Lactate serves as a key energy metabolite in the central nervous system,facilitating essential brain functions,including energy supply,signaling,and epigenetic modulation.Moreover,it links epigenetic modifications wit...Lactate serves as a key energy metabolite in the central nervous system,facilitating essential brain functions,including energy supply,signaling,and epigenetic modulation.Moreover,it links epigenetic modifications with metabolic reprogramming.Nonetheless,the specific mechanisms and roles of this connection in astrocytes remain unclear.Therefore,this review aims to explore the role and specific mechanisms of lactate in the metabolic reprogramming of astrocytes in the central nervous system.The close relationship between epigenetic modifications and metabolic reprogramming was discussed.Therapeutic strategies for targeting metabolic reprogramming in astrocytes in the central nervous system were also outlined to guide future research in central nervous system diseases.In the nervous system,lactate plays an essential role.However,its mechanism of action as a bridge between metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic modifications in the nervous system requires future investigation.The involvement of lactate in epigenetic modifications is currently a hot research topic,especially in lactylation modification,a key determinant in this process.Lactate also indirectly regulates various epigenetic modifications,such as N6-methyladenosine,acetylation,ubiquitination,and phosphorylation modifications,which are closely linked to several neurological disorders.In addition,exploring the clinical applications and potential therapeutic strategies of lactic acid provides new insights for future neurological disease treatments.展开更多
Rutin has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-viral, anti-tumor and immune regulatory effects. However, the neuroprotective effects of rutin in spinal cord injury are unknown. The p38 mitogen activated protein kinase...Rutin has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-viral, anti-tumor and immune regulatory effects. However, the neuroprotective effects of rutin in spinal cord injury are unknown. The p38 mitogen activated protein kinase （p38 MAPK） pathway is the most important member of the MAPK family that controls inflammation. We assumed that the mechanism of rutin in the repair of spinal cord injury is associated with the inhibition of p38 MAPK pathway. Allen’s method was used to establish a rat model of spinal cord injury. The rat model was intraperitoneally injected with rutin （30 mg/kg） for 3 days. After treatment with rutin, Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan locomotor function scores increased. Water content, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 beta, and interleukin 6 levels, p38 MAPK protein expression and caspase-3 and -9 activities in T8–9 spinal cord decreased. Oxidative stress related markers superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase levels increased in peripheral blood. Rutin exerts neuroprotective effect through anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis and inhibition of p38 MAPK pathway.展开更多
Studies have shown that gut microbiota metabolites can enter the central nervous system via the blood-spinal cord barrier and cause neuroinflammation, thus constituting secondary injury after spinal cord injury. To in...Studies have shown that gut microbiota metabolites can enter the central nervous system via the blood-spinal cord barrier and cause neuroinflammation, thus constituting secondary injury after spinal cord injury. To investigate the correlation between gut microbiota and metabolites and the possible mechanism underlying the effects of gut microbiota on secondary injury after spinal cord injury, in this study, we established mouse models of T8–T10 traumatic spinal cord injury. We used 16 S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and metabolomics to reveal the changes in gut microbiota and metabolites in fecal samples from the mouse model. Results showed a severe gut microbiota disturbance after spinal cord injury, which included marked increases in pro-inflammatory bacteria, such as Shigella, Bacteroides, Rikenella, Staphylococcus, and Mucispirillum and decreases in anti-inflammatory bacteria, such as Lactobacillus, Allobaculum, and Sutterella. Meanwhile, we identified 27 metabolites that decreased and 320 metabolites that increased in the injured spinal cord. Combined with pathway enrichment analysis, five markedly differential amino acids(L-leucine, L-methionine, L-phenylalanine, L-isoleucine and L-valine) were screened out, which play a pivotal role in activating oxidative stress and inflammatory responses following spinal cord injury. Integrated correlation analysis indicated that the alteration of gut microbiota was related to the differences in amino acids, which suggests that disturbances in gut microbiota might participate in the secondary injury through the accumulation of partial metabolites that activate oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Findings from this study provide a new theoretical basis for improving the secondary injury after spinal cord injury through fecal microbial transplantation.展开更多
