The paper generalizes the direct method of moving planes to the Logarithmic Laplacian system.Firstly,some key ingredients of the method are discussed,for example,Narrow region principle and Decay at infinity.Then,the ...The paper generalizes the direct method of moving planes to the Logarithmic Laplacian system.Firstly,some key ingredients of the method are discussed,for example,Narrow region principle and Decay at infinity.Then,the radial symmetry of the solution of the Logarithmic Laplacian system is obtained.展开更多
Fungi is somewhere in between the micro and macro organisms which is a good source of producing biologically active secondary metabolites.Fungi have been used as tool for producing different types of secondary metabol...Fungi is somewhere in between the micro and macro organisms which is a good source of producing biologically active secondary metabolites.Fungi have been used as tool for producing different types of secondary metabolites by providing different nutrients at different laboratory conditions.The fungi have been engineered for the desired secondary metabolites by using different laboratory techniques,for example,homologous and heterologous expressions.This review reported how the fungi are used as chemical industry for the production of secondary metabolites and how they are engineered in laboratory for the production of desirable metabolites:also the biosynthetic pathways of the bio-organic-molecules were reported.展开更多
In this paper, we study a boundary value problem of nonlinear fractional dif- ferential equations of order q （1 〈 q 〈 2） with non-separated integral boundary conditions. Some new existence and uniqueness results a...In this paper, we study a boundary value problem of nonlinear fractional dif- ferential equations of order q （1 〈 q 〈 2） with non-separated integral boundary conditions. Some new existence and uniqueness results are obtained by using some standard fixed point theorems and Leray-Schauder degree theory. Some illustrative examples are also presented. We extend previous results even in the integer case q = 2.展开更多
A triplicate field experiment laid out in randomized complete block design was conducted to evaluate different humic acid (HA) application methods at Agricultural Research Farm, of KPK Agricultural University, Peshawa...A triplicate field experiment laid out in randomized complete block design was conducted to evaluate different humic acid (HA) application methods at Agricultural Research Farm, of KPK Agricultural University, Peshawar. Three methods of HA application: seed priming, foliar spray and soil application were included in the experiment. Humic acid application methods significantly affected pods plant-1, grains pod-1, 1000 grain weights, and grain yield whereas biological yield was not significantly affected by HA application methods. Humic acid application at the rate of 3 kg·ha-1 resulted in higher number of pods plant-1, thousand grain weights and grain yield, however it was statistically similar to the treatments where HA was soil applied at rate of 1 and 2 kg·ha-1, seed priming with 0% (water soaked), 1%, 2% HA solution and foliar spray with 0.01%, 0.05% and 0.1% of HA solution. It is concluded that HA application in all the three methods significantly enhances grain yield and yield components of mungbean.展开更多
In this article, we present a hepatitis B epidemic model with saturated incidence.The dynamic behaviors of the deterministic and stochastic system are studied. To thisend, we first establish the local and global stabi...In this article, we present a hepatitis B epidemic model with saturated incidence.The dynamic behaviors of the deterministic and stochastic system are studied. To thisend, we first establish the local and global stability conditions of the equilibrium of thedeterministic model. Second, by constructing suitable stochastic Lyapunov functions, thesufficient conditions for the existence of ergodic stationary distribution as well as extinctionof hepatitis B are obtained.展开更多
In this paper, we discuss the existence of solutions for a nonlocal hybrid boundary value problem of Caputo fractional integro-differential equations. Our main result is based on a hybrid fixed point theorem for a sum...In this paper, we discuss the existence of solutions for a nonlocal hybrid boundary value problem of Caputo fractional integro-differential equations. Our main result is based on a hybrid fixed point theorem for a sum of three operators due to Dhage, and is well illustrated with the aid of an example.展开更多
In this article, we discuss the existence and uniqueness of solutions for a coupled two-parameter system of sequential fractional integro-differential equations supplemented with nonlocal integro-multipoint boundary c...In this article, we discuss the existence and uniqueness of solutions for a coupled two-parameter system of sequential fractional integro-differential equations supplemented with nonlocal integro-multipoint boundary conditions. The standard tools of the fixed-point theory are employed to obtain the main results. We emphasize that our results are not only new in the given configuration, but also correspond to several new special cases for specific values of the parameters involved in the problem at hand.展开更多
