Five negatively charged organic compounds with different structures, sodium methane sulfonate(MS), sodium benzene sulfonate(BS), sodium 6-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonate(NSS), sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS), and sodium do...Five negatively charged organic compounds with different structures, sodium methane sulfonate(MS), sodium benzene sulfonate(BS), sodium 6-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonate(NSS), sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS), and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate(SDBS), were used to examine the fouling of an anion exchange membrane(AEM) in electrodialysis(ED),to explore the effect of molecular characteristics on the fouling behavior on the AEM and changes in the surface and electrochemical properties of the AEM. Results indicated that the fouling degree of the AEM by the different organics followed the order:SDBS > SDS > NSS > BS > MS. SDBS and SDS formed a dense fouling layer on the surface of the AEM, which was the main factor in the much more severe membrane fouling, and completely restricted the transmembrane ion migration. The other three organics caused fouling of the AEM by adsorption on the surface and/or accumulation in the interlayer of the AEM, and exhibited almost no influence on the transmembrane ion migration. It was also concluded that the organics with benzene rings caused more severe fouling of the AEM due to the stronger affinity interaction and steric effect between the organics and the AEM compared with organics with aliphatic chains.展开更多
This paper evaluates the adsorption capacity of chemically sugarcane bagasses with sodium hydroxide(SHS),citric acid(CAS),tartaric acid(TAS)and unmodified sugarcane bagasse(SB)for cadmium adsorption in water environme...This paper evaluates the adsorption capacity of chemically sugarcane bagasses with sodium hydroxide(SHS),citric acid(CAS),tartaric acid(TAS)and unmodified sugarcane bagasse(SB)for cadmium adsorption in water environment.The results prove adsorption capacity for Cd(II)increases after chemical modification and the adsorption fits perfectly with the Langmuir isotherm.CAS had the highest maximum adsorption capacity of 45.45 mg/g followed by TAS with 38.46 mg/g and SHS with 29.41 at optimum pH 5.0 and 120 minutes equilibrium time while 1 g SB removed 18.8 mg Cd(II)in the same conditions.The kinetics study of the process followed a pseudo-secondorder rate expression,that indicated a strong interaction between the biosorbents and adsorbate.The sugarcane bagasse and modified sugarcane bagasse were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)analysis.The chemical modification was confirmed by the presence of carboxyl and esters groups created at 1,738 cm-1.The estimation of acid groups in modified materials shows the enhancement of this group after modification.On the other hand,desorption studies showed the high leaching of cadmium ion from the biosorbent leading to the efficient reutilization of materials.展开更多
The presence of pesticides in the environment is of great concern due to their persistent nature and chronic adverse effect on human health and the environment. Water bodies are subject to pollution by organochlorine ...The presence of pesticides in the environment is of great concern due to their persistent nature and chronic adverse effect on human health and the environment. Water bodies are subject to pollution by organochlorine pesticides, especially in developing countries, where water pollution is a key sustainability challenge. Hence, activated carbon is considered a universal adsorbent for the removal of organochlorine pollutants from water. Activated carbon from Acatia etbaica was prepared using traditional kilns with low investment costs. Pesticides such as aldrin, dieldrin and DDT were selected for adsorption because of their common usage in agricultural and malaria control activities and may occur in high concentrations in surface waters that are used as drinking water sources. The effect of the adsorbent dose and initial concentration were investigated. To describe the equilibrium isotherms the experimental data were analyzed by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The Freundlich model gave the best correlation with the experimental data. Activated carbon prepared from Acacia etbaica was found to be an effective and low-cost alternative for the removal of organochlorine pesticides from aqueous solutions. The preparation method allows the use of this material by local communities for effective remediation of pollution by pesticides.展开更多