Circular RNAs(circRNAs)are a class of conserved,endogenous non-coding RNAs that are involved in transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene regulation and are highly enriched in the nervous system.They participate i...Circular RNAs(circRNAs)are a class of conserved,endogenous non-coding RNAs that are involved in transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene regulation and are highly enriched in the nervous system.They participate in the survival and differentiation of multiple nerve cells,and may even promote the recovery of neurological function after stroke.However,their role in the inflammatory response after spinal cord injury remains unclear.In the present study,we established a mouse model of T9 spinal cord injury using the modified Allen’s impact method,and identified 16,013 circRNAs and 960 miRNAs that were differentially expressed after spinal cord injury.Of these,the expression levels of circPrkcsh were significantly different between injured and sham-treated mice.We then treated astrocytes with tumor necrosis factor-αin vitro to simulate the inflammatory response after spinal cord injury.Our results revealed an elevated expression of circPrkcsh with a concurrent decrease in miR-488 expression in injured cells.We also found that circPrkcsh regulated the expression of the inflammationrelated gene Ccl2.Furthermore,in tumor necrosis factor-α-treated astrocytes,circPrkcsh knockdown decreased the expression of Ccl2 by upregulating miR-488 expression,and reduced the secretion of inflammatory cytokines in vitro.These findings suggest that differentially expressed circRNAs participate in the inflammatory response after spinal cord injury and act as the regulators of certain microRNAs.Furthermore,circPrkcsh may be used as an miR-488 sponge to regulate Ccl2 expression,which might provide a new potential therapy for SCI.The study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Shandong University of China(approval No.KYLL-20170303)on March 3,2017.展开更多
This paper addresses the control design for automatic train operation of high-speed trains with protection constraints.A new resilient nonlinear gain-based feedback control approach is proposed,which is capable of gua...This paper addresses the control design for automatic train operation of high-speed trains with protection constraints.A new resilient nonlinear gain-based feedback control approach is proposed,which is capable of guaranteeing,under some proper non-restrictive initial conditions,the protection constraints control raised by the distance-to-go(moving authority)curve and automatic train protection in practice.A new hyperbolic tangent function-based model is presented to mimic the whole operation process of high-speed trains.The proposed feedback control methods are easily implementable and computationally inexpensive because the presence of only two feedback gains guarantee satisfactory tracking performance and closed-loop stability,no adaptations of unknown parameters,function approximation of unknown nonlinearities,and attenuation of external disturbances in the proposed control strategies.Finally,rigorous proofs and comparative simulation results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.展开更多
Our previous study found that microRNA-21 a-5 p(miR-21 a-5 p)knockdown could improve the recovery of motor function after spinal cord injury in a mouse model,but the precise molecular mechanism remains poorly understo...Our previous study found that microRNA-21 a-5 p(miR-21 a-5 p)knockdown could improve the recovery of motor function after spinal cord injury in a mouse model,but the precise molecular mechanism remains poorly understood.In this study,a modified Allen's weight drop was used to establish a mouse model of spinal cord injury.A proteomics approach was used to understand the role of differential protein expression with miR-21 a-5 p knockdown,using a mouse model of spinal cord injury without gene knockout as a negative control group.We found that after introducing miR-21 a-5 p knockdown,proteins that played an essential role in the regulation of inflammatory processes,cell protection against oxidative stress,cell redox homeostasis,and cell maintenance were upregulated compared with the negative control group.Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis identified enriched pathways in both groups,such as the oxidative phosphorylation pathway,which is relevant to Parkinson's disease,Huntington's disease,Alzheimer's disease,and cardiac muscle contraction.We also found that miR-21 a-5 p could be a potential biomarker for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,as miR-21 a-5 p becomes deregulated in this pathway.These results indicate successful detection of some important proteins that play potential roles in spinal cord injury.Elucidating the relationship between these proteins and the recovery of spinal cord injury will provide a reference for future research of spinal cord injury biomarkers.All experimental procedures and protocols were approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Shandong University of China on March 5,2014.展开更多
