Colorectal cancer(CRC)is a predominant life-threatening cancer,with liver and peritoneal metastases as the primary causes of death.Intestinal inflammation,a known CRC risk factor,nurtures a local inflammatory environm...Colorectal cancer(CRC)is a predominant life-threatening cancer,with liver and peritoneal metastases as the primary causes of death.Intestinal inflammation,a known CRC risk factor,nurtures a local inflammatory environment enriched with tumor cells,endothelial cells,immune cells,cancer-associated fibroblasts,immunosuppressive cells,and secretory growth factors.The complex interactions of aberrantly expressed cytokines,chemokines,growth factors,and matrix-remodeling enzymes promote CRC pathogenesis and evoke systemic responses that affect disease outcomes.Mounting evidence suggests that these cytokines and chemokines play a role in the progression of CRC through immunosuppression and modulation of the tumor microenvironment,which is partly achieved by the recruitment of immunosuppressive cells.These cells impart features such as cancer stem cell-like properties,drug resistance,invasion,and formation of the premetastatic niche in distant organs,promoting metastasis and aggressive CRC growth.A deeper understanding of the cytokineand chemokine-mediated signaling networks that link tumor progression and metastasis will provide insights into the mechanistic details of disease aggressiveness and facilitate the development of novel therapeutics for CRC.Here,we summarized the current knowledge of cytokine-and chemokine-mediated crosstalk in the inflammatory tumor microenvironment,which drives immunosuppression,resistance to therapeutics,and metastasis during CRC progression.We also outlined the potential of this crosstalk as a novel therapeutic target for CRC.The major cytokine/chemokine pathways involved in cancer immunotherapy are also discussed in this review.展开更多
An accurate estimation of the total pressure drop of a pipeline is important to the reliable design of a pneumatic conveying system. The present paper presents results from an investigation into the modelling of the p...An accurate estimation of the total pressure drop of a pipeline is important to the reliable design of a pneumatic conveying system. The present paper presents results from an investigation into the modelling of the pressure drop at a bend in the pneumatic conveying of fly ash. Seven existing bend models were used （in conjunction with solids friction models for horizontal and vertical straight pipes, and initial acceleration losses） to predict the total pipeline pressure drop in conveying fly ash （median particle diameter： 30 }zm; particle density： 2300 kg/m^3; loose-poured bulk density： 700 kg/m3） in three test rigs （pipelines with dimensions of 69 mm inner diameter （I.D.） × 168 m length; 105 mm I.D. × 168 m length; 69 mm I.D. × 554 m length）. A comparison of the pneumatic conveying characteristics （PCC） predicted using the seven bend models and experimental results shows that the predicted total pipeline PCC and trends depend on the choice of bend model. While some models predict trends that agree with the experimental results, other models predicted greater bend pressure drops for the dense phase of fly ash than for the dilute phase. Models of Pan, R. （1992）. Improving scale-up procedures for the design of pneumatic conveying systems. Doctoral dissertation, University of Wollongong, Australia, Pan, R., ＆ Wypych, P.W. （1998）. Dilute and dense phase pneumatic conveying of fly ash. In Proceedings of the sixth International Conference on Bulk Materials Storage and Transportation （pp. 183-189）, Wollongong, NSW, Australia and Chambers, A.J., ＆ Marcus, R.D. （1986）. Pneumatic conveying calculations. In Proceedings of the second International Conference on Bulk Materials Storage and Transportation （pp. 49-52）, Wollongong, Australia reliably predicted the bend losses for systems conveying fly ash over a large range of air flows.展开更多
Hydrodesulfurization(HDS)of coal tar pitch(CTP)using Pt/Al_(2)O_(3)and Pd/Al_(2)O_(3)catalysts in tetrahydrofuran at 333 K and atmospheric pressure was investigated.The HDS of dibenzothiophene(DBT)proceeded over both ...Hydrodesulfurization(HDS)of coal tar pitch(CTP)using Pt/Al_(2)O_(3)and Pd/Al_(2)O_(3)catalysts in tetrahydrofuran at 333 K and atmospheric pressure was investigated.The HDS of dibenzothiophene(DBT)proceeded over both the Pt and Pd catalysts under the mild conditions.The effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the HDS of DBT were examined:a naphthalene ring suppressed the HDS,while a benzene ring did not.CTP underwent HDS as well as partial hydrogenation under the mild conditions.The Pt catalyst was more active than the Pd catalyst in the HDS of CTP.The sulfur content in CTP was reduced by over 50%through the HDS process.展开更多
