Surfactant flooding is an enhanced oil recovery(EOR)method for recovering residual oil in the reservoir through mechanism of interfacial tension(IFT)reduction and wettability alteration.Due to toxicity and high cost a...Surfactant flooding is an enhanced oil recovery(EOR)method for recovering residual oil in the reservoir through mechanism of interfacial tension(IFT)reduction and wettability alteration.Due to toxicity and high cost associated with conventional surfactants,recent research has focussed on developing low-cost and environmentally benign surfactants.Herein,a low-cost green surfactant is extracted from Vernonia Amygdalina(VA)and appraised for EOR applications.The extracted surfactant was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared(FTIR)and High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography(HPLC).The IFT of the synthesized surfactant at the oil-water interface was determined using Kruss tensiometer.Additionally,the foam stability of the synthesized surfactant was examined.Moreover,the wettability of the saponin based natural surfactant(SBNS)at the rock-fluid interface was analysed using Dataphysics drop shape analyser.Experimental result revealed that SBNS(1 wt%concentration)stabilized foam for longer periods with half-life of 1100 min.Furthermore,the synthesized surfactant was effective in lowering the IFT of oil-water interface from 18 mN/m to 0.97 mN/m.Finally,SBNS altered the wettability of sandstone cores to water-wetting condition by reducing the contact angle from 118.5° to 45.7°.Overall,SBNS exhibit excellent properties desirable for EOR and thereby recommended as supplementary alternative to conventional surfactants.展开更多
Seepage or loss of the mix-water from the drilling muds into the porous and permeable formations is a common problem during drilling operation.The drilling mud design requires a good knowledge of sealing integrity and...Seepage or loss of the mix-water from the drilling muds into the porous and permeable formations is a common problem during drilling operation.The drilling mud design requires a good knowledge of sealing integrity and all the factors influencing the mud to bridge through fractures or pore throat of exposed rocks.Loss circulation materials(LCMs)are commonly introduced into the drilling mud to prevent or minimize filtrate loss.This study investigates silica nanoparticle(SNP)derived from rice husk(RH)termed RH-SNP using the wet-milling method as an LCM inwater-based mud(WBM).The impact of the RH-SNP in the enhancement of rheology and filtrate loss control properties of WBM was studied.Subsequently,the sealing integrity of the RH-SNP in a 1 mm and 2 mm simulated fracture for 7 min was determined using a stainless-steel slotted filter disk.The performance of the developed RH-SNP was compared with the widely applied nutshell.The synthesized RH-SNP at amount of 2.0 wt% significantly enhanced the yield point and plastic viscosity of the WBM by 75% and 386%,respectively,and minimized the fluid loss of the WBM by 47% at 80°F.The enhancement is due to the particles ability to spread and interact efficiently with the WBM.With the use of 1 mm and 2 mm simulated fracture for 7 min,the mud loss volume of the base mud reduced by 50%,66.7%,86%,and 90%(for 1 mm)and 40%,65.7%,77.1%,and 80%(for 2 mm)with the inclusion of 0.5 wt%,1.0 wt%,1.5 wt%,and 2.0 wt% of RH-SNP,respectively.Overall,the results showed that RH-SNP enhanced the seal integrity of the drilling mud and was more resistant to deformation compared to the nutshell.The findings of this study can help for better understanding of the application of RH-SNP as a loss circulation agent owing to its superior ability to seal fractured formation compared with the often used nutshell.展开更多
Ultrasound is an unconventional method used to recovery oil,despite the report on the use of this technique,the focus has always been on the continuous application of ultrasound.But the continuous ultrasound has its o...Ultrasound is an unconventional method used to recovery oil,despite the report on the use of this technique,the focus has always been on the continuous application of ultrasound.But the continuous ultrasound has its own limitation of high cost of production and maintenance of equipment because of high energy generated.In this study,the use of short duration,intermittent ultrasound was investigated,and the result compared with the continuous ultrasound.The effect of viscosity and intensity on both intermittent and continuous ultrasound was also investigated.A 2D micro-model placed inside an ultrasonic bath under an ultrasound radiation was used,a stereo microscope with the camera mounted at the top of the micro-model recorded the displacement process.The snapshot of each time interval was used to give the estimate in percentage(%)of the residual oil left in the micro-model.The results show that,short duration and intermittent ultrasound can recover more oil compared with the application using continuous ultrasound and longer duration.Therefore,the use of intermittent ultrasound as a green and cost-effective technique is herein proposed.展开更多
Carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC)has emerged in oil and gas industries as a superior substitution to the conventional HPAM and xanthan gum(XG)for high viscosity polymer flooding application.In this study,the combined effec...Carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC)has emerged in oil and gas industries as a superior substitution to the conventional HPAM and xanthan gum(XG)for high viscosity polymer flooding application.In this study,the combined effect of conventional surfactant,sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate(SDBS)and CMC for potential surfactant-polymer(SP)flooding in enhanced oil recovery(EOR)has been investigated.Thereafter,SDBS–CMC interaction and the functional groups present in CMC were appropriately identified.The presence of various C–O bonds signifies the existence of carboxymethyl group which greatly influence the rheological properties of CMC solution.The behaviour of SDBS–CMC was characterized by their viscosity,shear rate,solubilization,wettability,and surface tension.Tertiary flooding utilizing SDBS-CMC was performed and compared to commercial SDBS-XG SP flooding.The results indicate several SDBS-CMC combinations are favourable for EOR application.Solution viscosity shows direct relationship with CMC concentrations.Consequently,at any given SDBS concentrations,significant increment was observed at 0.3 wt%and above.However,the trend displayed inconclusive relation to SDBS fractions.Majority of the SDBS-CMC combinations generate Winsor III emulsions particularly at CMC of 0.2 and 0.3 wt%,while Type II were observed in few combinations.Increasing CMC concentrations increased the contact angle,while gradual reductions were observed with SDBS concentrations.The gradual reduction in surface tension was highly influenced by the addition of CMC rather than SDBS.A novel combination of 0.3 wt%SDBS and 0.4 wt%CMC possessed an encouraging criterion in term of viscosity,solubilization,and surface tension reduction for EOR application.Flooding experiment from several SDBS-CMC combinations proved to recover additional oil ranging 16.4–20.2%of oil initially in place(OIIP).The trend in incremental oil recovery is similar to that of when utilising SDBS-XG.展开更多
基金The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Higher Education(MOHE)Malaysia and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia(UTM)for theirfinancial support through Research Management Grants Vot.No.R.J130000.3551.07G52,R.J130000.3551.06G68&06G69.
文摘Surfactant flooding is an enhanced oil recovery(EOR)method for recovering residual oil in the reservoir through mechanism of interfacial tension(IFT)reduction and wettability alteration.Due to toxicity and high cost associated with conventional surfactants,recent research has focussed on developing low-cost and environmentally benign surfactants.Herein,a low-cost green surfactant is extracted from Vernonia Amygdalina(VA)and appraised for EOR applications.The extracted surfactant was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared(FTIR)and High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography(HPLC).The IFT of the synthesized surfactant at the oil-water interface was determined using Kruss tensiometer.Additionally,the foam stability of the synthesized surfactant was examined.Moreover,the wettability of the saponin based natural surfactant(SBNS)at the rock-fluid interface was analysed using Dataphysics drop shape analyser.Experimental result revealed that SBNS(1 wt%concentration)stabilized foam for longer periods with half-life of 1100 min.Furthermore,the synthesized surfactant was effective in lowering the IFT of oil-water interface from 18 mN/m to 0.97 mN/m.Finally,SBNS altered the wettability of sandstone cores to water-wetting condition by reducing the contact angle from 118.5° to 45.7°.Overall,SBNS exhibit excellent properties desirable for EOR and thereby recommended as supplementary alternative to conventional surfactants.