With the development of metabolic engineering,increasing requirements for efficient microbial biosynthesis call for establishment of multi-strain co-culture system.Dynamic regulation of population ratios is crucial fo...With the development of metabolic engineering,increasing requirements for efficient microbial biosynthesis call for establishment of multi-strain co-culture system.Dynamic regulation of population ratios is crucial for optimizing bioproduction performance.Optogenetic systems with high universality and flexibility have the potential to realize dynamic control of population proportion.In this study,we utilized an optimized chromatic acclimation sensor/regulator(CcaS/R)system and a blue light-activated YF1-FixJ-PhlF system as induction modules.A pair of orthogonal quorum sensing systems and a toxin-antitoxin system were employed as communication module and effector module,respectively.By integrating these modules,we developed a dual light-controlled co-culture system that enables dynamic regulation of population ratios.This co-culture system provides a universal toolkit for applications in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology.展开更多
Background:The current deep learning diagnosis of breast masses is mainly reflected by the diagnosis of benign and malignant lesions.In China,breast masses are divided into four categories according to the treatment m...Background:The current deep learning diagnosis of breast masses is mainly reflected by the diagnosis of benign and malignant lesions.In China,breast masses are divided into four categories according to the treatment method:inflammatory masses,adenosis,benign tumors,and malignant tumors.These categorizations are important for guiding clinical treatment.In this study,we aimed to develop a convolutional neural network(CNN)for classification of these four breast mass types using ultrasound(US)images.Methods:Taking breast biopsy or pathological examinations as the reference standard,CNNs were used to establish models for the four-way classification of 3623 breast cancer patients from 13 centers.The patients were randomly divided into training and test groups(n=1810 vs.n=1813).Separate models were created for two-dimensional(2D)images only,2D and color Doppler flow imaging(2D-CDFI),and 2D-CDFI and pulsed wave Doppler(2D-CDFI-PW)images.The performance of these three models was compared using sensitivity,specificity,area under receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC),positive(PPV)and negative predictive values(NPV),positive(LR+)and negative likelihood ratios(LR-),and the performance of the 2D model was further compared between masses of different sizes with above statistical indicators,between images from different hospitals with AUC,and with the performance of 37 radiologists.Results:The accuracies of the 2D,2D-CDFI,and 2D-CDFI-PW models on the test set were 87.9%,89.2%,and 88.7%,respectively.The AUCs for classification of benign tumors,malignant tumors,inflammatory masses,and adenosis were 0.90,0.91,0.90,and 0.89,respectively(95%confidence intervals[CIs],0.87-0.91,0.89-0.92,0.87-0.91,and 0.86-0.90).The 2D-CDFI model showed better accuracy(89.2%)on the test set than the 2D(87.9%)and 2D-CDFI-PW(88.7%)models.The 2D model showed accuracy of 81.7%on breast masses≤1 cm and 82.3%on breast masses>1 cm;there was a significant difference between the two groups(P<0.001).The accuracy of the CNN classifications for the test set(89.2%)was significantly higher than that of all the radiologists(30%).Conclusions:The CNN may have high accuracy for classification of US images of breast masses and perform significantly better than human radiologists.Trial registration:Chictr.org,ChiCTR1900021375;http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=33139.展开更多
As integrated circuits advance into the post-Moore era,the improvement of computing performance encounters several challenges,making it difficult to meet the ever-growing computing demands.Cryogenic complementary meta...As integrated circuits advance into the post-Moore era,the improvement of computing performance encounters several challenges,making it difficult to meet the ever-growing computing demands.Cryogenic complementary metal oxide semiconductor(CMOS)based computing systems have emerged as a promising solution for overcoming the existing computing performance bottleneck.By cooling the circuitry to cryogenic temperatures,device leakage and wire resistance can be significantly reduced,leading to further improvements in energy efficiency and performance.Here,we conduct a comprehensive review of the cryogenic CMOS based computing systems across multiple optimization layers,including the CMOS process,modeling,electronic design automation(EDA),circuits,and architecture.Moreover,this review identifies potential future works and applications.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.82071383,82371392(to BN)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China(Key Project),No.ZR2020KH007(to BN)+1 种基金“Taishan Scholar Distinguished Expert Program”of Shandong Province,No.tstp20231257(to BN)Health Commission Science and Technology Plan Project of Jinan,No.2023-1-8(to YZ).
