 years(U18)and under 20 years(U20)during the last decade,to verify the participation trend for each country,and to assess whether the place of competition can be associated with the athletes ranking position.The sample comprised 902 European male runners,ranked among the best finishers from 2009 to 2020.The athletes were divided into two categories(n_(U18)=266;and n_(U20)=636)of two distances(n_(1500m)=397;n_(3000m)=505).The Mantel test was used for participation trend and the Chi-square test(χ^(2))was used to verify differences between the ranking position and the place of competition.For both distances,the highest number of athletes were from Spain(n=127),followed by Turkey(n=62)and Great Britain(n=50).No significant trends were shown for most of the countries,in both distances.A positive trend was shown for Slovenia(i.e.,3000m)over the years.A non-significant association was verified between the countries and the ranking position,as non-significant differences were proved for the place of competition.This information may be useful to guide athlete development programs in each country.展开更多
The purpose of this study was to investigate the performance stability of elite half-marathoners of both sexes.The study was composed of 24 elite athletes(12 female and 12 male),ranked among the Senior World TOP20 hal...The purpose of this study was to investigate the performance stability of elite half-marathoners of both sexes.The study was composed of 24 elite athletes(12 female and 12 male),ranked among the Senior World TOP20 halfmarathoners,who completed a half-marathon race for at least three consecutive years.Tracking was tested using autocorrelations and Kappa Cohen.Autocorrelation revealed a significant association,but a decrease in correlation among the years in both sexes.The overall weighted kappa showed lower stability in performance for both sexes(K=0.191 and K=-0.245)than for males.These findings suggest that both female and male elite halfmarathoners showed low stability in performance during three events.Besides that,athletes with a better performance tended to present the highest performance stability.It is recommended that coaches track the developmental trajectories of the athletes to comprised the changes in performance across the years,as to provide environmental characteristics that can influence performance.展开更多
Purpose The relationships between anthropometric and training variables with running performance were previously investi-gated.However,it is possible that through the moderating role of anthropometric variables,the ma...Purpose The relationships between anthropometric and training variables with running performance were previously investi-gated.However,it is possible that through the moderating role of anthropometric variables,the magnitude of the relationship between training and performance may be changed.The purpose of this study was to estimate the mediation role of body mass index(BMI)in the relationship between training volume and running performance among non-professional runners,taking into account sex and age category.Methods The sample comprised 1151 non-professional road runners(61.8%male),aged 18–72 years.Information about sex,age,body mass(kg),body height(cm),running pace,motivation for running,training volume and frequency were obtained through an online questionnaire.Taking into account athletes’age,they were split into two age categories:“until 34 years”(adult runners)and“≥35 years”(master athletes).A mediation analysis was computed in Macro Process(SPSS 26),considering sex and age category.BMI was the mediating variable,while training volume/week was used as independ-ent variable,and running pace was considered as dependent variable.Results For both sexes and age categories,a significant association between training volume on running pace was observed[male adult:β=-0.67;95%CI(-1.04 to-0.53);male master:β=-0.241;95%CI(-0.44 to-0.26);female adult:-0.83;95%CI(-1.25 to-0.41);female master:-0.76;95%CI(-1.09 to-0.44)],as well the association between training volume and BMI;and running BMI and running pace.Except for female adult runners,a mediation effect of BMI was observed.Conclusion The present study showed that BMI mediated the association between training volume and running pace in non-professional runners of different sexes and age categories.On the other hand,a small influence of training volume on the expression of BMI was found.展开更多