基金Ministry of Higher Education,Malaysia and UTM for the grants used to support this research(Q.J130000.3551.07G12,R.J130000.7851.5F030,Q.J1300003551.06G68,R.J1300007351.4B545)。
文摘Seepage or loss of the mix-water from the drilling muds into the porous and permeable formations is a common problem during drilling operation.The drilling mud design requires a good knowledge of sealing integrity and all the factors influencing the mud to bridge through fractures or pore throat of exposed rocks.Loss circulation materials(LCMs)are commonly introduced into the drilling mud to prevent or minimize filtrate loss.This study investigates silica nanoparticle(SNP)derived from rice husk(RH)termed RH-SNP using the wet-milling method as an LCM inwater-based mud(WBM).The impact of the RH-SNP in the enhancement of rheology and filtrate loss control properties of WBM was studied.Subsequently,the sealing integrity of the RH-SNP in a 1 mm and 2 mm simulated fracture for 7 min was determined using a stainless-steel slotted filter disk.The performance of the developed RH-SNP was compared with the widely applied nutshell.The synthesized RH-SNP at amount of 2.0 wt% significantly enhanced the yield point and plastic viscosity of the WBM by 75% and 386%,respectively,and minimized the fluid loss of the WBM by 47% at 80°F.The enhancement is due to the particles ability to spread and interact efficiently with the WBM.With the use of 1 mm and 2 mm simulated fracture for 7 min,the mud loss volume of the base mud reduced by 50%,66.7%,86%,and 90%(for 1 mm)and 40%,65.7%,77.1%,and 80%(for 2 mm)with the inclusion of 0.5 wt%,1.0 wt%,1.5 wt%,and 2.0 wt% of RH-SNP,respectively.Overall,the results showed that RH-SNP enhanced the seal integrity of the drilling mud and was more resistant to deformation compared to the nutshell.The findings of this study can help for better understanding of the application of RH-SNP as a loss circulation agent owing to its superior ability to seal fractured formation compared with the often used nutshell.
基金The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Higher Education(MOHE),Malaysia(R.J130000.7846.4F946)Universiti Teknologi Malaysia(UTM),for supporting this research through Research Management Grant Vot.No.Q.J30000.2546.14H50.
文摘Ultrasound is an unconventional method used to recovery oil,despite the report on the use of this technique,the focus has always been on the continuous application of ultrasound.But the continuous ultrasound has its own limitation of high cost of production and maintenance of equipment because of high energy generated.In this study,the use of short duration,intermittent ultrasound was investigated,and the result compared with the continuous ultrasound.The effect of viscosity and intensity on both intermittent and continuous ultrasound was also investigated.A 2D micro-model placed inside an ultrasonic bath under an ultrasound radiation was used,a stereo microscope with the camera mounted at the top of the micro-model recorded the displacement process.The snapshot of each time interval was used to give the estimate in percentage(%)of the residual oil left in the micro-model.The results show that,short duration and intermittent ultrasound can recover more oil compared with the application using continuous ultrasound and longer duration.Therefore,the use of intermittent ultrasound as a green and cost-effective technique is herein proposed.
基金The authors would like to thank Ministry of Higher Education(MOHE),Malaysia,Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,Johor Bahru(Grant Number:QJ130000.3551.07G12)Universiti Teknologi MARA,Shah Alam,for funding thisresearch.
文摘Carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC)has emerged in oil and gas industries as a superior substitution to the conventional HPAM and xanthan gum(XG)for high viscosity polymer flooding application.In this study,the combined effect of conventional surfactant,sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate(SDBS)and CMC for potential surfactant-polymer(SP)flooding in enhanced oil recovery(EOR)has been investigated.Thereafter,SDBS–CMC interaction and the functional groups present in CMC were appropriately identified.The presence of various C–O bonds signifies the existence of carboxymethyl group which greatly influence the rheological properties of CMC solution.The behaviour of SDBS–CMC was characterized by their viscosity,shear rate,solubilization,wettability,and surface tension.Tertiary flooding utilizing SDBS-CMC was performed and compared to commercial SDBS-XG SP flooding.The results indicate several SDBS-CMC combinations are favourable for EOR application.Solution viscosity shows direct relationship with CMC concentrations.Consequently,at any given SDBS concentrations,significant increment was observed at 0.3 wt%and above.However,the trend displayed inconclusive relation to SDBS fractions.Majority of the SDBS-CMC combinations generate Winsor III emulsions particularly at CMC of 0.2 and 0.3 wt%,while Type II were observed in few combinations.Increasing CMC concentrations increased the contact angle,while gradual reductions were observed with SDBS concentrations.The gradual reduction in surface tension was highly influenced by the addition of CMC rather than SDBS.A novel combination of 0.3 wt%SDBS and 0.4 wt%CMC possessed an encouraging criterion in term of viscosity,solubilization,and surface tension reduction for EOR application.Flooding experiment from several SDBS-CMC combinations proved to recover additional oil ranging 16.4–20.2%of oil initially in place(OIIP).The trend in incremental oil recovery is similar to that of when utilising SDBS-XG.