This study focuses on determining the toxicological risks of urban waste from the city of Uvira, discharged into Lake Tanganyika, on the surrounding population. Volatile organic compounds were measured in a variety of...This study focuses on determining the toxicological risks of urban waste from the city of Uvira, discharged into Lake Tanganyika, on the surrounding population. Volatile organic compounds were measured in a variety of solid waste matrices, including inorganic micropollutants in wastewater and fish. The concentrations of Hg and Pb in the lake were found to be 1.21 and 1.42 μg/L respectively and between 0.83 to 18.36 μg/L of Hg and 8.25 to 670 μg/L of Pb, at the collector outlet. The presence of trace metallic elements, such as Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sb, Hg and Pb, were detected at high concentrations compared to the WHO standard. An ecotoxicology experiment herein on wastewater samples showed lethal pollutant concentrations of the order of 0.0055 mL/mL which killed at least 50% of fish (LC50), confirming the toxicity of the wastewater. These potentially harmful effluents also contain volatile organic compounds originating in high concentration from the pharmaceutical discharges of the general Uvira hospital, in particular: toluene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene/p-xylene, o-xylene and chloroform in higher concentrations compared to the norm. Other components such as benzene, bromodichloroethane and 1,1-dichloroethane were found to be present, but at a concentration below 0.05 ppb. A variety of trace organics can be suspected to be present as well.展开更多
In the present work,a highly stable zirconium-based metal-organic framework(MOF),UiO66,and its derivative,UiO66-NH_(2),were tested as support materials to immobilize Formate dehydrogenase(FDH)for use in CO_(2)hydrogen...In the present work,a highly stable zirconium-based metal-organic framework(MOF),UiO66,and its derivative,UiO66-NH_(2),were tested as support materials to immobilize Formate dehydrogenase(FDH)for use in CO_(2)hydrogenation.Both physical adsorption and cross-linking approaches were tested for immobilization.Cross-linking with glutaraldehyde has been suggested to enhance the stability of the enzyme and reduce leaching,which is prone to physical attachment.The adsorption isotherm and kinetics were best described by Sips and pseudosecond-order models,respectively.The influences of the secondary structure of the protein on catalytic performance and formate production were studied.Immobilization of FDH resulted in a change in the secondary structure,with theα-helical content increased from 29.4%of the free enzyme to 43%after immobilization on UiO66 and 100%after immobilization on UiO66-NH_(2).This structural change significantly enhanced the enzyme activity.At optimum conditions of pH 5.5 and 30 mM NaHCO_(3),the activity of immobilized FDH was 19.6 times higher than that of free FDH.Formate production was also enhanced using immobilized FDH on UiO66-NH_(2),where production was 2.4 times higher than that achieved using free FDH.Better stability and reusability were achieved by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde.The results of this work provide a novel insight into the changes in the secondary structure of FDH after immobilization and its positive effect on catalytic efficiency.These findings are expected to pave the way for the commercial applications of FDH for CO_(2)utilization.展开更多
Discharged hospital wastewater contains various pathogenic microorganisms,antibiotic groups,toxic organic compounds,radioactive elements,and ionic pollutants.These contaminants harm the environment and human health ca...Discharged hospital wastewater contains various pathogenic microorganisms,antibiotic groups,toxic organic compounds,radioactive elements,and ionic pollutants.These contaminants harm the environment and human health causing the spread of disease.Thus,effective treatment of hospital wastewater is an urgent task for sustainable development.Membranes,with controllable porous and nonporous structures,have been rapidly developed for molecular separations.In particular,membrane bioreactor(MBR)technology demonstrated high removal efficiency toward organic compounds and low waste sludge production.To further enhance the separation efficiency and achieve material recovery from hospital waste streams,novel concepts of MBRs and their applications are rapidly evolved through hybridizing novel membranes(non hydrophilic ultrafiltration/microfiltration)into the MBR units(hybrid MBRs)or the MBR as a pretreatment step and integrating other membrane processes as subsequent secondary purification step(integrated MBR-membrane systems).However,there is a lack of reviews on the latest advancement in MBR technologies for hospital wastewater treatment,and