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency of countries represented in the TOP20 long-distance elite runners ranking during 1997-2020,taking into account the countries’Human Development Index(...Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency of countries represented in the TOP20 long-distance elite runners ranking during 1997-2020,taking into account the countries’Human Development Index(HDI),and to verify if the Matthew effect can be observed regarding countries’representativeness in the raking alongside the years.Methods The sample comprised 1852 professional runner athletes,ranked in the Senior World TOP20 half-marathon(403 female and 487 male)and marathon(480 female and 482 male)races,between the years 1997-2020.Information about the countries’HDI was included,and categorized as“low HDI”,“medium HDI”,“high HDI”,and“very-high HDI”.Athletes were categorized according to their ranking positions(1st-3rd;4th-10th;>10th),and the number of athletes per country/year was summed and categorized as“total number of athletes 1997-2000”;“total number of athletes 2001-2010”;and“total number of athletes 2011-2020”.The Chi-square test and Spearman correlation were used to verify potential associations and relationships between variables.Results Most of the athletes were from countries with medium HDI,followed by low HDI and very-high HDI.Chi-square test results showed significant differences among females(χ^(2)=15.52;P=0.017)and males(χ^(2)=9.03;P=0.014),in half-marathon and marathon,respectively.No significant association was verified between HDI and the total number of athletes,but the association was found for the number of athletes alongside the years(1997-2000 to 2001-2010:r=0.60;P<0.001;2001-2010 to-2011-2020:r=0.29;P<0.001).Conclusion Most of the athletes were from countries with medium HDI,followed by those with low HDI and very-high HDI.The Matthew effect was observed,but a generalization of the results should not be done.展开更多
Purpose The aims of this study were to propose an alternative method to assess an optimal performance improvement rate(PIR)that would be used as a tool for coaches and elite athletes willing to reach their personal be...Purpose The aims of this study were to propose an alternative method to assess an optimal performance improvement rate(PIR)that would be used as a tool for coaches and elite athletes willing to reach their personal best,mainly those seeking for national,continental or even world record(WR)in middle-distance events.We further compared the improvement rate of women vs.men of the top-10 ranked athletes in the IAAF running these middle-distance events Method The top 10 athletes in the IAAF ranking of 800 m,1500 m,and 3000 m events for each sex were assessed for their history of race times before achieving their personal record(PR).The difference between PR(‘actual’season)and the best race time in the last season was defined as the 1st season improvement rate(1-SIR),whereas the average improvement rate in the last and preceding seasons was the multi-season improvement rate(M-SIR).1-SIR and M-SIR were calculated for each athlete.Result There were sex differences in the 1500 m with a large effect size(d=−0.746)in 1-SIR(P=0.001)and very large(d=−2.249)in M-SIR(P=0.001).Women improved more than men before the PR/WR achievements in the 800 m and 1500 m events(P=0.001)and had similar improvement rates before performing PR/WR in 3000 m events(P=0.533).Conclusion Women improve more before PR/WR achievement in 800 m and 1500 m races.However,in the 3000 m men and women have similar improvement rates in previous seasons before the PR/WR achievement.展开更多
文摘Background:Cupping therapy(CT),an ancient practice revived in modern sports medicine,offers potential benefits for athlete recovery and performance.Distinctions between wet CT(WCT)and dry CT(DCT)in sports science focus on their effects on recovery metrics,particularly how they influence sleep quality,perceived wellness,and athletic performance.Despite anecdotal evidence of its efficacy,rigorous comparative studies are scarce.Objective:This study aimed to evaluates and compare the effects of WCT and DCT on endurance,perceived wellness,exertion levels,and sleep quality among young,active males,addressing the gap in the literature regarding CT's efficacy in sports performance and recovery.Methods:Thirty-two amateur runners were randomly divided into two groups:one followed WCT sessions and the other followed DCT sessions.The study assessed the interventions'impacts on endurance performance(Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test),sleep quality(Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index),and perceived exertion(Borg CR10 Scale).Heart rate was measured using a Polar H10 sensor to gauge physiological responses during physical tests.Results:Significant improvements were observed in the WCT group for sleep latency(%change=-82.31%;interaction group×time p=0.006;Cohen's d=0.74)and sleep disturbance(%change=-68.70%;interaction group×time p<0.001;Cohen's d=1.09),suggesting enhanced sleep quality(global score;%change=-52.81;interaction group×time p=0.004;Cohen's d=0.77).However,no significant differences were found in direct performance metrics(distance,maximal heart rate,maximal oxygen uptake)between WCT and DCT groups.These findings highlight WCT's potential as a recovery aid,particularly through improved sleep,without directly influencing endurance performance outcomes.Conclusion:WCT may serve as an effective ergogenic aid for athletes by potentially improving sleep quality and reducing perceived exertion,thus contributing indirectly to performance through enhanced recovery.