文摘Lactate serves as a key energy metabolite in the central nervous system,facilitating essential brain functions,including energy supply,signaling,and epigenetic modulation.Moreover,it links epigenetic modifications with metabolic reprogramming.Nonetheless,the specific mechanisms and roles of this connection in astrocytes remain unclear.Therefore,this review aims to explore the role and specific mechanisms of lactate in the metabolic reprogramming of astrocytes in the central nervous system.The close relationship between epigenetic modifications and metabolic reprogramming was discussed.Therapeutic strategies for targeting metabolic reprogramming in astrocytes in the central nervous system were also outlined to guide future research in central nervous system diseases.In the nervous system,lactate plays an essential role.However,its mechanism of action as a bridge between metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic modifications in the nervous system requires future investigation.The involvement of lactate in epigenetic modifications is currently a hot research topic,especially in lactylation modification,a key determinant in this process.Lactate also indirectly regulates various epigenetic modifications,such as N6-methyladenosine,acetylation,ubiquitination,and phosphorylation modifications,which are closely linked to several neurological disorders.In addition,exploring the clinical applications and potential therapeutic strategies of lactic acid provides new insights for future neurological disease treatments.
基金supported in part by grants from the Young Scientists Awards Foundation of Shandong Province of China,No.BS2013YY049the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation,No.2012M511036
文摘Rutin has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-viral, anti-tumor and immune regulatory effects. However, the neuroprotective effects of rutin in spinal cord injury are unknown. The p38 mitogen activated protein kinase （p38 MAPK） pathway is the most important member of the MAPK family that controls inflammation. We assumed that the mechanism of rutin in the repair of spinal cord injury is associated with the inhibition of p38 MAPK pathway. Allen’s method was used to establish a rat model of spinal cord injury. The rat model was intraperitoneally injected with rutin （30 mg/kg） for 3 days. After treatment with rutin, Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan locomotor function scores increased. Water content, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 beta, and interleukin 6 levels, p38 MAPK protein expression and caspase-3 and -9 activities in T8–9 spinal cord decreased. Oxidative stress related markers superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase levels increased in peripheral blood. Rutin exerts neuroprotective effect through anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis and inhibition of p38 MAPK pathway.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos. 81771346, 82071383the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Key Project),No. ZR2020KH007+3 种基金the Taishan Scholar Youth Program of Shandong Province,No. tsqn201812156Academic Promotion Program of Shandong First Medical University,Nos. 2019QL025, 2019RC021Spring Industry Leader Talent Support Plan,No. 201984Rongxiang Regenerative Medicine Fund,No. 2019SDRX-23 (all to BN)。
文摘Studies have shown that gut microbiota metabolites can enter the central nervous system via the blood-spinal cord barrier and cause neuroinflammation, thus constituting secondary injury after spinal cord injury. To investigate the correlation between gut microbiota and metabolites and the possible mechanism underlying the effects of gut microbiota on secondary injury after spinal cord injury, in this study, we established mouse models of T8–T10 traumatic spinal cord injury. We used 16 S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and metabolomics to reveal the changes in gut microbiota and metabolites in fecal samples from the mouse model. Results showed a severe gut microbiota disturbance after spinal cord injury, which included marked increases in pro-inflammatory bacteria, such as Shigella, Bacteroides, Rikenella, Staphylococcus, and Mucispirillum and decreases in anti-inflammatory bacteria, such as Lactobacillus, Allobaculum, and Sutterella. Meanwhile, we identified 27 metabolites that decreased and 320 metabolites that increased in the injured spinal cord. Combined with pathway enrichment analysis, five markedly differential amino acids(L-leucine, L-methionine, L-phenylalanine, L-isoleucine and L-valine) were screened out, which play a pivotal role in activating oxidative stress and inflammatory responses following spinal cord injury. Integrated correlation analysis indicated that the alteration of gut microbiota was related to the differences in amino acids, which suggests that disturbances in gut microbiota might participate in the secondary injury through the accumulation of partial metabolites that activate oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Findings from this study provide a new theoretical basis for improving the secondary injury after spinal cord injury through fecal microbial transplantation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.81771346,82071383the Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong Province of China,No.tsqn201812156+1 种基金Spring City Leader Talent Support Plan,No.201984Rongxiang Regenerative Medicine Foundation of Shandong University,No.2019SDRX-23(all to BN)。