analysis on its major challenges and future trends.This review started with an overview of main pollutants in common hospital wastewater,followed by an understanding on the key performance indicators/criteria in MBR membranes(i.e.,solute selectivity)and processes(e.g.,fouling).Then,an in-depth analysis was provided into the recent development of hybrid MBR and integrated MBR-membrane system concepts,and applications correlated with wastewater sources,with a particular focus on hospital wastewaters.It is anticipated that this review will shed light on the knowledge gaps in the field,highlighting the potential contribution of hybrid MBRs and integrated MBRmembrane systems toward global epidemic prevention.展开更多
Aromatic amines are crucial in pharmaceuticals,but their synthesis is challenging due to unfavorable reaction equilibria and the use of costly,environmentally unfriendly methods.This study presents a membrane extracti...Aromatic amines are crucial in pharmaceuticals,but their synthesis is challenging due to unfavorable reaction equilibria and the use of costly,environmentally unfriendly methods.This study presents a membrane extraction(ME)process for in situ product removal(ISPR)of aromatic amines.Using a supported liquid membrane(SLM),α-methylbenzylamine(MBA)and 1-methyl-3-phenylpropylamine(MPPA)were separated from isopropyl amine(IPA).Conductor-like Screening Model for Real Solvents(COSMO-RS)was employed to screen over 200 organic mixtures,identifying twelve mixtures based on trioctylphosphine oxide(TOPO),lidocaine,and menthol as solvent candidates,due to their hydrophobicity.These mixtures were analysed for critical solvent properties including density,viscosity,hydrophobicity,and H-bonding interactions.ME tests showed TOPO-thymol had the highest solvent residual and selectivity.Moreover,TOPO-thymol demonstrated solute fluxes of 9.0±3.0 g/(m^(2)h)for MBA,16.5±5.4 g/(m^(2)h)for MPPA,and 0.7±0.3 g/(m^(2)h)for IPA,with selectivity values of 12.4±0.8 for MBA/IPA and 22.8±1.4 for MPPA/IPA.Compared to undecane,which had lower selectivity values of 6.9±0.8 for MBA/IPA and 10.1±1.3 for MPPA/IPA,TOPO-thymol showed superior selectivity,indicating its promise as an extractant for ME applications.展开更多
Post synthetic modification of a hydrophilic metal-organic framework(MOF),HKUST-1,with stearic acid(SA)was carried out to enhance the stability of HKUST-1 in aqueous solution to be used as a support for formate dehydr...Post synthetic modification of a hydrophilic metal-organic framework(MOF),HKUST-1,with stearic acid(SA)was carried out to enhance the stability of HKUST-1 in aqueous solution to be used as a support for formate dehydrogenase(FDH)used for CO_(2)conversion to formate.SA modification improved the hydrophobicity without affecting the morphology and crystal structure of MOF.Adsorption of FDH on the modified MOF(SA@HKUST-1)was compared to that of the native HKUST-1 and ZIF-L.The adsorption kinetics on all MOFs was found to follow pseudo-second order kinetics and the isotherm was best described by Freundlich model.The high stability of SA@HKUST-1 and enhanced hydrophobic interaction between support and CO_(2)resulted in high catalytic efficiency and stability of FDH@SA@HKUST-1.The immobilized enzyme retained 95.1%of its initial activity after 4 cycles of repeated use.It was also shown that FDH@SA@HKUST-1 retained morphology and crystal structure after repeated use.Results of the present work provide novel insight into the influence of hydrophobic MOFs on the activity and stability of immobilized FDH.These findings are expected to assist in developing highly active and stable biocatalysts for CO_(2)hydrogenation at commercial level.展开更多
Hydrogenating carbon dioxide to formate using formate dehydrogenase (FDH) is a sustainable approach for CO_(2) mitigation. Herein, we developed a biocatalytic system with cofactor regeneration by immobilizing multiple...Hydrogenating carbon dioxide to formate using formate dehydrogenase (FDH) is a sustainable approach for CO_(2) mitigation. Herein, we developed a biocatalytic system with cofactor regeneration by immobilizing multiple enzymes, namely FDH, carbonic anhydrase (CA), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), on a hydrophobic surface modified MOF, SA-HKUST-1. The adsorption kinetics of the multiple enzymes on the SA-HKUST-1 surface were described using pseudo second-order model, while the equilibrium followed Freundlich isotherm. Formate production by the enzymes immobilized on SA-HKUST-1 was 3.75 times higher than that achieved by free enzymes and 8.4 times higher than that of FDH immobilized alone on SA-HKUST-1. The hydrophobic interaction between the enzymes and the support altered the secondary structure of enzymes, and the immobilized enzymes retained 94% of their activity after four reuse cycles. This study provides novel insights into the combined effect of hydrophobic support and multiple enzymes on the catalytic efficiency and stability of FDH. These findings can provide a basis for developing a highly stable biocatalytic system with cofactor regeneration for continuous hydrogenation of CO_(2) to formate at the industrial level.