文摘Background and purpose: Lifelong endurance exercise is generally associated with cardiovascular health benefits.However, recent studies suggest that prolonged high-volume training may contribute to coronary atherosclerosis,even in athletes with low traditional cardiovascular risk. This case report aims to explore the cardiovascular status of a master endurance athlete with an exceptionally high lifetime training volume, in light of recent concerns raised in the literature.Methods: We present the case of a 60-year-old recreational male marathon runner with no history of cardiovascular disease, who completed over 500 marathons between the ages of 30 and 60 years, covering ~127 000-km running. In 2024 alone, he completed 60 marathons. Cardiovascular evaluation included clinical risk assessment and coronary computed tomography angiography(CTCA).Results: The runner was asymptomatic, had a low ESC-SCORE2(3.3%), a favorable lipid profile, and normal levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and lipoprotein(a). CTCA revealed no evidence of calcified, mixed, or non-calcified coronary plaques.Conclusions: This case highlights that some master athletes may demonstrate resilience to coronary atherosclerosis despite decades of high training volume. In low-risk individuals, prolonged endurance training alone may not necessarily lead to coronary artery disease, emphasizing the need for individualized cardiovascular screening strategies.
基金partially funded by Coordenacao de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Ensino Superior(CAPES,Brazil),grant number finance code 001.RLV is a productivity fellowship at the Fundacao de Amparoa Pesquisa e Inovacao do Espírito Santo(FAPES)agency(Edital Nº18/2018-Bolsa Pesquisador Capixaba)productivity fellowships at the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnologico(CNPq).
文摘Little is known about the physiological and psychobiological responses that occur during and after high intensity functional training(HIFT).We compared physiological and psychobiological responses during and after a HIFT session with a high intensity continuous training(HICT)session.Twenty-one trained and healthy men were submitted to 20-min session of HIFT and HICT on separate days.The heart rate,blood lactate concentration[Lac],levels of state anxiety,rates of perceived exertion(RPE)and perceived discomfort(RPE-D),and affective valence were measured.Exercise intensity of the HICT was adjusted to the mean heart rate obtained in the HIFT session.The highest heart rate in the training sessions was significantly higher in HIFT(mean±standard deviation[SD]:[187±9]bpm)than in HICT(mean±SD:[178±8]bpm,p<0.001).The[Lac]was significantly higher immediately after the HIFT(median[interquartile range(IQR)]:6.8[4.4]mmol/L)than the HICT(median[IQR]:3.2[1.9],p=0.021)and 10 min after(median[IQR]:HIFT=6.8[4.9]mmol/L,HICT=2.9[2.4]mmol/L,p=0.003).The RPE was also significantly higher in the HIFT(median[IQR]:HIFT=20[2],HICT=15[5],p=0.009).The physiological and psychobiological responses compared between HIFT and HICT sessions are similar,except for the higher heart rate obtained during the sessions,[Lac]and RPE.Probably,the results found for the higher heart rate obtained during the sessions,[Lac]and RPE may be explained by the higher participation of the anaerobic glycolytic metabolism during the HIFT session.
