Infanticide by males is a common phenomenon in mammals, especially primates, as lactation lasts much longer than gestation in many species. Usually, infanticidal episodes occur soon after group takeovers, and are trad...Infanticide by males is a common phenomenon in mammals, especially primates, as lactation lasts much longer than gestation in many species. Usually, infanticidal episodes occur soon after group takeovers, and are traditionally considered a male reproductive strategy （i.e., support the sexual selection hypothesis, Hrdy, 1974）. To verify the validity of this conception, we observed one group of Franqois＇ langurs in the Nonggang Nature Reserve, China, between August 2003 and July 2004. During the study period, a Francois＇ langur female with the youngest infant in the group was attacked three times by immigrating males, and later disappeared by the third day after the final attack. We suggest that these attacks on the female-infant dyad represent infanticide attempts by males, and may be the cause of the adult female and her infant＇s disappearance. Presumably, that female dispersed with her infant to avoid infanticide and was not killed. Though these observations do not completely verify the sexual selection hypothesis, they are not inconsistent with it.展开更多
Infanticide by males is a common phenomenon in mammals,especially primates,as lactation lasts much longer than gestation in many species.Usually,infanticidal episodes occur soon after group takeovers,and are tradition...Infanticide by males is a common phenomenon in mammals,especially primates,as lactation lasts much longer than gestation in many species.Usually,infanticidal episodes occur soon after group takeovers,and are traditionally considered a male reproductive strategy(i.e.,support the sexual selection hypothesis,Hrdy,1974).To verify the validity of this conception,we observed one group of François’langurs in the Nonggang Nature Reserve,China,between August 2003 and July 2004.During the study period,a François’langur female with the youngest infant in the group was attacked three times by immigrating males,and later disappeared by the third day after the final attack.We suggest that these attacks on the female-infant dyad represent infanticide attempts by males,and may be the cause of the adult female and her infant’s disappearance.Presumably,that female dispersed with her infant to avoid infanticide and was not killed.Though these observations do not completely verify the sexual selection hypothesis,they are not inconsistent with it.展开更多
The successful deployment of autonomous vehicles(AVs)relies heavily on their ability to interact safely and effectively with other road users.External human–machine interfaces(eHMIs)have emerged as critical component...The successful deployment of autonomous vehicles(AVs)relies heavily on their ability to interact safely and effectively with other road users.External human–machine interfaces(eHMIs)have emerged as critical components in facilitating these interactions.Rigorous evaluation and testing of eHMIs are essential for realizing their intended safety and communication benefits.This study provides a comprehensive review of current eHMI research,focusing on their impact on road users’behavior and perceptions,as well as the methods used for evaluation.Key behavioral factors—such as eHMI modality,information type,location,vehicle kinematics,traffic environment,and user characteristics—are systematically reviewed and summarized.The influence of eHMIs on user perceptions is also explored through indicators such as perceived safety,comprehensibility,trust,cognitive load,and user experience.Despite notable advancements,several critical research gaps remain underexplored.Most studies focus on one-toone interactions,neglecting the complexities of mixed-traffic environments involving AVs,conventional human-driven vehicles,pedestrians,and cyclists.Current evaluation methods largely rely on virtual reality and Wizard-of-Oz experiments,which may fail to fully capture real-world dynamics.Additionally,subjective questionnaires,which are often used in these studies,do not guarantee high reproducibility of findings.Moreover,insufficient attention has been given to the synchronization of eHMI signals with vehicle kinematics.Furthermore,the absence of standardized evaluation frameworks limits cross-study comparability and the development of universally applicable eHMI solutions.To address these challenges,future research should prioritize the integration of naturalistic traffic scenarios,the adoption of objective and reproducible evaluation methods,the exploration of multimodal eHMI designs,and the development of standardized assessment protocols.These efforts are crucial for improving AV communication with diverse road users and ensuring safety in increasingly complex traffic ecosystems.展开更多
