China Energy’s National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon Energy(NICE)is developing a Power Plant Smart Management(PPSM)platform that employs digital-twin technology to undertake techno-economic modelling analysis on...China Energy’s National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon Energy(NICE)is developing a Power Plant Smart Management(PPSM)platform that employs digital-twin technology to undertake techno-economic modelling analysis on China Energy’s existing coal-fired power-plant units and explore cost-effective solutions to improve those plant units’thermal efficiencies and operating performance.This paper presents a case study of PPSM on a 320-MWe coal-fired thermal power-plant unit,demonstrating how the digital-twin technology was employed to explore and analyse optimization solutions.Various optimization solutions and their cost-effectiveness were assessed using the digital-twin-modelling analysis;the results indicated the optimization solutions are expected to improve the plant unit’s operating efficiency and reduce its current electricity-generation coal consumption by up to 3.5 g/kWh standard coal equivalent(sce),worth annual fuel-cost savings of approximately 4 million RMB for a single unit or 8 million RMB for the two identical 320-MWe units that the power plant currently operates.The digital twin was also employed to assess the power-plant unit’s operating economics during both summer and winter.In summer,when the unit operates in electricity-generation-only mode,the unit’s operating thermal efficiency could drop by up to 6%points following the grid demand of load changes from 100%maximum continuous rating(MCR)down to 30% MCR,resulting in an~45 RMB/MWh increase of electricity-generation cost.In winter,when the unit operates in combined heat and power(CHP)cogeneration mode,for the same boiler load,the CHP operation increases the plant unit’s operating profit with increasing district-heating duty,although the relative profit gain from the CHP cogeneration could start to decrease when the district-heating steam-extraction flow increases to a certain point that varies depending on the market prices of heat and electricity,while the fuel cost was found to be equivalent to~50% of the unit’s total CHP income cogenerated from its electricity and district heat outputs.展开更多
The cost of delivered H2 using the liquid-distribution pathway will approach$4.3-8.0/kg in the USA and 26-52 RMB/kg in China by around 2030,assuming large-scale adoption.Historically,hydrogen as an industrial gas and ...The cost of delivered H2 using the liquid-distribution pathway will approach$4.3-8.0/kg in the USA and 26-52 RMB/kg in China by around 2030,assuming large-scale adoption.Historically,hydrogen as an industrial gas and a chemical feedstock has enjoyed a long and successful history.However,it has been slow to take off as an energy carrier for transportation,despite its benefits in energy diversity,security and environmental stewardship.A key reason for this lack of progress is that the cost is currently too high to displace petroleum-based fuels.This paper reviews the prospects for hydrogen as an energy carrier for transportation,clarifies the current drivers for cost in the USA and China,and shows the potential for a liquid-hydrogen supply chain to reduce the costs of delivered H2.Technical and economic trade-offs between individual steps in the supply chain(viz.production,transportation,refuelling)are examined and used to show that liquid-H2(LH2)distribution approaches offer a path to reducing the delivery cost of H2 to the point at which it could be competitive with gasoline and diesel fuel.展开更多
CO_(2)capture,utilization and storage(CCUS)is recognized as a uniquely important option in global efforts to control anthropogenic greenhouse-gas(GHG)emissions.Despite significant progress globally in advancing the ma...CO_(2)capture,utilization and storage(CCUS)is recognized as a uniquely important option in global efforts to control anthropogenic greenhouse-gas(GHG)emissions.Despite significant progress globally in advancing the maturity of the various component technologies and their assembly into full-chain demonstrations,a gap remains on the path to widespread deployment in many countries.In this paper,we focus on the importance of business models adapted to the unique technical features and sociopolitical drivers in different regions as a necessary component of commercial scale-up and how lessons might be shared across borders.We identify three archetypes for CCUS development-resource recovery,green growth and low-carbon grids-each with different near-term issues that,if addressed,will enhance the prospect of successful commercial deployment.These archetypes provide a framing mechanism that can help to translate experience in one region or context to other locations by clarifying the most important technical issues and policy requirements.Going forward,the archetype framework also provides guidance on how different regions can converge on the most effective use of CCUS as part of global deep-decarbonization efforts over the long term.展开更多