文摘Background:Pacing,defined as percentage changes of speed between successive splits,has been extensively studied in running and cycling endurance sports;however,less information about the trends in change of speed during cross-country(XC)ski racing is available.Therefore,the aim of the present study was to examine the effect of performance(quartiles of race time(Q),with Q1 the fastest and Q4 the slowest)level on pacing in the Vasaloppet ski race,the largest XC skiing race in the world.Methods:For this purpose,we analyzed female(n=19,465)and male(n=164,454)finishers in the Vasaloppet ski race from 2004 to 2017 using a one-way(2 sexes)analysis of variance with repeated measures to examine percentage changes of speed between 2 successive splits.Overall,the race consisted of 8 splits.Results:The race speeds of Q1,Q2,Q3,and Q4 were 13.6±1.8,10.6±0.5,9.2±0.3,and 8.1±-0.4 km/h,respectively,among females and 16.7±1.7,13.1±0.7,10.9±0.6,and 8.9±0.7 km/h,respectively,among males.The overall pacing strategy of finishers was variable.A small sex×split interaction on speed was observed(η^2=0.016,p〈0.001),with speed difference between sexes ranging from 14.9%(Split 7)to 27.0%(Split 1)and larger changes in speed between 2 successive splits being shown for females(p〈0.001,η^2=0.004).A large performance×split interaction on speed,with Q1 presenting the smallest changes of speed between splits,was shown for females(η^2=0.149,p〈0.001)and males(η^2=0.169,p〈0.001).Conclusion:Male and fast XC skiers are more even pacers.Coaches and athletes should develop tailored sex-and performance-level pacing strategies;for instance,they should advise fast XC skiers to start fast and maintain their speed,rather than starting slowly and trying to make up time by going faster at times during the race.2018 Published by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Shanghai University of Sport.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.
文摘Little is known about the prevalent nationalities among the best-placed athletes participating in“Ironman Hawaii.”Moreover,the age at which athletes achieve their best performances remains unclear.The present study aimed to compare the prevalent nationalities among the athletes,their respective placement among the top five,and the performance difference between the different age groups in‘Ironman Hawaii’from 2003 to 2019.A total of 30354 amateur triathletes were selected from the Obsessed Triathlete(OBSTRI)website.A“TOP 5”division filter was applied for further analysis,resulting in 1851 athletes being included in this study.Among the male runners,Americans participated the most in Ironman events(39%),followed by Germans(10%).Among female runners,Americans participated the most(54%),followed by Australian runners(8%).Male Americans also featured most among the top five(30%),followed by Germans(16%).Female Americans were the most prevalent among the top five(47%),followed by Australian Americans(10%).There were no significant performance differences(p>0.05)between the 25–29 and 40–44 age groups for either sex.The 45–49 age group presented significantly worse performance than the 35–39 age group for both sexes(p<0.001).North Americans were the most performant and frequent participants in“Ironman Hawaii.”The expected performance decline due to aging was observed after 45 years in both sexes.
文摘Wet-cupping therapy(WCT)is one of the oldest known medical techniques,used as a traditional and complementary therapy with a wide application all around the world for general health.Research on the effects of WCT on sports performance are sparse and inconsistent.Thus,we aimed to explore the effects of WCT on repeated sprint ability,wellness,and exertion in young active males.Forty-nine active adult males(age:[28±5]years;body height[177±8]cm;body mass:[79±7]kg;body mass index:[25.4±1.8]kg/m^(2))were selected for the study.The participants performed a running-based sprint test on two separate occasions(Control and Post-WCT).WCT was performed 24 h before the testing session.They completed the Hooper questionnaire to assess their well-being(i.e.,sleep,stress,fatigue,and soreness)before each session.The rating of perceived exertion(RPE)was collected after each testing session.A higher maximum power(p<0.05,effect size[ES]=0.6),mean power(p<0.01,ES=0.5)and minimum power(p<0.01,ES=0.6)were recorded post-WCT as compared to Control session along with a better perceived sleep(p<0.01,ES=0.85).Perceived stress(p<0.01,ES=0.6)and RPE(p<0.001;ES=1.1)were lower during the post-WCT compared to the Control session.The present findings demonstrated that WCT moderately enhanced repeated sprint ability and had positive effects on perceived sleep,stress,and exertion.WCT may be an effective ergogenic aid to improve repeated sprint ability and general wellbeing in young adult males.Future large-scale multicentric clinical studies are paramount to confirm the results of our study.