OBJECTIVE： Plants produce a variety of useful bio- active materials that have been used to cure differ- ent ailments of human beings. With the same idea in mind, the crude methanolic extract and various fractions of ...OBJECTIVE： Plants produce a variety of useful bio- active materials that have been used to cure differ- ent ailments of human beings. With the same idea in mind, the crude methanolic extract and various fractions of Solanum surrattense were screened for antibacterial, antifungal, phytotoxic and heamag- glutination activities. METHODS： Standardized assays were followed for the determination of antibacterial, antifungal phy- totoxic and heamagglutination activity. RESULTS： The results of the antibacterial showed that crude methanolic extract was significantly ac- tive against Staphylococcus aureus （86%） The n- hexane fraction showed good activity against Pseu- domonas aerogenosa （66.6%） and Bacillus subtilus （66.6%）. The crude methanolic extract and various fractions were inactive against all test fungi. The crude methanolic extract, n-hexane, CHCI3 and aqueous fractions showed moderate phytotoxic ac- tivities of 46.67%, 40.00%, 33.34% and 33.34% re- spectively at 1000 pg/mL. The crude methanolic ex- tract and various fractions S. surrattense were un- able to aqqlutinate RBCs of the human blood indi-cating that this species lack phytolectins. CONCLUSION： The test sample showed significant antibacterial activity, no antifungal and heamagglu- tination activity while moderate phytotoxic was ob- served against Lemna minor L.展开更多
In the current era of social media,different platforms such as Twitter and Facebook have frequently been used by leaders and the followers of political parties to participate in political events,campaigns,and election...In the current era of social media,different platforms such as Twitter and Facebook have frequently been used by leaders and the followers of political parties to participate in political events,campaigns,and elections.The acquisition,analysis,and presentation of such content have received considerable attention from opinion-mining researchers.For this purpose,different supervised and unsupervised techniques have been used.However,they have produced less efficient results,which need to be improved by incorporating additional classifiers with the extended data sets.The authors investigate different su-pervised machine learning classifiers for classifying the political affiliations of users.For this purpose,a data set of political reviews is acquired from Twitter and annotated with different polarity classes.After pre-processing,different machine learning classifiers like K-nearest neighbor,naïve Bayes,support vector machine,extreme gradient boosting,and others,are applied.Experimental results illustrate that support vector machine and extreme gradient boosting have shown promising results for predicting political affiliations.展开更多
In this paper,we propose numerical methods for the Riesz space fractional advection-dispersion equations with delay(RFADED).We utilize the fractional backward differential formulas method of second order(FBDF2)and wei...In this paper,we propose numerical methods for the Riesz space fractional advection-dispersion equations with delay(RFADED).We utilize the fractional backward differential formulas method of second order(FBDF2)and weighted shifted Grünwald difference(WSGD)operators to approximate the Riesz fractional derivative and present the finite difference method for the RFADED.Firstly,the FBDF2 and the shifted Grünwald methods are introduced.Secondly,based on the FBDF2 method and the WSGD operators,the finite difference method is applied to the problem.We also show that our numerical schemes are conditionally stable and convergent with the accuracy of O(+h2)and O(2+h2)respectively.Thirdly we find the analytical solution for RFDED in terms Mittag-Leffler type functions.Finally,some numerical examples are given to show the efficacy of the numerical methods and the results are found to be in complete agreement with the analytical solution.展开更多
By applying the standard fixed point theorems,we prove the existence and uniqueness results for a system of coupled differential equations involving both left Caputo and right Riemann-Liouville fractional derivatives ...By applying the standard fixed point theorems,we prove the existence and uniqueness results for a system of coupled differential equations involving both left Caputo and right Riemann-Liouville fractional derivatives and mixed fractional integrals,supplemented with nonlocal coupled fractional integral boundary conditions.An example is also constructed for the illustration of the obtained results.展开更多
Diarrhea and cholera are major health problems.Vibrio cholera,the causative agent of cholera,infects the small intestine,resulting in vomiting,massive watery diarrhea and dehydration.Reduced water and electrolyte abso...Diarrhea and cholera are major health problems.Vibrio cholera,the causative agent of cholera,infects the small intestine,resulting in vomiting,massive watery diarrhea and dehydration.Reduced water and electrolyte absorption is also due to zinc deficiency.Zinc has an important role in recovery from the disease.The combination of zinc with cholera vaccine and oral rehydration solutions has a positive impact on cholera and diarrhea.It has led to a decrease in the mortality and morbidity associated with diarrhea.展开更多