This paper presents the results of an ongoing investigation into transient pressure pulses using Shan- non entropy. Pressure fluctuations （produced by gas-solid two-phase flow during fluidized dense-phase conveying）...This paper presents the results of an ongoing investigation into transient pressure pulses using Shan- non entropy. Pressure fluctuations （produced by gas-solid two-phase flow during fluidized dense-phase conveying） are recorded by pressure transducers installed at strategic locations along a pipeline. This work validates previous work on identifying the flow mode from pressure signals （Mittal, Mallick, ＆ Wypych, 2014）. Two different powders, namely fly ash （median particle diameter 45 μm, particle den- sity 1950 kg/m3. loosely poured bulk density 950 kg/m3） and cement （median particle diameter 15 p,m, particle density 3060 kg/m3, loosely poured bulk density 1070 kg/m3）, are conveyed through different pipelines （51 mm I.D. × 70 m length and 63 mm I.D. × 24 m length）. The transient nature of pressure fluc- tuations （instead of steady-state behavior） is considered in investigating flow characteristics. Shannon entropy is found to increase along straight pipe sections for both solids and both pipelines. However, Shannon entropy decreases after a bend. A comparison of Shannon entropy among different ranges of superficial air velocity reveals that high Shannon entropy corresponds to very low velocities （i.e. 3-5 m/s） and very high velocities （i.e. 11-14 m/s） while low Shannon entropy corresponds to mid-range velocities （i.e. 6-8 m/s）.展开更多
Production of high-strength carbonized coal composites from non-caking coals only with possible application as coke is presented.A binder and a non-caking coal were mixed in different ratios and carbonized at 1000C t...Production of high-strength carbonized coal composites from non-caking coals only with possible application as coke is presented.A binder and a non-caking coal were mixed in different ratios and carbonized at 1000C to produce coal-binder composites.Two binders,one from coal origin and other from oil origin were used.Effect of coal-binder mixing ratio and base coal particle size on the fracture strength of composites was investigated.Bonding of binder with the coal particles at coal-binder interface and development of connected carbon matrix were primarily responsible for the strength of the carbonized coal composites.The trend of change in fracture strength as a function of coal-binder fraction was similar for both the binders.However,for same coal-binder mixing ratio,binder type strongly affected the maximum strength achieved.Fracture strength was found to be primarily dependent on the coal-binder mixing ratio and base coal particle size.The main finding of this study is that the irrespective of binder type,for a given base coal particle size there was only one coal-binder mixing ratio at which the maximum strength was obtained.The binder fraction at which the highest strength observed was correlated to the carbon matrix connectivity index.展开更多
Catalytic coal gasification is an efficient way to achieve high conversion rates at low temperatures.Catalyst loss due to the reaction between the inherent mineral matter in the coal and the catalyst is a major hurdle...Catalytic coal gasification is an efficient way to achieve high conversion rates at low temperatures.Catalyst loss due to the reaction between the inherent mineral matter in the coal and the catalyst is a major hurdle for its practical application.The problem may be overcome by removing the mineral matter from the coal before use.Two demineralizing approaches,acid-washing and solvent-extraction methods are investigated for demineralizing the coals.Elemental analysis,XRD analysis,NMR analysis,and N_(2)adsorption analysis were made to compare the demineralization efficiency,crystallographic carbon microstructure,chemical structure,and micro-porosity,respectively.Solvent-extraction method was found be more efficient for demineralization.Difference was observed in the chemical structure and micro-porosity while crystallographic carbon-microstructure was found to be similar.Non-catalytic and catalytic gasification reactivity of the chars obtained by the two methods was compared.Gas composition and gas evolution profiles were also obtained and found to be influenced by the degree of demineralization.展开更多