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51878645 and 51425405)the Science and Technology Open Cooperation Project of Henan Province(No.172106000076)+2 种基金the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.8132047)the Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment(Nos.2014ZX07201-011 and 2014ZX07510-001)financial support from the China Scholarship Council
文摘Five negatively charged organic compounds with different structures, sodium methane sulfonate(MS), sodium benzene sulfonate(BS), sodium 6-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonate(NSS), sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS), and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate(SDBS), were used to examine the fouling of an anion exchange membrane(AEM) in electrodialysis(ED),to explore the effect of molecular characteristics on the fouling behavior on the AEM and changes in the surface and electrochemical properties of the AEM. Results indicated that the fouling degree of the AEM by the different organics followed the order:SDBS > SDS > NSS > BS > MS. SDBS and SDS formed a dense fouling layer on the surface of the AEM, which was the main factor in the much more severe membrane fouling, and completely restricted the transmembrane ion migration. The other three organics caused fouling of the AEM by adsorption on the surface and/or accumulation in the interlayer of the AEM, and exhibited almost no influence on the transmembrane ion migration. It was also concluded that the organics with benzene rings caused more severe fouling of the AEM due to the stronger affinity interaction and steric effect between the organics and the AEM compared with organics with aliphatic chains.
文摘This paper evaluates the adsorption capacity of chemically sugarcane bagasses with sodium hydroxide(SHS),citric acid(CAS),tartaric acid(TAS)and unmodified sugarcane bagasse(SB)for cadmium adsorption in water environment.The results prove adsorption capacity for Cd(II)increases after chemical modification and the adsorption fits perfectly with the Langmuir isotherm.CAS had the highest maximum adsorption capacity of 45.45 mg/g followed by TAS with 38.46 mg/g and SHS with 29.41 at optimum pH 5.0 and 120 minutes equilibrium time while 1 g SB removed 18.8 mg Cd(II)in the same conditions.The kinetics study of the process followed a pseudo-secondorder rate expression,that indicated a strong interaction between the biosorbents and adsorbate.The sugarcane bagasse and modified sugarcane bagasse were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)analysis.The chemical modification was confirmed by the presence of carboxyl and esters groups created at 1,738 cm-1.The estimation of acid groups in modified materials shows the enhancement of this group after modification.On the other hand,desorption studies showed the high leaching of cadmium ion from the biosorbent leading to the efficient reutilization of materials.
文摘The presence of pesticides in the environment is of great concern due to their persistent nature and chronic adverse effect on human health and the environment. Water bodies are subject to pollution by organochlorine pesticides, especially in developing countries, where water pollution is a key sustainability challenge. Hence, activated carbon is considered a universal adsorbent for the removal of organochlorine pollutants from water. Activated carbon from Acatia etbaica was prepared using traditional kilns with low investment costs. Pesticides such as aldrin, dieldrin and DDT were selected for adsorption because of their common usage in agricultural and malaria control activities and may occur in high concentrations in surface waters that are used as drinking water sources. The effect of the adsorbent dose and initial concentration were investigated. To describe the equilibrium isotherms the experimental data were analyzed by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The Freundlich model gave the best correlation with the experimental data. Activated carbon prepared from Acacia etbaica was found to be an effective and low-cost alternative for the removal of organochlorine pesticides from aqueous solutions. The preparation method allows the use of this material by local communities for effective remediation of pollution by pesticides.