Glioblastoma multiforme,an intrusive brain cancer,has the lowest survival rate of all brain cancers.The chemotherapy utilized to prevent their proliferation and propagation is limited due to modulation of complex canc...Glioblastoma multiforme,an intrusive brain cancer,has the lowest survival rate of all brain cancers.The chemotherapy utilized to prevent their proliferation and propagation is limited due to modulation of complex cancer signalling pathways.These complex pathways provide infiltrative and drug evading properties leading to the development of chemotherapy resistance.Therefore,the development and discovery of such interventions or therapies that can bypass all these resistive barriers to ameliorate glioma prognosis and survival is of profound importance.Medicinal plants are comprised of an exorbitant range of phytochemicals that have the broad-spectrum capability to target intrusive brain cancers,modulate anti-cancer pathways and immunological responses to facilitate their eradication,and induce apoptosis.These phytocompounds also interfere with several oncogenic proteins that promote cancer invasiveness and metastasis,chemotherapy resistance and angiogenesis.These plants are extremely vital for promising anti-glioma therapy to avert glioma proliferation and recurrence.In this review,we acquired recent literature on medicinal plants whose extracts/bioactive ingredients are newly exploited in glioma therapeutics,and also highlighted their mode of action and pharmacological profile.展开更多
Objective: To evaluate acute oral toxicity and anti-arthritic activity of the methanolic extract of Convolvulus arvensis L. leaves.Methods: Safety was assessed by acute oral toxicity(OECD 425) study. Anti-arthritic ac...Objective: To evaluate acute oral toxicity and anti-arthritic activity of the methanolic extract of Convolvulus arvensis L. leaves.Methods: Safety was assessed by acute oral toxicity(OECD 425) study. Anti-arthritic activity was explored by in vitro(inhibition of protein denaturation) and in vivo(Complete Freund’s adjuvantinduced arthritis and carrageenan-induced inflammation) methods. Antioxidant potential was determined by assessing ferric reducing power, DPPH inhibition, and H2O2 scavenging assays. Furthermore, molecular docking was done to check interactions between the plant constituents and cyclooxygenases(COX-1 and COX-2). Quercetin, gallic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, sinapic acid, and vanillic acid were quantified by HPLC and eight compounds were identified by GC-MS analysis. Results: No mortality and abnormality in biochemical parameters were observed in the toxicity study. Histological analysis of vital organs also supported these biochemical results. The in vitro and in vivo studies showed that the methanolic extract of leaves of Convolvulus arvensis exhibited dose-dependent anti-arthritic and anti-oxidant potential. Molecular docking showed better interactions of plant compounds with cyclooxygenases as compared to standard ibuprofen. Conclusions: Convolvulus arvensis exhibits strong anti-arthritic activity, justifying the traditional use of the herbal drug.展开更多
Objective:Authentication is vital to the reduction of the misuse of Panax species due to their extensive array of uses and similarities between species.However,the current authentication approach is time-consuming,lab...Objective:Authentication is vital to the reduction of the misuse of Panax species due to their extensive array of uses and similarities between species.However,the current authentication approach is time-consuming,laborious,and costly.The aim of this study is to discriminate the botanical origins of five species in Panax genus by a rapid and simple approach.Methods:Here,an electronic tongue(E-tongue)was applied to discriminate the botanical origins of five species of Panax,i.e.,Panax quinquefolius,Panax japonicus,P.japonicus var.major,Panax zingiberensis,and Panax notoginseng(representative high-,middle-,and low-latitude plants),and the four geographical origins of P.japonicus and P.japonicus var.major plants.Data preprocessing methods,including principal component analysis(PCA),hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA),and linear discriminant analysis(LDA),were used.Results:Three models can discriminate five species of Panax genus and four plants of P.japonicus and P.japonicus var.major from different geographical origins.LDA was superior to PCA and HCA in terms of satisfactory classification.Conclusion:The findings confirmed the potential of the E-tongue for performing rapid,simple,and cost-effective discrimination via LDA.展开更多
Disaster scenarios are constructed by integrating natural hazard phenomena and social science sources of information.We profiled 51 natural hazard events of nineteenth century Kashmir that provide insights into the im...Disaster scenarios are constructed by integrating natural hazard phenomena and social science sources of information.We profiled 51 natural hazard events of nineteenth century Kashmir that provide insights into the impacts of varying degree of severity that spread through the socioeconomic and political systems,influenced adaptation,and increased the consequences of the resulting disasters.The root cause of these disasters was embedded in the social,natural,and political economic systems of their time,where vulnerabilities overlapped and interacted periodically with successive colonial regimes and acted as tipping points.The combined effect of successive colonial regimes,inept administration,rigid political economy,and natural hazards made the situation go from bad to worse and reduced Kashmir to the depths of distress and subjugation.Over the arc of the nineteenth century,a series of disasters led the Kashmiri population to learn how to live with disasters and minimize risk,bringing about the evolution of social and environmental knowledge.Understanding the natural hazard vulnerability of the Kashmir Valley through archival narratives can help in scenario building to translate findings into formats that reduce related risk now as it did then.The resulting information can be useful for regional design,planning,and policy responses to promote disaster risk reduction.