Solid waste management is a severe challenge in India due to massive and rapid growth in waste generation rates,environmental difficulties,and financial constraints for proper treatment.Poorly managed municipal solid ...Solid waste management is a severe challenge in India due to massive and rapid growth in waste generation rates,environmental difficulties,and financial constraints for proper treatment.Poorly managed municipal solid waste(MSW)has substantial negative consequences for society,including financial and aesthetic harm,contamination of natural resources,environmental pollution,and severe health danger.Both qualitative and quantitative factors are required to select the appropriate solid waste treatment and disposal technologies.Multi-Criteria decision-making tools helped in analyzing solid waste in terms of qualitative and quantitative factors.In this paper,seven criteria and their sub-criteria are selected for ranking solid waste treatment and disposal technology using fuzzy-analytic hierarchy process.The results showed that composting is the most suitable option for solid waste treatment and disposal technology,followed by refuse-derived fuel.The incineration and sanitary landfills are the least preferred MSW management alternatives.The sensitivity analysis reveals a high consistency,robustness,and stability level.展开更多
基金Ramalingaswami Fellowship,Grant/Award Number:D.O.NO.BT/HRD/35/02/2006the Department of Biotechnology,&Core Research grant,Grant/Award Number:CRG/2021/003805+1 种基金Science and Engineering Research Board(SERB),Govt.of India,New DelhiSidra Medicine Precision Program,Grant/Award Numbers:5081012003,5081012002。
文摘Colorectal cancer(CRC)is a predominant life-threatening cancer,with liver and peritoneal metastases as the primary causes of death.Intestinal inflammation,a known CRC risk factor,nurtures a local inflammatory environment enriched with tumor cells,endothelial cells,immune cells,cancer-associated fibroblasts,immunosuppressive cells,and secretory growth factors.The complex interactions of aberrantly expressed cytokines,chemokines,growth factors,and matrix-remodeling enzymes promote CRC pathogenesis and evoke systemic responses that affect disease outcomes.Mounting evidence suggests that these cytokines and chemokines play a role in the progression of CRC through immunosuppression and modulation of the tumor microenvironment,which is partly achieved by the recruitment of immunosuppressive cells.These cells impart features such as cancer stem cell-like properties,drug resistance,invasion,and formation of the premetastatic niche in distant organs,promoting metastasis and aggressive CRC growth.A deeper understanding of the cytokineand chemokine-mediated signaling networks that link tumor progression and metastasis will provide insights into the mechanistic details of disease aggressiveness and facilitate the development of novel therapeutics for CRC.Here,we summarized the current knowledge of cytokine-and chemokine-mediated crosstalk in the inflammatory tumor microenvironment,which drives immunosuppression,resistance to therapeutics,and metastasis during CRC progression.We also outlined the potential of this crosstalk as a novel therapeutic target for CRC.The major cytokine/chemokine pathways involved in cancer immunotherapy are also discussed in this review.
基金the Department of Science and Technology(Government of India) for financial assistance provided under the Young Scientist Scheme(Grant No.SR/FTP/ETA-15/2011)
文摘An accurate estimation of the total pressure drop of a pipeline is important to the reliable design of a pneumatic conveying system. The present paper presents results from an investigation into the modelling of the pressure drop at a bend in the pneumatic conveying of fly ash. Seven existing bend models were used （in conjunction with solids friction models for horizontal and vertical straight pipes, and initial acceleration losses） to predict the total pipeline pressure drop in conveying fly ash （median particle diameter： 30 }zm; particle density： 2300 kg/m^3; loose-poured bulk density： 700 kg/m3） in three test rigs （pipelines with dimensions of 69 mm inner diameter （I.D.） × 168 m length; 105 mm I.D. × 168 m length; 69 mm I.D. × 554 m length）. A comparison of the pneumatic conveying characteristics （PCC） predicted using the seven bend models and experimental results shows that the predicted total pipeline PCC and trends depend on the choice of bend model. While some models predict trends that agree with the experimental results, other models predicted greater bend pressure drops for the dense phase of fly ash than for the dilute phase. Models of Pan, R. （1992）. Improving scale-up procedures for the design of pneumatic conveying systems. Doctoral dissertation, University of Wollongong, Australia, Pan, R., ＆ Wypych, P.W. （1998）. Dilute and dense phase pneumatic conveying of fly ash. In Proceedings of the sixth International Conference on Bulk Materials Storage and Transportation （pp. 183-189）, Wollongong, NSW, Australia and Chambers, A.J., ＆ Marcus, R.D. （1986）. Pneumatic conveying calculations. In Proceedings of the second International Conference on Bulk Materials Storage and Transportation （pp. 49-52）, Wollongong, Australia reliably predicted the bend losses for systems conveying fly ash over a large range of air flows.