文摘This study focuses on determining the toxicological risks of urban waste from the city of Uvira, discharged into Lake Tanganyika, on the surrounding population. Volatile organic compounds were measured in a variety of solid waste matrices, including inorganic micropollutants in wastewater and fish. The concentrations of Hg and Pb in the lake were found to be 1.21 and 1.42 μg/L respectively and between 0.83 to 18.36 μg/L of Hg and 8.25 to 670 μg/L of Pb, at the collector outlet. The presence of trace metallic elements, such as Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sb, Hg and Pb, were detected at high concentrations compared to the WHO standard. An ecotoxicology experiment herein on wastewater samples showed lethal pollutant concentrations of the order of 0.0055 mL/mL which killed at least 50% of fish (LC50), confirming the toxicity of the wastewater. These potentially harmful effluents also contain volatile organic compounds originating in high concentration from the pharmaceutical discharges of the general Uvira hospital, in particular: toluene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene/p-xylene, o-xylene and chloroform in higher concentrations compared to the norm. Other components such as benzene, bromodichloroethane and 1,1-dichloroethane were found to be present, but at a concentration below 0.05 ppb. A variety of trace organics can be suspected to be present as well.
基金the Zayed Center of Health Sciences(Fund No.31R236)the College of Graduate Studies(PhD fund 31N438)at UAE University,for financially supporting this study.
文摘In the present work,a highly stable zirconium-based metal-organic framework(MOF),UiO66,and its derivative,UiO66-NH_(2),were tested as support materials to immobilize Formate dehydrogenase(FDH)for use in CO_(2)hydrogenation.Both physical adsorption and cross-linking approaches were tested for immobilization.Cross-linking with glutaraldehyde has been suggested to enhance the stability of the enzyme and reduce leaching,which is prone to physical attachment.The adsorption isotherm and kinetics were best described by Sips and pseudosecond-order models,respectively.The influences of the secondary structure of the protein on catalytic performance and formate production were studied.Immobilization of FDH resulted in a change in the secondary structure,with theα-helical content increased from 29.4%of the free enzyme to 43%after immobilization on UiO66 and 100%after immobilization on UiO66-NH_(2).This structural change significantly enhanced the enzyme activity.At optimum conditions of pH 5.5 and 30 mM NaHCO_(3),the activity of immobilized FDH was 19.6 times higher than that of free FDH.Formate production was also enhanced using immobilized FDH on UiO66-NH_(2),where production was 2.4 times higher than that achieved using free FDH.Better stability and reusability were achieved by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde.The results of this work provide a novel insight into the changes in the secondary structure of FDH after immobilization and its positive effect on catalytic efficiency.These findings are expected to pave the way for the commercial applications of FDH for CO_(2)utilization.
基金support provided by the China Scholarship Council(CSC)of the Ministry of Education,China(CSC No.201708330281).
文摘Discharged hospital wastewater contains various pathogenic microorganisms,antibiotic groups,toxic organic compounds,radioactive elements,and ionic pollutants.These contaminants harm the environment and human health causing the spread of disease.Thus,effective treatment of hospital wastewater is an urgent task for sustainable development.Membranes,with controllable porous and nonporous structures,have been rapidly developed for molecular separations.In particular,membrane bioreactor(MBR)technology demonstrated high removal efficiency toward organic compounds and low waste sludge production.To further enhance the separation efficiency and achieve material recovery from hospital waste streams,novel concepts of MBRs and their applications are rapidly evolved through hybridizing novel membranes(non hydrophilic ultrafiltration/microfiltration)into the MBR units(hybrid MBRs)or the MBR as a pretreatment step and integrating other membrane processes as subsequent secondary purification step(integrated MBR-membrane systems).However,there is a lack of reviews on the latest advancement in MBR technologies for hospital wastewater treatment,and analysis on its major challenges and future trends.This review started with an overview of main pollutants in common hospital wastewater,followed by an understanding on the key performance indicators/criteria in MBR membranes(i.e.,solute selectivity)and processes(e.g.,fouling).Then,an in-depth analysis was provided into the recent development of hybrid MBR and integrated MBR-membrane system concepts,and applications correlated with wastewater sources,with a particular focus on hospital wastewaters.It is anticipated that this review will shed light on the knowledge gaps in the field,highlighting the potential contribution of hybrid MBRs and integrated MBRmembrane systems toward global epidemic prevention.