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the antioxidant activity of aqueous,methanol,ethanol,acetone,ethyl acetate,chloroform and n-hexane extracts of Hippophae rhamnoides(H.rhamnoides)leaves.Methods:Antioxidant activity was evaluat...Objective:To investigate the antioxidant activity of aqueous,methanol,ethanol,acetone,ethyl acetate,chloroform and n-hexane extracts of Hippophae rhamnoides(H.rhamnoides)leaves.Methods:Antioxidant activity was evaluated by using in-vitro antioxidant assays model 1,1’-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity.The antioxidant activities were compared with standard antioxidant agents such as ascorbic acid.Results:The antioxidant activities(%inhibition)of all the tested extracts were increased in the order i.e.menthol>ethanol>aqueous>acetone>chloroform>ethyl acetate>n-hexane.The methanol extract EC_(50)(μg/mL)value was compatible with vitamin C(standard).The antioxidant activity of H.rhamnoides leaves extracts increased in a dose dependent manner.Conclusions:It was observed that H.rhamnoides was a potential resource of antioxidants and thus could put off numerous radical linked diseases.展开更多
Objective:To compare the proximate composition,mineral contents,antimicrobial,phytochemical and Fourier transforms infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy analysis of bark,stem and seed of Hippophae rhamnoides.Methods:Proximate co...Objective:To compare the proximate composition,mineral contents,antimicrobial,phytochemical and Fourier transforms infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy analysis of bark,stem and seed of Hippophae rhamnoides.Methods:Proximate composition was determined according to the described methods.Mineral analysis was carried out by atomic absorption spectroscopy and flame photometer.Antimicrobial activities were evaluated according to the agar well diffusion method.Phytochemical qualitative analysis was carried out according to the described methods and functional groups were determined by FTIR Prestige-21 Shimadzu Japan.Results:The proximate analysis showed high content of protein and fiber in stem and bark.High content of Na(900 mg/L)and K(670 mg/L)was found in bark powder,while in seed,high contents of Ca(800 mg/L),Mg(725 mg/L),Fe(250 mg/L)Zn(90 mg/L)and Mn(65 mg/L)were found compared to stem and bark.Phenols,flavonoids and tannins showed high contents in stem and bark of all extracts.The bark aqueous extract showed high zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus(21 mm)and Escherichia coli(20 mm),while methanol extract of stem showed high zone of inhibition(14 mm and 13 mm)against Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli respectively.The aqueous extract of bark documented high zone of inhibition against Aspergillus niger(21 mm)and Aspergillus parasiticus(20 mm).FTIR spectra revealed the presence of OH,C-O and C=O functional groups.Conclusions:The study concludes that bark,stem and seed extracts will be useful guideline for the new syntheses of feed,food supplements and herb drugs with various combination,which can be used for the treatment of many diseases at global level especially in tropical regions as well as the male nutrition problems in these areas.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the antitumor and anti-proliferative activities of methanol,aqueous,acetone,ethyl acetate,ethanol,chloroform and n-hexane extracts of Hippophae rhamnoides leaves.Methods:Antitumor activities were...Objective:To evaluate the antitumor and anti-proliferative activities of methanol,aqueous,acetone,ethyl acetate,ethanol,chloroform and n-hexane extracts of Hippophae rhamnoides leaves.Methods:Antitumor activities were evaluated by using the antitumor potato disc assay by using inoculums(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)with three different concentrations of test samples(10,100 and 1000 mg/L).Anti-proliferative activity was evaluated by the given method of methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay.The concentrations of the extract ranging from 0.039 to 10 mg/mL were tested against HeLa cells.Results:Highest tumors inhibition activity(60.9%and 55.8%)was shown by methanol and ethanol extracts,with EC_(50) values of 424.41 and 434.61 mg/L respectively.At 10 mg/mL,The highest cell inhibition 75.61%was observed in methanol extract and the lowest 36.59%were calculated in n-hexane extract.The difference in tumor and cell inhibition(%)may be due to the different concentration of active compounds responsible for antitumor and anti-proliferative activities.All extracts have considerable level of tumor and cell inhibitiory effect in a dose dependent manner.Conclusions:Our finding showed that Hippophae rhamnoides leaves are a potent natural source of antitumor and antiproliferative agent.