The Safety Technical Specification for Electric Bicycles(GB 17761–2018, China) has been in effect for over six years, yet its influence on consumer purchase behaviour remains unclear. This study examines public perce...The Safety Technical Specification for Electric Bicycles(GB 17761–2018, China) has been in effect for over six years, yet its influence on consumer purchase behaviour remains unclear. This study examines public perceptions of the specification and its impact on electric bicycle purchase decisions. Using Latent Dirichlet Allocation(LDA) to analyse 20, 971 social media comments, combined with sentiment analysis, a purchase behaviour model was developed. Additionally, 446 valid survey responses were analysed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling to identify key influencing factors and their pathways. Bayesian network analysis was then employed to quantify the effects of these factors on purchase behaviour. The results reveal that attitudes and perceived safety are the most significant determinants of electric bicycle purchases. Furthermore, trust, perceived usefulness and face consciousness have a substantial influence on consumer attitudes. Regarding the specification's impact, the findings suggest that public trust and perception of the regulation positively contribute to purchase behaviour. This research provides a robust framework for understanding the drivers of electric bicycle purchase behaviour, supporting the sustainable and regulated growth of China's electric bicycle industry.展开更多
We collected data on habitat use and locomotion of the François’langur(Trachypithecus francoisi)between August 2003 and July 2004 at Nonggang Nature Reserve,China.A total of 739 h of behavioral data were collect...We collected data on habitat use and locomotion of the François’langur(Trachypithecus francoisi)between August 2003 and July 2004 at Nonggang Nature Reserve,China.A total of 739 h of behavioral data were collected during this study.We tested 2 predictions:(1)that the langurs may have special patterns of habitat use and locomotion adaptive to the limestone habitat,and(2)the langurs may exhibit different patterns of habitat use and locomotion among different zones of limestone hill.Our results indicated that François’langurs spent more time in the low-risk,relatively food-poor cliff-hilltop areas.When young leaves and fruit were scarce in the dry season,the langurs increased their time in the high-risk,food-rich valley basin.François’langurs were semi-terrestrial,and leaping and climbing were their main locomotor modes.These behavioral patterns are considered to be related to characteristics of topography and vegetation in limestone habitat,such as large areas of cliff and discontinuous canopy.Our results also supported Prediction 2.The langurs confined locomotion to the main canopy and frequently adopted leaping while traveling in the hillside and valley basin.While traveling in cliff-hilltop areas,they tended to stay in the lower stratus(≤5 m)or move on the ground,and walking and climbing were their dominant traveling modes.展开更多
基金supported by National Nature Science Foundation of China (31172122)Guangxi Nature Science Foundation (2012GXNSFAA053039)
文摘Infanticide by males is a common phenomenon in mammals, especially primates, as lactation lasts much longer than gestation in many species. Usually, infanticidal episodes occur soon after group takeovers, and are traditionally considered a male reproductive strategy （i.e., support the sexual selection hypothesis, Hrdy, 1974）. To verify the validity of this conception, we observed one group of Franqois＇ langurs in the Nonggang Nature Reserve, China, between August 2003 and July 2004. During the study period, a Francois＇ langur female with the youngest infant in the group was attacked three times by immigrating males, and later disappeared by the third day after the final attack. We suggest that these attacks on the female-infant dyad represent infanticide attempts by males, and may be the cause of the adult female and her infant＇s disappearance. Presumably, that female dispersed with her infant to avoid infanticide and was not killed. Though these observations do not completely verify the sexual selection hypothesis, they are not inconsistent with it.
基金supported by National Nature Science Foundation of China(31172122)Guangxi Nature Science Foundation(2012GXNSFAA053039)。
文摘Infanticide by males is a common phenomenon in mammals,especially primates,as lactation lasts much longer than gestation in many species.Usually,infanticidal episodes occur soon after group takeovers,and are traditionally considered a male reproductive strategy(i.e.,support the sexual selection hypothesis,Hrdy,1974).To verify the validity of this conception,we observed one group of François’langurs in the Nonggang Nature Reserve,China,between August 2003 and July 2004.During the study period,a François’langur female with the youngest infant in the group was attacked three times by immigrating males,and later disappeared by the third day after the final attack.We suggest that these attacks on the female-infant dyad represent infanticide attempts by males,and may be the cause of the adult female and her infant’s disappearance.Presumably,that female dispersed with her infant to avoid infanticide and was not killed.Though these observations do not completely verify the sexual selection hypothesis,they are not inconsistent with it.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52472360,72101128,and 72471070)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023M730560).
