VehicularAd hoc Network(VANET)has become an integral part of Intelligent Transportation Systems(ITS)in today’s life.VANET is a network that can be heavily scaled up with a number of vehicles and road side units that ...VehicularAd hoc Network(VANET)has become an integral part of Intelligent Transportation Systems(ITS)in today’s life.VANET is a network that can be heavily scaled up with a number of vehicles and road side units that keep fluctuating in real world.VANET is susceptible to security issues,particularly DoS attacks,owing to maximum unpredictability in location.So,effective identification and the classification of attacks have become the major requirements for secure data transmission in VANET.At the same time,congestion control is also one of the key research problems in VANET which aims at minimizing the time expended on roads and calculating travel time as well as waiting time at intersections,for a traveler.With this motivation,the current research paper presents an intelligent DoS attack detection with Congestion Control(IDoS-CC)technique for VANET.The presented IDoSCC technique involves two-stage processes namely,Teaching and Learning Based Optimization(TLBO)-based Congestion Control(TLBO-CC)and Gated Recurrent Unit(GRU)-based DoS detection(GRU-DoSD).The goal of IDoS-CC technique is to reduce the level of congestion and detect the attacks that exist in the network.TLBO algorithm is also involved in IDoS-CC technique for optimization of the routes taken by vehicles via traffic signals and to minimize the congestion on a particular route instantaneously so as to assure minimal fuel utilization.TLBO is applied to avoid congestion on roadways.Besides,GRU-DoSD model is employed as a classification model to effectively discriminate the compromised and genuine vehicles in the network.The outcomes from a series of simulation analyses highlight the supremacy of the proposed IDoS-CC technique as it reduced the congestion and successfully identified the DoS attacks in network.展开更多
Incorporating small amounts of biochar into cementitious materials has partial effects on the environment.In this present study,rice husk was collected as agricultural biomass from a local area of Roorkee Uttarakhand,...Incorporating small amounts of biochar into cementitious materials has partial effects on the environment.In this present study,rice husk was collected as agricultural biomass from a local area of Roorkee Uttarakhand,which contains siliceous material to a significant extent.Biochar was prepared from agricultural waste in a muffle furnace at a temperature of 500℃for 90 min and ground to a fineness of less than 10μm.Prior to incorporation into building envelopes such as mortar and concrete,a basic study on cement pastes is essentially required.For this purpose,different dosages of biochar such as 0,3%,5%and 10%wt.were replaced with cement in cementitious materials.Physical properties such as water absorption,density and porosity were investigated.Furthermore,mechanical and thermal properties such as compressive strength and thermal conductivity were studied.Advanced tools like field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD)and thermogravimetric analyzer(TGA)were used to identify the hydration products.As the dosages increased in the cement matrix,the physical properties of sample were increased and porosity decreased.The compressive strength of biochar incorporated cement paste improved according to 0,3%,5%and 10%wt.It further reveals that as the dosage increased,the thermal conductivity of the samples decreased significantly.Moreover,the sustainable assessment showed that biochar could reduce embodied carbon,embodied energy and strength efficiency substantially over the control sample.A satisfactory result was obtained at 5%wt.and 10%wt.of biochar.The overall result revealed that biochar up to 10%wt.can be incorporated into mortar and concrete due to better results than the control mix.展开更多
文摘VehicularAd hoc Network(VANET)has become an integral part of Intelligent Transportation Systems(ITS)in today’s life.VANET is a network that can be heavily scaled up with a number of vehicles and road side units that keep fluctuating in real world.VANET is susceptible to security issues,particularly DoS attacks,owing to maximum unpredictability in location.So,effective identification and the classification of attacks have become the major requirements for secure data transmission in VANET.At the same time,congestion control is also one of the key research problems in VANET which aims at minimizing the time expended on roads and calculating travel time as well as waiting time at intersections,for a traveler.With this motivation,the current research paper presents an intelligent DoS attack detection with Congestion Control(IDoS-CC)technique for VANET.The presented IDoSCC technique involves two-stage processes namely,Teaching and Learning Based Optimization(TLBO)-based Congestion Control(TLBO-CC)and Gated Recurrent Unit(GRU)-based DoS detection(GRU-DoSD).The goal of IDoS-CC technique is to reduce the level of congestion and detect the attacks that exist in the network.TLBO algorithm is also involved in IDoS-CC technique for optimization of the routes taken by vehicles via traffic signals and to minimize the congestion on a particular route instantaneously so as to assure minimal fuel utilization.TLBO is applied to avoid congestion on roadways.Besides,GRU-DoSD model is employed as a classification model to effectively discriminate the compromised and genuine vehicles in the network.The outcomes from a series of simulation analyses highlight the supremacy of the proposed IDoS-CC technique as it reduced the congestion and successfully identified the DoS attacks in network.
文摘Incorporating small amounts of biochar into cementitious materials has partial effects on the environment.In this present study,rice husk was collected as agricultural biomass from a local area of Roorkee Uttarakhand,which contains siliceous material to a significant extent.Biochar was prepared from agricultural waste in a muffle furnace at a temperature of 500℃for 90 min and ground to a fineness of less than 10μm.Prior to incorporation into building envelopes such as mortar and concrete,a basic study on cement pastes is essentially required.For this purpose,different dosages of biochar such as 0,3%,5%and 10%wt.were replaced with cement in cementitious materials.Physical properties such as water absorption,density and porosity were investigated.Furthermore,mechanical and thermal properties such as compressive strength and thermal conductivity were studied.Advanced tools like field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD)and thermogravimetric analyzer(TGA)were used to identify the hydration products.As the dosages increased in the cement matrix,the physical properties of sample were increased and porosity decreased.The compressive strength of biochar incorporated cement paste improved according to 0,3%,5%and 10%wt.It further reveals that as the dosage increased,the thermal conductivity of the samples decreased significantly.Moreover,the sustainable assessment showed that biochar could reduce embodied carbon,embodied energy and strength efficiency substantially over the control sample.A satisfactory result was obtained at 5%wt.and 10%wt.of biochar.The overall result revealed that biochar up to 10%wt.can be incorporated into mortar and concrete due to better results than the control mix.