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate brine shrimp lethality assay of solvent extracts(aqueous,methanol,ethanol,acetone,ethyl acetate,chloroform and n-hexane)of Hippophae rhamnoides(H.rhamnoides)leaves.Methods:Brine shrimp cytotoxici...Objective:To evaluate brine shrimp lethality assay of solvent extracts(aqueous,methanol,ethanol,acetone,ethyl acetate,chloroform and n-hexane)of Hippophae rhamnoides(H.rhamnoides)leaves.Methods:Brine shrimp cytotoxicity assay was used to assess the cytotoxic potential of H.rhamnoides leaves extracts.Three vials for concentration of each extract were made and 10 shrimps per vial(30 shrimps per dilution)were transferred to specific concentration of each extract.Results:The mortality of aqueous extract was 46.7%,methanol extract was 46.7%,ethanolic extract was 50.0%,ethyl acetate was 26.7%,acetone extract was 33.3%,chloroform extract was 40.0%and n-hexane extract was 33.3%.The lowest LD50 was found in methanol extracts(1199.97μg/mL).Brine shrimp cytotoxicity of tested extracts of H.rhamnoides showed that mortality rate was concentration dependent.Conclusions:It is concluded that bioactive components are present in all leaves extracts of H.rhamnoides,which could be accounted for its pharmacological effects.Thus,the results support the uses of this plant species in traditional medicine.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11501342,12001344)。
文摘The paper generalizes the direct method of moving planes to the Logarithmic Laplacian system.Firstly,some key ingredients of the method are discussed,for example,Narrow region principle and Decay at infinity.Then,the radial symmetry of the solution of the Logarithmic Laplacian system is obtained.
基金Supported by Higher Education Commission of Pakistan(Grant PIN No.074-1053-Bm4-207)
文摘Fungi is somewhere in between the micro and macro organisms which is a good source of producing biologically active secondary metabolites.Fungi have been used as tool for producing different types of secondary metabolites by providing different nutrients at different laboratory conditions.The fungi have been engineered for the desired secondary metabolites by using different laboratory techniques,for example,homologous and heterologous expressions.This review reported how the fungi are used as chemical industry for the production of secondary metabolites and how they are engineered in laboratory for the production of desirable metabolites:also the biosynthetic pathways of the bio-organic-molecules were reported.
文摘In this paper, we study a boundary value problem of nonlinear fractional dif- ferential equations of order q （1 〈 q 〈 2） with non-separated integral boundary conditions. Some new existence and uniqueness results are obtained by using some standard fixed point theorems and Leray-Schauder degree theory. Some illustrative examples are also presented. We extend previous results even in the integer case q = 2.
文摘A triplicate field experiment laid out in randomized complete block design was conducted to evaluate different humic acid (HA) application methods at Agricultural Research Farm, of KPK Agricultural University, Peshawar. Three methods of HA application: seed priming, foliar spray and soil application were included in the experiment. Humic acid application methods significantly affected pods plant-1, grains pod-1, 1000 grain weights, and grain yield whereas biological yield was not significantly affected by HA application methods. Humic acid application at the rate of 3 kg·ha-1 resulted in higher number of pods plant-1, thousand grain weights and grain yield, however it was statistically similar to the treatments where HA was soil applied at rate of 1 and 2 kg·ha-1, seed priming with 0% (water soaked), 1%, 2% HA solution and foliar spray with 0.01%, 0.05% and 0.1% of HA solution. It is concluded that HA application in all the three methods significantly enhances grain yield and yield components of mungbean.
基金supported by NSFC(11371085)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(15CX08011A)
文摘In this article, we present a hepatitis B epidemic model with saturated incidence.The dynamic behaviors of the deterministic and stochastic system are studied. To thisend, we first establish the local and global stability conditions of the equilibrium of thedeterministic model. Second, by constructing suitable stochastic Lyapunov functions, thesufficient conditions for the existence of ergodic stationary distribution as well as extinctionof hepatitis B are obtained.
文摘In this paper, we discuss the existence of solutions for a nonlocal hybrid boundary value problem of Caputo fractional integro-differential equations. Our main result is based on a hybrid fixed point theorem for a sum of three operators due to Dhage, and is well illustrated with the aid of an example.
文摘In this article, we discuss the existence and uniqueness of solutions for a coupled two-parameter system of sequential fractional integro-differential equations supplemented with nonlocal integro-multipoint boundary conditions. The standard tools of the fixed-point theory are employed to obtain the main results. We emphasize that our results are not only new in the given configuration, but also correspond to several new special cases for specific values of the parameters involved in the problem at hand.