文摘Self-modeling(SM)and self-control(SC)feedback can be presented as two solutions for learning improvement.Therefore,the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of SM and SC feedback on 100-m freestyle performance of professional swimmers and waterpolo players.25 elite male swimmers and waterpolo players,were randomly assigned to four groups:swimmer group with SM,swimmer group with SM and SC feedback,waterpolo players group with SM,and waterpolo players group with SM and SC feedback.100-m freestyle times and performance were recorded.SM and SC feedback for the participants were utilized at the acquisition stage.The device used included a Lenovo B570 laptop and an Exilim ZR200 canon camcorder.SM and SC feedback presented to the swimmers and waterpolo players led to improved speed and results,and the effect of presenting SM with SC feedback to swimmers had better results.In conclusion,the present study indicates that SC modeling of watching video is a suitable method for professional swimmers.Water polo trainers can also use SM and SC feedback to enhance their players'swimming technique.
基金the Institutional Review Board of Kanton St.Gallen,Switzerland,with a waiver of the requirement for informed consent of the participants as the study involved the analysis of publicly available data(EKSG 01-06-2010).
文摘This study aimed to investigate the trends of finishers in the Sao Silvestre race in Brazil,taking into account sex,age,and performance levels.A total of 31775 runners(women,n=13847;men,n=17928),aged(45.2±16.8)years,finishers in the Sao Silvestre race between 2007 and 2021,were considered in the present analysis.Data(event year,date of birth,sex,and race times)were downloaded from the official race website.The man-Whitney U test,Spearman correlation,and robust regression model were computed.Participation increased over time for both sexes.Regarding age groups,“31-40 years”(women)and“>60 years”(men)were those with the highest number of finishers.We found a decrease in performance across the years(β=2.45;p<0.005),as well as significant differences in race times for both sexes(U=42.844;p<0.001),with men presenting better performances than women.Over time,it was observed an increase in the performance gap between the sexes,but in general,the performance decreased(β=1.76;p<0.001).Stakeholders should consider improving the strategies to improve women and young people's participation in running events.
文摘Our aim was to conduct a narrative review about physical exercise and Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19).A literature search was completed crossing the keywords“COVID-19”and“physical exercise”,for a narrative re-view,and physical activity(PA),physical exercise,physical training,sport,physical fitness,for a systematic re-view;search strategy(Randomized Controlled Trial,in the last 1 year,English).The first search date was closed on 04/26/2020 and 06/26/2020.This strategy was chosen to assess the dynamics of scientific information production for the pandemic.In two months,an increase of 76%,from 12(19.4%)to 50(80.64%)COVID-19 articles(n=62,100%)was found.The main types of articles published were editorial articles(16.13%,n=10 of 62 articles)and commentary(9.68%,n=6 of 62 articles).The most frequent country of origin of the scientific production was the United States(12.90%,n=8 of 62 articles),the United Kingdom(12.90%,n=8 of 62 arti-cles),and Brazil(11.29%,n=7 of 62 articles).However,in 2020,there were only 2 relevant randomized controlled trials on the COVID-19 topic in the context of physical exercise.Scientific information production shows the concern of the PA science community to bring a solution to the increase in physical inactivity generated by the COVID-19 pandemic.Our findings show the dynamics of scientific production on the COVID-19,in a situation so unique such as a pandemic,denotes that the practice of PA is essential to improve and/or maintain physical and mental health.
基金CABL and MSA are productivity fellowship at the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científicoe Tecnológico(CNPq,Brazil).R.L.V.is a productivity fellowship at the Espírito Santo Research and Innovation Support Foundation(FAPES)agency(Edital Fapes Nº06/2021 Bolsa Pesquisador CapixabaNº327/2022-P:2022-F4D7H).VNO is scientific initiation fellowship at the CNPq.TGC is fellowship at the CAPES.