Given the dominant share of coal in China’s energy-generation mix and the fact that>50% of the power plants in the country are currently<15 years old,efforts to significantly reduce China’s CO_(2) footprint wi...Given the dominant share of coal in China’s energy-generation mix and the fact that>50% of the power plants in the country are currently<15 years old,efforts to significantly reduce China’s CO_(2) footprint will require the deployment of CO_(2) capture across at least part of its fleet of coal-fired power plants.CO_(2)-capture technology is reaching commercial maturity,but it is still necessary to adapt the technology to regional conditions,such as power-plant design and flexible operation in the China context.Slipstream facilities provide valuable field data to support the commercialization of CO_(2) capture.We have built a slipstream facility at Jiangyou power plant in Sichuan that will allow us to explore China-relevant issues,especially flexible operation,over the next few years.We plan to share our results with the broader CO_(2)-capture and CO_(2)-storage(CCS)community to accelerate the deployment of CCS in China.This paper describes the design of the slipstream facility and presents results from our steady-state qualification tests using a well-studied benchmark solvent:30% wt monoethanolamine(MEA).The results from our MEA tests compare favorably to results reported from other slipstream-test facilities around the world,allowing us to commission our system and establish a reference baseline for future studies.展开更多
Reaching carbon neutrality will require investment on an unprecedented scale.Here we suggest that there is an underappreciated opportunity to leverage public funds to mobilize private capital in support of these aims....Reaching carbon neutrality will require investment on an unprecedented scale.Here we suggest that there is an underappreciated opportunity to leverage public funds to mobilize private capital in support of these aims.We illustrate the point using examples from public transit.Although the fuelling energy requirements of public fleets represent a small fraction of the eventual total demand across the transportation sector,the predictable and long-term nature of the refuelling profiles can reduce the financing risk.With appropriate coordination across the energy supply chain,near-term investments can be used to support scale-up of wider efforts to decarbonize the transportation sector and electric grid.We present two examples from California-one related to overnight power for battery electric bus charging and the other related to medium-scale supply chains for zero-carbon hydrogen production-to illustrate how this might be achieved.展开更多
Membrane-based separation technologies have the potential to lower the cost of post-combustion CO_(2) capture from power-plant flue gases through reduced energy and capital costs relative to conventional solvent appro...Membrane-based separation technologies have the potential to lower the cost of post-combustion CO_(2) capture from power-plant flue gases through reduced energy and capital costs relative to conventional solvent approaches.Studies have shown promise under controlled conditions,but there is a need for data on performance and reliability under field conditions.Coal-fired power plants in China operate in a dynamic manner,with increases and decreases in output causing changes in flue-gas composition.In this paper,we describe the first field test of a membrane-based post-combustion CO_(2)-capture system connected to a dynamically operating power plant in China.We report the performance of a Membrane Technology Research,Inc.(MTR)Polaris^(TM) membrane-based capture system over a range of plant operating loads ranging from 54%to 84%and conducted an operational stability test over a 168-h period during which the power plant was operating at an average load of 55%,but ramped as high as 79%and as low as 55%.Our results confirm the ability of a membrane capture system to operate effectively over a wide range of host-plant operating conditions,but also identity several issues related to plant integration,system control and resilience in the face of host-plant upsets that require attention as membrane separation systems move towards commercial use.展开更多
文摘China Energy’s National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon Energy(NICE)is developing a Power Plant Smart Management(PPSM)platform that employs digital-twin technology to undertake techno-economic modelling analysis on China Energy’s existing coal-fired power-plant units and explore cost-effective solutions to improve those plant units’thermal efficiencies and operating performance.This paper presents a case study of PPSM on a 320-MWe coal-fired thermal power-plant unit,demonstrating how the digital-twin technology was employed to explore and analyse optimization solutions.Various optimization solutions and their cost-effectiveness were assessed using the digital-twin-modelling analysis;the results indicated the optimization solutions are expected to improve the plant unit’s operating efficiency and reduce its current electricity-generation coal consumption by up to 3.5 g/kWh standard coal equivalent(sce),worth annual fuel-cost savings of approximately 4 million RMB for a single unit or 8 million RMB for the two identical 320-MWe units that the power plant currently operates.The digital twin was also employed to assess the power-plant unit’s operating economics during both summer and winter.In summer,when the unit operates in electricity-generation-only mode,the unit’s operating thermal efficiency could drop by up to 6%points following the grid demand of load changes from 100%maximum continuous rating(MCR)down to 30% MCR,resulting in an~45 RMB/MWh increase of electricity-generation cost.In winter,when the unit operates in combined heat and power(CHP)cogeneration mode,for the same boiler load,the CHP operation increases the plant unit’s operating profit with increasing district-heating duty,although the relative profit gain from the CHP cogeneration could start to decrease when the district-heating steam-extraction flow increases to a certain point that varies depending on the market prices of heat and electricity,while the fuel cost was found to be equivalent to~50% of the unit’s total CHP income cogenerated from its electricity and district heat outputs.