文摘OBJECTIVE： Plants produce a variety of useful bio- active materials that have been used to cure differ- ent ailments of human beings. With the same idea in mind, the crude methanolic extract and various fractions of Solanum surrattense were screened for antibacterial, antifungal, phytotoxic and heamag- glutination activities. METHODS： Standardized assays were followed for the determination of antibacterial, antifungal phy- totoxic and heamagglutination activity. RESULTS： The results of the antibacterial showed that crude methanolic extract was significantly ac- tive against Staphylococcus aureus （86%） The n- hexane fraction showed good activity against Pseu- domonas aerogenosa （66.6%） and Bacillus subtilus （66.6%）. The crude methanolic extract and various fractions were inactive against all test fungi. The crude methanolic extract, n-hexane, CHCI3 and aqueous fractions showed moderate phytotoxic ac- tivities of 46.67%, 40.00%, 33.34% and 33.34% re- spectively at 1000 pg/mL. The crude methanolic ex- tract and various fractions S. surrattense were un- able to aqqlutinate RBCs of the human blood indi-cating that this species lack phytolectins. CONCLUSION： The test sample showed significant antibacterial activity, no antifungal and heamagglu- tination activity while moderate phytotoxic was ob- served against Lemna minor L.
文摘In the current era of social media,different platforms such as Twitter and Facebook have frequently been used by leaders and the followers of political parties to participate in political events,campaigns,and elections.The acquisition,analysis,and presentation of such content have received considerable attention from opinion-mining researchers.For this purpose,different supervised and unsupervised techniques have been used.However,they have produced less efficient results,which need to be improved by incorporating additional classifiers with the extended data sets.The authors investigate different su-pervised machine learning classifiers for classifying the political affiliations of users.For this purpose,a data set of political reviews is acquired from Twitter and annotated with different polarity classes.After pre-processing,different machine learning classifiers like K-nearest neighbor,naïve Bayes,support vector machine,extreme gradient boosting,and others,are applied.Experimental results illustrate that support vector machine and extreme gradient boosting have shown promising results for predicting political affiliations.
文摘In this paper,we propose numerical methods for the Riesz space fractional advection-dispersion equations with delay(RFADED).We utilize the fractional backward differential formulas method of second order(FBDF2)and weighted shifted Grünwald difference(WSGD)operators to approximate the Riesz fractional derivative and present the finite difference method for the RFADED.Firstly,the FBDF2 and the shifted Grünwald methods are introduced.Secondly,based on the FBDF2 method and the WSGD operators,the finite difference method is applied to the problem.We also show that our numerical schemes are conditionally stable and convergent with the accuracy of O(+h2)and O(2+h2)respectively.Thirdly we find the analytical solution for RFDED in terms Mittag-Leffler type functions.Finally,some numerical examples are given to show the efficacy of the numerical methods and the results are found to be in complete agreement with the analytical solution.
基金This project was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research(DSR),King Abdulaziz University,Jeddah,Saudi Arabia(KEP-MSc-63-130-42).
文摘By applying the standard fixed point theorems,we prove the existence and uniqueness results for a system of coupled differential equations involving both left Caputo and right Riemann-Liouville fractional derivatives and mixed fractional integrals,supplemented with nonlocal coupled fractional integral boundary conditions.An example is also constructed for the illustration of the obtained results.
文摘Diarrhea and cholera are major health problems.Vibrio cholera,the causative agent of cholera,infects the small intestine,resulting in vomiting,massive watery diarrhea and dehydration.Reduced water and electrolyte absorption is also due to zinc deficiency.Zinc has an important role in recovery from the disease.The combination of zinc with cholera vaccine and oral rehydration solutions has a positive impact on cholera and diarrhea.It has led to a decrease in the mortality and morbidity associated with diarrhea.
文摘Glioblastoma multiforme,an intrusive brain cancer,has the lowest survival rate of all brain cancers.The chemotherapy utilized to prevent their proliferation and propagation is limited due to modulation of complex cancer signalling pathways.These complex pathways provide infiltrative and drug evading properties leading to the development of chemotherapy resistance.Therefore,the development and discovery of such interventions or therapies that can bypass all these resistive barriers to ameliorate glioma prognosis and survival is of profound importance.Medicinal plants are comprised of an exorbitant range of phytochemicals that have the broad-spectrum capability to target intrusive brain cancers,modulate anti-cancer pathways and immunological responses to facilitate their eradication,and induce apoptosis.These phytocompounds also interfere with several oncogenic proteins that promote cancer invasiveness and metastasis,chemotherapy resistance and angiogenesis.These plants are extremely vital for promising anti-glioma therapy to avert glioma proliferation and recurrence.In this review,we acquired recent literature on medicinal plants whose extracts/bioactive ingredients are newly exploited in glioma therapeutics,and also highlighted their mode of action and pharmacological profile.