文摘Mobility applications are rapidly growing in cities worldwide due to their convenience and low cost.Mobility applications drivers experience vast flexibility in work hours,often work longer than in fixed-hours jobs,and can constantly transport passengers in their vehicles for up to 12 h;after this,they must go offline for eight consecutive hours before driving again.Nonetheless,drivers have found an easy way around this limitation by switching to other apps and continuing driving.This burden of prolonged work can increase sedentary behavior among mobility applications drivers.Sedentary behavior is any waking activity in which the individual expends 1.5 metabolic equivalents(METs)or less while sitting or reclining.This behavior can increase the risk of detrimental effects on health.In this opinion article,we aim to discuss the possible effects of the burden of prolonged work on the sedentary behavior of mobility applications drivers and propose possible strategies to face this concerning situation.
文摘Emerging viral diseases represent a serious issue to public and global healthcare systems and have a high potential for disease dissemination in sport/physical activity and exercise facilities.The Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has frightened the sports and physical activity community and enthusiasts for potential trans-mission,dissemination,and lethality in vulnerable populations;those with chronic diseases,co-morbidities,the elderly people,and in young and healthy people.This pandemic has caused a chain reaction with cancellations of sports competitions and gymnasiums closing around the world.Currently,some sporting events are gradually resuming in certain regions of the world and also the return of competitions and training.In general,without fans and public,the sports media can only report the infection of athletes and coaching staff members.However,this situation is dynamic-the world is currently experiencing the second wave of the disease;with the safety and containment measures for the disease is changing daily.The purpose of this article is to present information concerning the COVID-19 pandemic,to clarify health issues for professionals and people connected to sport and physical activity venues,presenting information to assist in educations and the health promotion and prevention.The time is now for making changes,reviewing the actions and conducts necessary for prevention,and most importantly not letting our guard down,even as vaccines become available for all people in the world.Remembering that even after getting vaccinated,it is necessary to continue with safety measures,for example,the use of facial masks and social distance and hygiene,that is,washing your hands frequently and/or sanitizing with 70%alcohol.We can't let our guard down for COVID-19.
基金The institutional review board of St Gallen,Switzerland,approved this study(EKSG 01/06/2010).Since the study involved the analysis of publicly available data,the requirement for informed consent was waived.
文摘We purpose to determine the nationality of the European middle-distance athletes under 18 years(U18)and under 20 years(U20)during the last decade,to verify the participation trend for each country,and to assess whether the place of competition can be associated with the athletes ranking position.The sample comprised 902 European male runners,ranked among the best finishers from 2009 to 2020.The athletes were divided into two categories(n_(U18)=266;and n_(U20)=636)of two distances(n_(1500m)=397;n_(3000m)=505).The Mantel test was used for participation trend and the Chi-square test(χ^(2))was used to verify differences between the ranking position and the place of competition.For both distances,the highest number of athletes were from Spain(n=127),followed by Turkey(n=62)and Great Britain(n=50).No significant trends were shown for most of the countries,in both distances.A positive trend was shown for Slovenia(i.e.,3000m)over the years.A non-significant association was verified between the countries and the ranking position,as non-significant differences were proved for the place of competition.This information may be useful to guide athlete development programs in each country.
文摘The purpose of this study was to investigate the performance stability of elite half-marathoners of both sexes.The study was composed of 24 elite athletes(12 female and 12 male),ranked among the Senior World TOP20 halfmarathoners,who completed a half-marathon race for at least three consecutive years.Tracking was tested using autocorrelations and Kappa Cohen.Autocorrelation revealed a significant association,but a decrease in correlation among the years in both sexes.The overall weighted kappa showed lower stability in performance for both sexes(K=0.191 and K=-0.245)than for males.These findings suggest that both female and male elite halfmarathoners showed low stability in performance during three events.Besides that,athletes with a better performance tended to present the highest performance stability.It is recommended that coaches track the developmental trajectories of the athletes to comprised the changes in performance across the years,as to provide environmental characteristics that can influence performance.