文摘The successful deployment of autonomous vehicles(AVs)relies heavily on their ability to interact safely and effectively with other road users.External human–machine interfaces(eHMIs)have emerged as critical components in facilitating these interactions.Rigorous evaluation and testing of eHMIs are essential for realizing their intended safety and communication benefits.This study provides a comprehensive review of current eHMI research,focusing on their impact on road users’behavior and perceptions,as well as the methods used for evaluation.Key behavioral factors—such as eHMI modality,information type,location,vehicle kinematics,traffic environment,and user characteristics—are systematically reviewed and summarized.The influence of eHMIs on user perceptions is also explored through indicators such as perceived safety,comprehensibility,trust,cognitive load,and user experience.Despite notable advancements,several critical research gaps remain underexplored.Most studies focus on one-toone interactions,neglecting the complexities of mixed-traffic environments involving AVs,conventional human-driven vehicles,pedestrians,and cyclists.Current evaluation methods largely rely on virtual reality and Wizard-of-Oz experiments,which may fail to fully capture real-world dynamics.Additionally,subjective questionnaires,which are often used in these studies,do not guarantee high reproducibility of findings.Moreover,insufficient attention has been given to the synchronization of eHMI signals with vehicle kinematics.Furthermore,the absence of standardized evaluation frameworks limits cross-study comparability and the development of universally applicable eHMI solutions.To address these challenges,future research should prioritize the integration of naturalistic traffic scenarios,the adoption of objective and reproducible evaluation methods,the exploration of multimodal eHMI designs,and the development of standardized assessment protocols.These efforts are crucial for improving AV communication with diverse road users and ensuring safety in increasingly complex traffic ecosystems.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52472360)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 2023M7 30560)。
文摘The Safety Technical Specification for Electric Bicycles(GB 17761–2018, China) has been in effect for over six years, yet its influence on consumer purchase behaviour remains unclear. This study examines public perceptions of the specification and its impact on electric bicycle purchase decisions. Using Latent Dirichlet Allocation(LDA) to analyse 20, 971 social media comments, combined with sentiment analysis, a purchase behaviour model was developed. Additionally, 446 valid survey responses were analysed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling to identify key influencing factors and their pathways. Bayesian network analysis was then employed to quantify the effects of these factors on purchase behaviour. The results reveal that attitudes and perceived safety are the most significant determinants of electric bicycle purchases. Furthermore, trust, perceived usefulness and face consciousness have a substantial influence on consumer attitudes. Regarding the specification's impact, the findings suggest that public trust and perception of the regulation positively contribute to purchase behaviour. This research provides a robust framework for understanding the drivers of electric bicycle purchase behaviour, supporting the sustainable and regulated growth of China's electric bicycle industry.
基金financially supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.30560023,30860050,31172122)the Guangxi Nature Science Foundation(2012GXNSFAA053039)the Monitoring and Conservation of Langur Project of the National Forestry Administration of China.
文摘We collected data on habitat use and locomotion of the François’langur(Trachypithecus francoisi)between August 2003 and July 2004 at Nonggang Nature Reserve,China.A total of 739 h of behavioral data were collected during this study.We tested 2 predictions:(1)that the langurs may have special patterns of habitat use and locomotion adaptive to the limestone habitat,and(2)the langurs may exhibit different patterns of habitat use and locomotion among different zones of limestone hill.Our results indicated that François’langurs spent more time in the low-risk,relatively food-poor cliff-hilltop areas.When young leaves and fruit were scarce in the dry season,the langurs increased their time in the high-risk,food-rich valley basin.François’langurs were semi-terrestrial,and leaping and climbing were their main locomotor modes.These behavioral patterns are considered to be related to characteristics of topography and vegetation in limestone habitat,such as large areas of cliff and discontinuous canopy.Our results also supported Prediction 2.The langurs confined locomotion to the main canopy and frequently adopted leaping while traveling in the hillside and valley basin.While traveling in cliff-hilltop areas,they tended to stay in the lower stratus(≤5 m)or move on the ground,and walking and climbing were their dominant traveling modes.