文摘Objective: To evaluate acute oral toxicity and anti-arthritic activity of the methanolic extract of Convolvulus arvensis L. leaves.Methods: Safety was assessed by acute oral toxicity(OECD 425) study. Anti-arthritic activity was explored by in vitro(inhibition of protein denaturation) and in vivo(Complete Freund’s adjuvantinduced arthritis and carrageenan-induced inflammation) methods. Antioxidant potential was determined by assessing ferric reducing power, DPPH inhibition, and H2O2 scavenging assays. Furthermore, molecular docking was done to check interactions between the plant constituents and cyclooxygenases(COX-1 and COX-2). Quercetin, gallic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, sinapic acid, and vanillic acid were quantified by HPLC and eight compounds were identified by GC-MS analysis. Results: No mortality and abnormality in biochemical parameters were observed in the toxicity study. Histological analysis of vital organs also supported these biochemical results. The in vitro and in vivo studies showed that the methanolic extract of leaves of Convolvulus arvensis exhibited dose-dependent anti-arthritic and anti-oxidant potential. Molecular docking showed better interactions of plant compounds with cyclooxygenases as compared to standard ibuprofen. Conclusions: Convolvulus arvensis exhibits strong anti-arthritic activity, justifying the traditional use of the herbal drug.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NO.81473315)National Science and Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program of China(2018FY100701)+2 种基金Sichuan Province Science and Technology Plan Project(2018JZ0028)the Open Research Fund of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Systematic Research of Distinctive Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China(003109034001)CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(no:2016-I2M-3-015)。
文摘Objective:Authentication is vital to the reduction of the misuse of Panax species due to their extensive array of uses and similarities between species.However,the current authentication approach is time-consuming,laborious,and costly.The aim of this study is to discriminate the botanical origins of five species in Panax genus by a rapid and simple approach.Methods:Here,an electronic tongue(E-tongue)was applied to discriminate the botanical origins of five species of Panax,i.e.,Panax quinquefolius,Panax japonicus,P.japonicus var.major,Panax zingiberensis,and Panax notoginseng(representative high-,middle-,and low-latitude plants),and the four geographical origins of P.japonicus and P.japonicus var.major plants.Data preprocessing methods,including principal component analysis(PCA),hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA),and linear discriminant analysis(LDA),were used.Results:Three models can discriminate five species of Panax genus and four plants of P.japonicus and P.japonicus var.major from different geographical origins.LDA was superior to PCA and HCA in terms of satisfactory classification.Conclusion:The findings confirmed the potential of the E-tongue for performing rapid,simple,and cost-effective discrimination via LDA.
文摘Disaster scenarios are constructed by integrating natural hazard phenomena and social science sources of information.We profiled 51 natural hazard events of nineteenth century Kashmir that provide insights into the impacts of varying degree of severity that spread through the socioeconomic and political systems,influenced adaptation,and increased the consequences of the resulting disasters.The root cause of these disasters was embedded in the social,natural,and political economic systems of their time,where vulnerabilities overlapped and interacted periodically with successive colonial regimes and acted as tipping points.The combined effect of successive colonial regimes,inept administration,rigid political economy,and natural hazards made the situation go from bad to worse and reduced Kashmir to the depths of distress and subjugation.Over the arc of the nineteenth century,a series of disasters led the Kashmiri population to learn how to live with disasters and minimize risk,bringing about the evolution of social and environmental knowledge.Understanding the natural hazard vulnerability of the Kashmir Valley through archival narratives can help in scenario building to translate findings into formats that reduce related risk now as it did then.The resulting information can be useful for regional design,planning,and policy responses to promote disaster risk reduction.
基金Supported by Higher Education Commission Islamabad-Pakistan(Grant No.1978/HEC/COBAM).