基金the support provided by the Flemish Strategic Basic Research Program under the Catalisti clusterFlanders Innovation & Entrepreneurship, through the EASiCHEM project (contracts HBC.2018.0484 and K200522 N)+1 种基金partially conducted within the framework of the CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials project (UIDB/50011/ 2020, UIDP/50011/2020, and LA/P/0006/2020)funding from national sources through FCT/MEC (PIDDAC)
文摘Aromatic amines are crucial in pharmaceuticals,but their synthesis is challenging due to unfavorable reaction equilibria and the use of costly,environmentally unfriendly methods.This study presents a membrane extraction(ME)process for in situ product removal(ISPR)of aromatic amines.Using a supported liquid membrane(SLM),α-methylbenzylamine(MBA)and 1-methyl-3-phenylpropylamine(MPPA)were separated from isopropyl amine(IPA).Conductor-like Screening Model for Real Solvents(COSMO-RS)was employed to screen over 200 organic mixtures,identifying twelve mixtures based on trioctylphosphine oxide(TOPO),lidocaine,and menthol as solvent candidates,due to their hydrophobicity.These mixtures were analysed for critical solvent properties including density,viscosity,hydrophobicity,and H-bonding interactions.ME tests showed TOPO-thymol had the highest solvent residual and selectivity.Moreover,TOPO-thymol demonstrated solute fluxes of 9.0±3.0 g/(m^(2)h)for MBA,16.5±5.4 g/(m^(2)h)for MPPA,and 0.7±0.3 g/(m^(2)h)for IPA,with selectivity values of 12.4±0.8 for MBA/IPA and 22.8±1.4 for MPPA/IPA.Compared to undecane,which had lower selectivity values of 6.9±0.8 for MBA/IPA and 10.1±1.3 for MPPA/IPA,TOPO-thymol showed superior selectivity,indicating its promise as an extractant for ME applications.
基金The authors express their gratitude to Zayed Center of Health Sciences(grant number 31R236)the College of Graduate Studies(PhD fund 31N438)at UAE University,for financially supporting this study.
文摘Post synthetic modification of a hydrophilic metal-organic framework(MOF),HKUST-1,with stearic acid(SA)was carried out to enhance the stability of HKUST-1 in aqueous solution to be used as a support for formate dehydrogenase(FDH)used for CO_(2)conversion to formate.SA modification improved the hydrophobicity without affecting the morphology and crystal structure of MOF.Adsorption of FDH on the modified MOF(SA@HKUST-1)was compared to that of the native HKUST-1 and ZIF-L.The adsorption kinetics on all MOFs was found to follow pseudo-second order kinetics and the isotherm was best described by Freundlich model.The high stability of SA@HKUST-1 and enhanced hydrophobic interaction between support and CO_(2)resulted in high catalytic efficiency and stability of FDH@SA@HKUST-1.The immobilized enzyme retained 95.1%of its initial activity after 4 cycles of repeated use.It was also shown that FDH@SA@HKUST-1 retained morphology and crystal structure after repeated use.Results of the present work provide novel insight into the influence of hydrophobic MOFs on the activity and stability of immobilized FDH.These findings are expected to assist in developing highly active and stable biocatalysts for CO_(2)hydrogenation at commercial level.
基金support from the College of Graduate Studies (fund number 31N438)UAEU and Zayed Center of Health Sciences (grant number 12R077) to carry out this study.
文摘Hydrogenating carbon dioxide to formate using formate dehydrogenase (FDH) is a sustainable approach for CO_(2) mitigation. Herein, we developed a biocatalytic system with cofactor regeneration by immobilizing multiple enzymes, namely FDH, carbonic anhydrase (CA), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), on a hydrophobic surface modified MOF, SA-HKUST-1. The adsorption kinetics of the multiple enzymes on the SA-HKUST-1 surface were described using pseudo second-order model, while the equilibrium followed Freundlich isotherm. Formate production by the enzymes immobilized on SA-HKUST-1 was 3.75 times higher than that achieved by free enzymes and 8.4 times higher than that of FDH immobilized alone on SA-HKUST-1. The hydrophobic interaction between the enzymes and the support altered the secondary structure of enzymes, and the immobilized enzymes retained 94% of their activity after four reuse cycles. This study provides novel insights into the combined effect of hydrophobic support and multiple enzymes on the catalytic efficiency and stability of FDH. These findings can provide a basis for developing a highly stable biocatalytic system with cofactor regeneration for continuous hydrogenation of CO_(2) to formate at the industrial level.