文摘Circular RNAs(circRNAs)are a class of conserved,endogenous non-coding RNAs that are involved in transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene regulation and are highly enriched in the nervous system.They participate in the survival and differentiation of multiple nerve cells,and may even promote the recovery of neurological function after stroke.However,their role in the inflammatory response after spinal cord injury remains unclear.In the present study,we established a mouse model of T9 spinal cord injury using the modified Allen’s impact method,and identified 16,013 circRNAs and 960 miRNAs that were differentially expressed after spinal cord injury.Of these,the expression levels of circPrkcsh were significantly different between injured and sham-treated mice.We then treated astrocytes with tumor necrosis factor-αin vitro to simulate the inflammatory response after spinal cord injury.Our results revealed an elevated expression of circPrkcsh with a concurrent decrease in miR-488 expression in injured cells.We also found that circPrkcsh regulated the expression of the inflammationrelated gene Ccl2.Furthermore,in tumor necrosis factor-α-treated astrocytes,circPrkcsh knockdown decreased the expression of Ccl2 by upregulating miR-488 expression,and reduced the secretion of inflammatory cytokines in vitro.These findings suggest that differentially expressed circRNAs participate in the inflammatory response after spinal cord injury and act as the regulators of certain microRNAs.Furthermore,circPrkcsh may be used as an miR-488 sponge to regulate Ccl2 expression,which might provide a new potential therapy for SCI.The study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Shandong University of China(approval No.KYLL-20170303)on March 3,2017.
基金supported jointly by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61703033,61790573)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(4192046)+1 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities(2018JBZ002)State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety(RCS2018ZT013),Beijing Jiaotong University
文摘This paper addresses the control design for automatic train operation of high-speed trains with protection constraints.A new resilient nonlinear gain-based feedback control approach is proposed,which is capable of guaranteeing,under some proper non-restrictive initial conditions,the protection constraints control raised by the distance-to-go(moving authority)curve and automatic train protection in practice.A new hyperbolic tangent function-based model is presented to mimic the whole operation process of high-speed trains.The proposed feedback control methods are easily implementable and computationally inexpensive because the presence of only two feedback gains guarantee satisfactory tracking performance and closed-loop stability,no adaptations of unknown parameters,function approximation of unknown nonlinearities,and attenuation of external disturbances in the proposed control strategies.Finally,rigorous proofs and comparative simulation results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.
文摘Our previous study found that microRNA-21 a-5 p(miR-21 a-5 p)knockdown could improve the recovery of motor function after spinal cord injury in a mouse model,but the precise molecular mechanism remains poorly understood.In this study,a modified Allen's weight drop was used to establish a mouse model of spinal cord injury.A proteomics approach was used to understand the role of differential protein expression with miR-21 a-5 p knockdown,using a mouse model of spinal cord injury without gene knockout as a negative control group.We found that after introducing miR-21 a-5 p knockdown,proteins that played an essential role in the regulation of inflammatory processes,cell protection against oxidative stress,cell redox homeostasis,and cell maintenance were upregulated compared with the negative control group.Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis identified enriched pathways in both groups,such as the oxidative phosphorylation pathway,which is relevant to Parkinson's disease,Huntington's disease,Alzheimer's disease,and cardiac muscle contraction.We also found that miR-21 a-5 p could be a potential biomarker for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,as miR-21 a-5 p becomes deregulated in this pathway.These results indicate successful detection of some important proteins that play potential roles in spinal cord injury.Elucidating the relationship between these proteins and the recovery of spinal cord injury will provide a reference for future research of spinal cord injury biomarkers.All experimental procedures and protocols were approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Shandong University of China on March 5,2014.
