色值是糖品最重要的特性,但在蔗汁清净中,通常不把脱色看作主要目标。根据实验结果,所有的常规清净方法都有显著的脱色潜力,甚至比工业实践中所意识到的更高。测试了4种主要的清净方法:热汁加灰石灰法、亚硫酸法、单碳酸法和双碳酸法,...色值是糖品最重要的特性,但在蔗汁清净中,通常不把脱色看作主要目标。根据实验结果,所有的常规清净方法都有显著的脱色潜力,甚至比工业实践中所意识到的更高。测试了4种主要的清净方法:热汁加灰石灰法、亚硫酸法、单碳酸法和双碳酸法,并研究了各种清汁的色值特性。碳酸法在甘蔗糖业中的应用不是很广泛,但硫磺价格的周期性上涨、糖质量问题和环境问题,都促使人们设法考虑用发酵车间免费的CO2替代或补充SO2。研究了粗汁和清汁间的相对脱色率,石灰法、亚硫酸法、单碳酸法和双碳酸法的平均脱色率分别为35%、47%、44%、74%。检测了影响石灰法清汁色值的几个因素,即:沉降停留时间和温度、蔗渣和滤泥含量、磷酸和蛋白质添加量的影响。加灰量低于1 kg CaO/t蔗(石灰法、亚硫酸法、单碳酸法)情况下,除了新生成的磷酸钙沉淀对色素的吸附外,很大一部分脱色效果来自于受热凝结的甘蔗蛋白的吸附。在常规清净方法中,用于吸附色素的磷酸钙沉淀是过量的。亚硫酸法和单碳酸法的脱色效果接近,但单碳酸法处理得到的清汁和糖浆的热稳定性明显较差,需要进一步研究。展开更多
Four extreme ultraviolet(EUV)solar radiation proxies(Magnesium II core-to-wing ratio(MgII),Lymanαflux(Fα),10.7-cm solar radio flux(F10.7),and sunspot number(Rz))were analyzed during the last four consecutive solar a...Four extreme ultraviolet(EUV)solar radiation proxies(Magnesium II core-to-wing ratio(MgII),Lymanαflux(Fα),10.7-cm solar radio flux(F10.7),and sunspot number(Rz))were analyzed during the last four consecutive solar activity minima to investigate how they differ during minimum periods and how well they represent solar EUV radiation.Their variability within each minimum and between minima was compared by considering monthly means.A comparison was also made of their role in filtering the effect of solar activity from the critical frequency of the ionospheric F2 layer,foF2,which at mid to low latitudes depends mainly on EUV solar radiation.The last two solar cycles showed unusually low EUV radiation levels according to the four proxies.Regarding the connection between the EUV“true”variation and that of solar proxies,according to the foF2 filtering analysis,MgII and Fαbehaved in a more stable and suitable way,whereas Rz and F10.7 could be overestimating EUV levels during the last two minima,implying they would both underestimate the inter-minima difference of EUV when compared with the first two minima.展开更多
文摘色值是糖品最重要的特性,但在蔗汁清净中,通常不把脱色看作主要目标。根据实验结果,所有的常规清净方法都有显著的脱色潜力,甚至比工业实践中所意识到的更高。测试了4种主要的清净方法:热汁加灰石灰法、亚硫酸法、单碳酸法和双碳酸法,并研究了各种清汁的色值特性。碳酸法在甘蔗糖业中的应用不是很广泛,但硫磺价格的周期性上涨、糖质量问题和环境问题,都促使人们设法考虑用发酵车间免费的CO2替代或补充SO2。研究了粗汁和清汁间的相对脱色率,石灰法、亚硫酸法、单碳酸法和双碳酸法的平均脱色率分别为35%、47%、44%、74%。检测了影响石灰法清汁色值的几个因素,即:沉降停留时间和温度、蔗渣和滤泥含量、磷酸和蛋白质添加量的影响。加灰量低于1 kg CaO/t蔗(石灰法、亚硫酸法、单碳酸法)情况下,除了新生成的磷酸钙沉淀对色素的吸附外,很大一部分脱色效果来自于受热凝结的甘蔗蛋白的吸附。在常规清净方法中,用于吸附色素的磷酸钙沉淀是过量的。亚硫酸法和单碳酸法的脱色效果接近,但单碳酸法处理得到的清汁和糖浆的热稳定性明显较差,需要进一步研究。
基金Research Project Numbers PIUNT E642 and PIP 2957supported by National Science Foundation Grant Number AGS-2152365
文摘Four extreme ultraviolet(EUV)solar radiation proxies(Magnesium II core-to-wing ratio(MgII),Lymanαflux(Fα),10.7-cm solar radio flux(F10.7),and sunspot number(Rz))were analyzed during the last four consecutive solar activity minima to investigate how they differ during minimum periods and how well they represent solar EUV radiation.Their variability within each minimum and between minima was compared by considering monthly means.A comparison was also made of their role in filtering the effect of solar activity from the critical frequency of the ionospheric F2 layer,foF2,which at mid to low latitudes depends mainly on EUV solar radiation.The last two solar cycles showed unusually low EUV radiation levels according to the four proxies.Regarding the connection between the EUV“true”variation and that of solar proxies,according to the foF2 filtering analysis,MgII and Fαbehaved in a more stable and suitable way,whereas Rz and F10.7 could be overestimating EUV levels during the last two minima,implying they would both underestimate the inter-minima difference of EUV when compared with the first two minima.
