Graphene quantum dots(GQDs)have emerged as a transformative technology in biomedicine,driven by their exceptional optical,electronic,physicochemical,and biological properties.Their substantialπ-conjugated system,low ...Graphene quantum dots(GQDs)have emerged as a transformative technology in biomedicine,driven by their exceptional optical,electronic,physicochemical,and biological properties.Their substantialπ-conjugated system,low toxicity,biocompatibility,and tunable surface chemistries enable diverse functionalities,including adjustable fluorescence for biosensing and bioimaging,high drug loading capacity,effective cell membrane penetration for targeted delivery,andefficient radiation absorption for cancer therapeutics.Despite significant advancements,the interaction mechanisms of GQDs with biological systems remain inadequately explored,hindering their real-world clinical applications.This review summarizes the recent developments in GQD-based technologies,emphasizing the critical role of their interaction mechanisms in multifunctional applications,ranging from detection to therapy.It highlights innovative design strategies and the pivotal influence of GQD interactions with analytes,nucleic acids,and cellular components in enhancing the sensitivity and specificity of biosensors.Furthermore,it presents an in-depth analysis of their multifunctional roles and mechanisms in emerging applications like drug delivery,triple negative breast cancer treatment,and antimicrobial therapies.Particular attention is given to their synergistic role in combinational breast cancer therapies,where interactions with reactive oxygen species and photothermal agents amplify therapeutic efficacy.Finally,it addresses key challenges and proposes future research directions in this evolving field.展开更多
基金supported by the Applied Basic Research Program of Changzhou(Grant No.CJ20253068)the internal Grant of Jiangsu University of Technology(Grant No.KYY25046)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Research Fund for International Scientists(Grant No.52350410475)The authors extend their appreciation to the Deputyship for Research and Innovation,Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia for funding this research(IFKSUHCRA-4-1).
文摘Graphene quantum dots(GQDs)have emerged as a transformative technology in biomedicine,driven by their exceptional optical,electronic,physicochemical,and biological properties.Their substantialπ-conjugated system,low toxicity,biocompatibility,and tunable surface chemistries enable diverse functionalities,including adjustable fluorescence for biosensing and bioimaging,high drug loading capacity,effective cell membrane penetration for targeted delivery,andefficient radiation absorption for cancer therapeutics.Despite significant advancements,the interaction mechanisms of GQDs with biological systems remain inadequately explored,hindering their real-world clinical applications.This review summarizes the recent developments in GQD-based technologies,emphasizing the critical role of their interaction mechanisms in multifunctional applications,ranging from detection to therapy.It highlights innovative design strategies and the pivotal influence of GQD interactions with analytes,nucleic acids,and cellular components in enhancing the sensitivity and specificity of biosensors.Furthermore,it presents an in-depth analysis of their multifunctional roles and mechanisms in emerging applications like drug delivery,triple negative breast cancer treatment,and antimicrobial therapies.Particular attention is given to their synergistic role in combinational breast cancer therapies,where interactions with reactive oxygen species and photothermal agents amplify therapeutic efficacy.Finally,it addresses key challenges and proposes future research directions in this evolving field.