基金supported by the financial grant from National Natural Science Foundation of China(82071383,82371392)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Key Project,ZR2020KH007)+5 种基金the"Taishan Scholar Distinguished Expert Program"of Shandong Province(tstp20231257)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2022QC222)Shandong Province Medical and Health Science and Technology Project(202404070807)Youth Science Foundation of Shandong First Medical University(202201-132)Talent Introduction of Jinan Central Hospital(YJRC2022002)Science and Technology Development Program of Jinan Municipal Health Commission(2024102001).
文摘With the development of metabolic engineering,increasing requirements for efficient microbial biosynthesis call for establishment of multi-strain co-culture system.Dynamic regulation of population ratios is crucial for optimizing bioproduction performance.Optogenetic systems with high universality and flexibility have the potential to realize dynamic control of population proportion.In this study,we utilized an optimized chromatic acclimation sensor/regulator(CcaS/R)system and a blue light-activated YF1-FixJ-PhlF system as induction modules.A pair of orthogonal quorum sensing systems and a toxin-antitoxin system were employed as communication module and effector module,respectively.By integrating these modules,we developed a dual light-controlled co-culture system that enables dynamic regulation of population ratios.This co-culture system provides a universal toolkit for applications in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology.
基金This study was supported by the grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFC0104801)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81730050)。
文摘Background:The current deep learning diagnosis of breast masses is mainly reflected by the diagnosis of benign and malignant lesions.In China,breast masses are divided into four categories according to the treatment method:inflammatory masses,adenosis,benign tumors,and malignant tumors.These categorizations are important for guiding clinical treatment.In this study,we aimed to develop a convolutional neural network(CNN)for classification of these four breast mass types using ultrasound(US)images.Methods:Taking breast biopsy or pathological examinations as the reference standard,CNNs were used to establish models for the four-way classification of 3623 breast cancer patients from 13 centers.The patients were randomly divided into training and test groups(n=1810 vs.n=1813).Separate models were created for two-dimensional(2D)images only,2D and color Doppler flow imaging(2D-CDFI),and 2D-CDFI and pulsed wave Doppler(2D-CDFI-PW)images.The performance of these three models was compared using sensitivity,specificity,area under receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC),positive(PPV)and negative predictive values(NPV),positive(LR+)and negative likelihood ratios(LR-),and the performance of the 2D model was further compared between masses of different sizes with above statistical indicators,between images from different hospitals with AUC,and with the performance of 37 radiologists.Results:The accuracies of the 2D,2D-CDFI,and 2D-CDFI-PW models on the test set were 87.9%,89.2%,and 88.7%,respectively.The AUCs for classification of benign tumors,malignant tumors,inflammatory masses,and adenosis were 0.90,0.91,0.90,and 0.89,respectively(95%confidence intervals[CIs],0.87-0.91,0.89-0.92,0.87-0.91,and 0.86-0.90).The 2D-CDFI model showed better accuracy(89.2%)on the test set than the 2D(87.9%)and 2D-CDFI-PW(88.7%)models.The 2D model showed accuracy of 81.7%on breast masses≤1 cm and 82.3%on breast masses>1 cm;there was a significant difference between the two groups(P<0.001).The accuracy of the CNN classifications for the test set(89.2%)was significantly higher than that of all the radiologists(30%).Conclusions:The CNN may have high accuracy for classification of US images of breast masses and perform significantly better than human radiologists.Trial registration:Chictr.org,ChiCTR1900021375;http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=33139.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62220106011。
文摘As integrated circuits advance into the post-Moore era,the improvement of computing performance encounters several challenges,making it difficult to meet the ever-growing computing demands.Cryogenic complementary metal oxide semiconductor(CMOS)based computing systems have emerged as a promising solution for overcoming the existing computing performance bottleneck.By cooling the circuitry to cryogenic temperatures,device leakage and wire resistance can be significantly reduced,leading to further improvements in energy efficiency and performance.Here,we conduct a comprehensive review of the cryogenic CMOS based computing systems across multiple optimization layers,including the CMOS process,modeling,electronic design automation(EDA),circuits,and architecture.Moreover,this review identifies potential future works and applications.