文摘Purpose The relationships between anthropometric and training variables with running performance were previously investi-gated.However,it is possible that through the moderating role of anthropometric variables,the magnitude of the relationship between training and performance may be changed.The purpose of this study was to estimate the mediation role of body mass index(BMI)in the relationship between training volume and running performance among non-professional runners,taking into account sex and age category.Methods The sample comprised 1151 non-professional road runners(61.8%male),aged 18–72 years.Information about sex,age,body mass(kg),body height(cm),running pace,motivation for running,training volume and frequency were obtained through an online questionnaire.Taking into account athletes’age,they were split into two age categories:“until 34 years”(adult runners)and“≥35 years”(master athletes).A mediation analysis was computed in Macro Process(SPSS 26),considering sex and age category.BMI was the mediating variable,while training volume/week was used as independ-ent variable,and running pace was considered as dependent variable.Results For both sexes and age categories,a significant association between training volume on running pace was observed[male adult:β=-0.67;95%CI(-1.04 to-0.53);male master:β=-0.241;95%CI(-0.44 to-0.26);female adult:-0.83;95%CI(-1.25 to-0.41);female master:-0.76;95%CI(-1.09 to-0.44)],as well the association between training volume and BMI;and running BMI and running pace.Except for female adult runners,a mediation effect of BMI was observed.Conclusion The present study showed that BMI mediated the association between training volume and running pace in non-professional runners of different sexes and age categories.On the other hand,a small influence of training volume on the expression of BMI was found.
文摘Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency of countries represented in the TOP20 long-distance elite runners ranking during 1997-2020,taking into account the countries’Human Development Index(HDI),and to verify if the Matthew effect can be observed regarding countries’representativeness in the raking alongside the years.Methods The sample comprised 1852 professional runner athletes,ranked in the Senior World TOP20 half-marathon(403 female and 487 male)and marathon(480 female and 482 male)races,between the years 1997-2020.Information about the countries’HDI was included,and categorized as“low HDI”,“medium HDI”,“high HDI”,and“very-high HDI”.Athletes were categorized according to their ranking positions(1st-3rd;4th-10th;>10th),and the number of athletes per country/year was summed and categorized as“total number of athletes 1997-2000”;“total number of athletes 2001-2010”;and“total number of athletes 2011-2020”.The Chi-square test and Spearman correlation were used to verify potential associations and relationships between variables.Results Most of the athletes were from countries with medium HDI,followed by low HDI and very-high HDI.Chi-square test results showed significant differences among females(χ^(2)=15.52;P=0.017)and males(χ^(2)=9.03;P=0.014),in half-marathon and marathon,respectively.No significant association was verified between HDI and the total number of athletes,but the association was found for the number of athletes alongside the years(1997-2000 to 2001-2010:r=0.60;P<0.001;2001-2010 to-2011-2020:r=0.29;P<0.001).Conclusion Most of the athletes were from countries with medium HDI,followed by those with low HDI and very-high HDI.The Matthew effect was observed,but a generalization of the results should not be done.
文摘Purpose The aims of this study were to propose an alternative method to assess an optimal performance improvement rate(PIR)that would be used as a tool for coaches and elite athletes willing to reach their personal best,mainly those seeking for national,continental or even world record(WR)in middle-distance events.We further compared the improvement rate of women vs.men of the top-10 ranked athletes in the IAAF running these middle-distance events Method The top 10 athletes in the IAAF ranking of 800 m,1500 m,and 3000 m events for each sex were assessed for their history of race times before achieving their personal record(PR).The difference between PR(‘actual’season)and the best race time in the last season was defined as the 1st season improvement rate(1-SIR),whereas the average improvement rate in the last and preceding seasons was the multi-season improvement rate(M-SIR).1-SIR and M-SIR were calculated for each athlete.Result There were sex differences in the 1500 m with a large effect size(d=−0.746)in 1-SIR(P=0.001)and very large(d=−2.249)in M-SIR(P=0.001).Women improved more than men before the PR/WR achievements in the 800 m and 1500 m events(P=0.001)and had similar improvement rates before performing PR/WR in 3000 m events(P=0.533).Conclusion Women improve more before PR/WR achievement in 800 m and 1500 m races.However,in the 3000 m men and women have similar improvement rates in previous seasons before the PR/WR achievement.