文摘Objective:To investigate the antioxidant activity of aqueous,methanol,ethanol,acetone,ethyl acetate,chloroform and n-hexane extracts of Hippophae rhamnoides(H.rhamnoides)leaves.Methods:Antioxidant activity was evaluated by using in-vitro antioxidant assays model 1,1’-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity.The antioxidant activities were compared with standard antioxidant agents such as ascorbic acid.Results:The antioxidant activities(%inhibition)of all the tested extracts were increased in the order i.e.menthol>ethanol>aqueous>acetone>chloroform>ethyl acetate>n-hexane.The methanol extract EC_(50)(μg/mL)value was compatible with vitamin C(standard).The antioxidant activity of H.rhamnoides leaves extracts increased in a dose dependent manner.Conclusions:It was observed that H.rhamnoides was a potential resource of antioxidants and thus could put off numerous radical linked diseases.
基金Supported by Center of Biotechnology and Microbiology,University of Peshawar,KPK-Pakistan
文摘Objective:To compare the proximate composition,mineral contents,antimicrobial,phytochemical and Fourier transforms infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy analysis of bark,stem and seed of Hippophae rhamnoides.Methods:Proximate composition was determined according to the described methods.Mineral analysis was carried out by atomic absorption spectroscopy and flame photometer.Antimicrobial activities were evaluated according to the agar well diffusion method.Phytochemical qualitative analysis was carried out according to the described methods and functional groups were determined by FTIR Prestige-21 Shimadzu Japan.Results:The proximate analysis showed high content of protein and fiber in stem and bark.High content of Na(900 mg/L)and K(670 mg/L)was found in bark powder,while in seed,high contents of Ca(800 mg/L),Mg(725 mg/L),Fe(250 mg/L)Zn(90 mg/L)and Mn(65 mg/L)were found compared to stem and bark.Phenols,flavonoids and tannins showed high contents in stem and bark of all extracts.The bark aqueous extract showed high zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus(21 mm)and Escherichia coli(20 mm),while methanol extract of stem showed high zone of inhibition(14 mm and 13 mm)against Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli respectively.The aqueous extract of bark documented high zone of inhibition against Aspergillus niger(21 mm)and Aspergillus parasiticus(20 mm).FTIR spectra revealed the presence of OH,C-O and C=O functional groups.Conclusions:The study concludes that bark,stem and seed extracts will be useful guideline for the new syntheses of feed,food supplements and herb drugs with various combination,which can be used for the treatment of many diseases at global level especially in tropical regions as well as the male nutrition problems in these areas.
文摘Objective:To evaluate the antitumor and anti-proliferative activities of methanol,aqueous,acetone,ethyl acetate,ethanol,chloroform and n-hexane extracts of Hippophae rhamnoides leaves.Methods:Antitumor activities were evaluated by using the antitumor potato disc assay by using inoculums(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)with three different concentrations of test samples(10,100 and 1000 mg/L).Anti-proliferative activity was evaluated by the given method of methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay.The concentrations of the extract ranging from 0.039 to 10 mg/mL were tested against HeLa cells.Results:Highest tumors inhibition activity(60.9%and 55.8%)was shown by methanol and ethanol extracts,with EC_(50) values of 424.41 and 434.61 mg/L respectively.At 10 mg/mL,The highest cell inhibition 75.61%was observed in methanol extract and the lowest 36.59%were calculated in n-hexane extract.The difference in tumor and cell inhibition(%)may be due to the different concentration of active compounds responsible for antitumor and anti-proliferative activities.All extracts have considerable level of tumor and cell inhibitiory effect in a dose dependent manner.Conclusions:Our finding showed that Hippophae rhamnoides leaves are a potent natural source of antitumor and antiproliferative agent.
文摘Objective:To evaluate brine shrimp lethality assay of solvent extracts(aqueous,methanol,ethanol,acetone,ethyl acetate,chloroform and n-hexane)of Hippophae rhamnoides(H.rhamnoides)leaves.Methods:Brine shrimp cytotoxicity assay was used to assess the cytotoxic potential of H.rhamnoides leaves extracts.Three vials for concentration of each extract were made and 10 shrimps per vial(30 shrimps per dilution)were transferred to specific concentration of each extract.Results:The mortality of aqueous extract was 46.7%,methanol extract was 46.7%,ethanolic extract was 50.0%,ethyl acetate was 26.7%,acetone extract was 33.3%,chloroform extract was 40.0%and n-hexane extract was 33.3%.The lowest LD50 was found in methanol extracts(1199.97μg/mL).Brine shrimp cytotoxicity of tested extracts of H.rhamnoides showed that mortality rate was concentration dependent.Conclusions:It is concluded that bioactive components are present in all leaves extracts of H.rhamnoides,which could be accounted for its pharmacological effects.Thus,the results support the uses of this plant species in traditional medicine.