文摘Hydrodesulfurization(HDS)of coal tar pitch(CTP)using Pt/Al_(2)O_(3)and Pd/Al_(2)O_(3)catalysts in tetrahydrofuran at 333 K and atmospheric pressure was investigated.The HDS of dibenzothiophene(DBT)proceeded over both the Pt and Pd catalysts under the mild conditions.The effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the HDS of DBT were examined:a naphthalene ring suppressed the HDS,while a benzene ring did not.CTP underwent HDS as well as partial hydrogenation under the mild conditions.The Pt catalyst was more active than the Pd catalyst in the HDS of CTP.The sulfur content in CTP was reduced by over 50%through the HDS process.
文摘This paper presents the results of an ongoing investigation into transient pressure pulses using Shan- non entropy. Pressure fluctuations （produced by gas-solid two-phase flow during fluidized dense-phase conveying） are recorded by pressure transducers installed at strategic locations along a pipeline. This work validates previous work on identifying the flow mode from pressure signals （Mittal, Mallick, ＆ Wypych, 2014）. Two different powders, namely fly ash （median particle diameter 45 μm, particle den- sity 1950 kg/m3. loosely poured bulk density 950 kg/m3） and cement （median particle diameter 15 p,m, particle density 3060 kg/m3, loosely poured bulk density 1070 kg/m3）, are conveyed through different pipelines （51 mm I.D. × 70 m length and 63 mm I.D. × 24 m length）. The transient nature of pressure fluc- tuations （instead of steady-state behavior） is considered in investigating flow characteristics. Shannon entropy is found to increase along straight pipe sections for both solids and both pipelines. However, Shannon entropy decreases after a bend. A comparison of Shannon entropy among different ranges of superficial air velocity reveals that high Shannon entropy corresponds to very low velocities （i.e. 3-5 m/s） and very high velocities （i.e. 11-14 m/s） while low Shannon entropy corresponds to mid-range velocities （i.e. 6-8 m/s）.
文摘Production of high-strength carbonized coal composites from non-caking coals only with possible application as coke is presented.A binder and a non-caking coal were mixed in different ratios and carbonized at 1000C to produce coal-binder composites.Two binders,one from coal origin and other from oil origin were used.Effect of coal-binder mixing ratio and base coal particle size on the fracture strength of composites was investigated.Bonding of binder with the coal particles at coal-binder interface and development of connected carbon matrix were primarily responsible for the strength of the carbonized coal composites.The trend of change in fracture strength as a function of coal-binder fraction was similar for both the binders.However,for same coal-binder mixing ratio,binder type strongly affected the maximum strength achieved.Fracture strength was found to be primarily dependent on the coal-binder mixing ratio and base coal particle size.The main finding of this study is that the irrespective of binder type,for a given base coal particle size there was only one coal-binder mixing ratio at which the maximum strength was obtained.The binder fraction at which the highest strength observed was correlated to the carbon matrix connectivity index.
文摘Catalytic coal gasification is an efficient way to achieve high conversion rates at low temperatures.Catalyst loss due to the reaction between the inherent mineral matter in the coal and the catalyst is a major hurdle for its practical application.The problem may be overcome by removing the mineral matter from the coal before use.Two demineralizing approaches,acid-washing and solvent-extraction methods are investigated for demineralizing the coals.Elemental analysis,XRD analysis,NMR analysis,and N_(2)adsorption analysis were made to compare the demineralization efficiency,crystallographic carbon microstructure,chemical structure,and micro-porosity,respectively.Solvent-extraction method was found be more efficient for demineralization.Difference was observed in the chemical structure and micro-porosity while crystallographic carbon-microstructure was found to be similar.Non-catalytic and catalytic gasification reactivity of the chars obtained by the two methods was compared.Gas composition and gas evolution profiles were also obtained and found to be influenced by the degree of demineralization.
文摘Solid waste management is a severe challenge in India due to massive and rapid growth in waste generation rates,environmental difficulties,and financial constraints for proper treatment.Poorly managed municipal solid waste(MSW)has substantial negative consequences for society,including financial and aesthetic harm,contamination of natural resources,environmental pollution,and severe health danger.Both qualitative and quantitative factors are required to select the appropriate solid waste treatment and disposal technologies.Multi-Criteria decision-making tools helped in analyzing solid waste in terms of qualitative and quantitative factors.In this paper,seven criteria and their sub-criteria are selected for ranking solid waste treatment and disposal technology using fuzzy-analytic hierarchy process.The results showed that composting is the most suitable option for solid waste treatment and disposal technology,followed by refuse-derived fuel.The incineration and sanitary landfills are the least preferred MSW management alternatives.The sensitivity analysis reveals a high consistency,robustness,and stability level.