文摘The cost of delivered H2 using the liquid-distribution pathway will approach$4.3-8.0/kg in the USA and 26-52 RMB/kg in China by around 2030,assuming large-scale adoption.Historically,hydrogen as an industrial gas and a chemical feedstock has enjoyed a long and successful history.However,it has been slow to take off as an energy carrier for transportation,despite its benefits in energy diversity,security and environmental stewardship.A key reason for this lack of progress is that the cost is currently too high to displace petroleum-based fuels.This paper reviews the prospects for hydrogen as an energy carrier for transportation,clarifies the current drivers for cost in the USA and China,and shows the potential for a liquid-hydrogen supply chain to reduce the costs of delivered H2.Technical and economic trade-offs between individual steps in the supply chain(viz.production,transportation,refuelling)are examined and used to show that liquid-H2(LH2)distribution approaches offer a path to reducing the delivery cost of H2 to the point at which it could be competitive with gasoline and diesel fuel.
文摘CO_(2)capture,utilization and storage(CCUS)is recognized as a uniquely important option in global efforts to control anthropogenic greenhouse-gas(GHG)emissions.Despite significant progress globally in advancing the maturity of the various component technologies and their assembly into full-chain demonstrations,a gap remains on the path to widespread deployment in many countries.In this paper,we focus on the importance of business models adapted to the unique technical features and sociopolitical drivers in different regions as a necessary component of commercial scale-up and how lessons might be shared across borders.We identify three archetypes for CCUS development-resource recovery,green growth and low-carbon grids-each with different near-term issues that,if addressed,will enhance the prospect of successful commercial deployment.These archetypes provide a framing mechanism that can help to translate experience in one region or context to other locations by clarifying the most important technical issues and policy requirements.Going forward,the archetype framework also provides guidance on how different regions can converge on the most effective use of CCUS as part of global deep-decarbonization efforts over the long term.
文摘Given the dominant share of coal in China’s energy-generation mix and the fact that>50% of the power plants in the country are currently<15 years old,efforts to significantly reduce China’s CO_(2) footprint will require the deployment of CO_(2) capture across at least part of its fleet of coal-fired power plants.CO_(2)-capture technology is reaching commercial maturity,but it is still necessary to adapt the technology to regional conditions,such as power-plant design and flexible operation in the China context.Slipstream facilities provide valuable field data to support the commercialization of CO_(2) capture.We have built a slipstream facility at Jiangyou power plant in Sichuan that will allow us to explore China-relevant issues,especially flexible operation,over the next few years.We plan to share our results with the broader CO_(2)-capture and CO_(2)-storage(CCS)community to accelerate the deployment of CCS in China.This paper describes the design of the slipstream facility and presents results from our steady-state qualification tests using a well-studied benchmark solvent:30% wt monoethanolamine(MEA).The results from our MEA tests compare favorably to results reported from other slipstream-test facilities around the world,allowing us to commission our system and establish a reference baseline for future studies.
文摘Reaching carbon neutrality will require investment on an unprecedented scale.Here we suggest that there is an underappreciated opportunity to leverage public funds to mobilize private capital in support of these aims.We illustrate the point using examples from public transit.Although the fuelling energy requirements of public fleets represent a small fraction of the eventual total demand across the transportation sector,the predictable and long-term nature of the refuelling profiles can reduce the financing risk.With appropriate coordination across the energy supply chain,near-term investments can be used to support scale-up of wider efforts to decarbonize the transportation sector and electric grid.We present two examples from California-one related to overnight power for battery electric bus charging and the other related to medium-scale supply chains for zero-carbon hydrogen production-to illustrate how this might be achieved.
基金This work is financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFB0603301).
文摘Membrane-based separation technologies have the potential to lower the cost of post-combustion CO_(2) capture from power-plant flue gases through reduced energy and capital costs relative to conventional solvent approaches.Studies have shown promise under controlled conditions,but there is a need for data on performance and reliability under field conditions.Coal-fired power plants in China operate in a dynamic manner,with increases and decreases in output causing changes in flue-gas composition.In this paper,we describe the first field test of a membrane-based post-combustion CO_(2)-capture system connected to a dynamically operating power plant in China.We report the performance of a Membrane Technology Research,Inc.(MTR)Polaris^(TM) membrane-based capture system over a range of plant operating loads ranging from 54%to 84%and conducted an operational stability test over a 168-h period during which the power plant was operating at an average load of 55%,but ramped as high as 79%and as low as 55%.Our results confirm the ability of a membrane capture system to operate effectively over a wide range of host-plant operating conditions,but also identity several issues related to plant integration,system control and resilience in the face of host-plant upsets that require attention as membrane separation systems move towards commercial use.
