In the oil and gas industry, it has been established that for pipelines fabricated with carbon steels, their limitation is related to H<sub>2</sub>S and CO<sub>2</sub> environments, which is 7 ...In the oil and gas industry, it has been established that for pipelines fabricated with carbon steels, their limitation is related to H<sub>2</sub>S and CO<sub>2</sub> environments, which is 7 to 10 psia of partial pressure of <span style="white-space:normal;">CO</span><sub style="white-space:normal;">2</sub>. Therefore, in carbon steel cracking is shown, after 7 or 10 psia of partial pressure of <span style="white-space:normal;">CO</span><sub style="white-space:normal;">2</sub>. The experimental work was performed under static conditions in autoclaves within a pH of 3 to 3.8;partial pressures of 16 - 96 psi for H<sub>2</sub>S and 15 - 53 psi for <span style="white-space:normal;">CO</span><sub style="white-space:normal;">2</sub>, in the temperature range of 25<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C - 150<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C. It was observed that the average yielding stress used in Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) tests decreases with temperature increment. Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) evaluations showed that X52 steel, under conditions, was not susceptible to HIC. Results of SSC did not show indications of cracking after exposure to sour solutions, except for the specimen exposed to high H<sub>2</sub>S and <span style="white-space:normal;">CO</span><sub style="white-space:normal;">2</sub> content (96 psi of H<sub>2</sub>S and 53 psi of <span style="white-space:normal;">CO</span><sub style="white-space:normal;">2</sub> of the partial pressure) and high temperature (150<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C). Microcracks located between the upper and lower weld beads were also observed. However, the highest average corrosion rate was 0.27 mm/year (10.6 mpy), which occurred in samples exposed to 96 psi of H<sub>2</sub>S and 53 psi of <span style="white-space:normal;">CO</span><sub style="white-space:normal;">2</sub> at 150<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C. Likewise, the highest localized corrosion (severe pitting attack) was obtained at the same environment with a corrosion rate of 4.2 mm/year (167 mpy). The oil and gas industry could use carbon steels pipelines in partial pressure higher than 10 psia.展开更多
文摘In the oil and gas industry, it has been established that for pipelines fabricated with carbon steels, their limitation is related to H<sub>2</sub>S and CO<sub>2</sub> environments, which is 7 to 10 psia of partial pressure of <span style="white-space:normal;">CO</span><sub style="white-space:normal;">2</sub>. Therefore, in carbon steel cracking is shown, after 7 or 10 psia of partial pressure of <span style="white-space:normal;">CO</span><sub style="white-space:normal;">2</sub>. The experimental work was performed under static conditions in autoclaves within a pH of 3 to 3.8;partial pressures of 16 - 96 psi for H<sub>2</sub>S and 15 - 53 psi for <span style="white-space:normal;">CO</span><sub style="white-space:normal;">2</sub>, in the temperature range of 25<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C - 150<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C. It was observed that the average yielding stress used in Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) tests decreases with temperature increment. Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) evaluations showed that X52 steel, under conditions, was not susceptible to HIC. Results of SSC did not show indications of cracking after exposure to sour solutions, except for the specimen exposed to high H<sub>2</sub>S and <span style="white-space:normal;">CO</span><sub style="white-space:normal;">2</sub> content (96 psi of H<sub>2</sub>S and 53 psi of <span style="white-space:normal;">CO</span><sub style="white-space:normal;">2</sub> of the partial pressure) and high temperature (150<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C). Microcracks located between the upper and lower weld beads were also observed. However, the highest average corrosion rate was 0.27 mm/year (10.6 mpy), which occurred in samples exposed to 96 psi of H<sub>2</sub>S and 53 psi of <span style="white-space:normal;">CO</span><sub style="white-space:normal;">2</sub> at 150<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C. Likewise, the highest localized corrosion (severe pitting attack) was obtained at the same environment with a corrosion rate of 4.2 mm/year (167 mpy). The oil and gas industry could use carbon steels pipelines in partial pressure higher than 10 psia.
