How do we measure vaccine efficacy? The strictest but also easiest parameter to determine vaccine efficacy is its ability to block infection.Indeed, if a vaccine is able to block infection, this necessarily follows th...How do we measure vaccine efficacy? The strictest but also easiest parameter to determine vaccine efficacy is its ability to block infection.Indeed, if a vaccine is able to block infection, this necessarily follows that it will also prevent both disease development and viral transmission. As a consequence, antibodies, specifically neutralising antibodies, have been used as the “gold standard” correlate of protection to measure SARS-CoV-2 vaccine efficacy, given their ability to block infection.展开更多
Human mucosal immunization is expected to afford protection against infection and reduce transmission by generating anti-infective immunity at the mucosal entry site of viruses and bacteria.Nasal or oral administratio...Human mucosal immunization is expected to afford protection against infection and reduce transmission by generating anti-infective immunity at the mucosal entry site of viruses and bacteria.Nasal or oral administration has the advantage of being needle free and self-administered,thereby improving compliance and coverage of large populations.In China,the experience of COVID-19 has promoted substantial efforts in the development of nasal vaccinations in the general health protection strategy.The hurdles we are facing in the development of mucosal vaccines,however,come from the still limited knowledge of the mechanisms controlling mucosal immunity in different anatomical locations and in response to different pathogens/vaccines.Identifying and filling the knowledge gaps in order to develop effective and safe mucosal immunization strategies requires global collaboration,not only at the scientific level but,most importantly,by engaging public and private health organizations,governments,and regulatory authorities.We have highlighted here some of the crucial issues in mucosal immunization and provided suggestions for the way forward toward a global preparedness effort to prevent infectious diseases and ensure vaccine equity.展开更多
During viral infections,antibodies and T cells act together to prevent pathogen spread and remove virus-infected cells.Virusspecific adaptive immunity can,however,also trigger pathological processes characterized by l...During viral infections,antibodies and T cells act together to prevent pathogen spread and remove virus-infected cells.Virusspecific adaptive immunity can,however,also trigger pathological processes characterized by localized or systemic inflammatory events.The protective and/or pathological role of virus-specific T cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection has been the focus of many studies in COVID-19 patients and in vaccinated individuals.Here,we review the works that have elucidated the function of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in patients and in vaccinated individuals.Understanding whether SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells are more linked to protection or pathogenesis is pivotal to define future therapeutic and prophylactic strategies to manage the current pandemic.展开更多
Chronic hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection is a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While multiple treatment modalities are available, liver transplantation remains the sole curative treatment for adv...Chronic hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection is a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While multiple treatment modalities are available, liver transplantation remains the sole curative treatment for advanced stages of HCC, and hence new treatment approaches are required to fulfill this unmet need of curative HCC therapy. Our first-in-man proof-of-concept adoptive T-cell immunotherapy against HBV related hepatocellular carcinoma metastases has shown promising results. Here, we review the development of T-cell immunotherapy targeting HBV antigens for the treatment of HBV-HCC and discuss the practical considerations for the safe and effective use in clinics.展开更多
基金supported by the Singapore Ministry of Health’s National Medical Research Council MOH-000019(MOH-Sta R17Nov-0001) grant
文摘How do we measure vaccine efficacy? The strictest but also easiest parameter to determine vaccine efficacy is its ability to block infection.Indeed, if a vaccine is able to block infection, this necessarily follows that it will also prevent both disease development and viral transmission. As a consequence, antibodies, specifically neutralising antibodies, have been used as the “gold standard” correlate of protection to measure SARS-CoV-2 vaccine efficacy, given their ability to block infection.
基金supported by the Gates Foundation(INV-059115)the Alliance of International Science Organizations(ANSO-CR-KP-2022-01)partly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(92469301).
文摘Human mucosal immunization is expected to afford protection against infection and reduce transmission by generating anti-infective immunity at the mucosal entry site of viruses and bacteria.Nasal or oral administration has the advantage of being needle free and self-administered,thereby improving compliance and coverage of large populations.In China,the experience of COVID-19 has promoted substantial efforts in the development of nasal vaccinations in the general health protection strategy.The hurdles we are facing in the development of mucosal vaccines,however,come from the still limited knowledge of the mechanisms controlling mucosal immunity in different anatomical locations and in response to different pathogens/vaccines.Identifying and filling the knowledge gaps in order to develop effective and safe mucosal immunization strategies requires global collaboration,not only at the scientific level but,most importantly,by engaging public and private health organizations,governments,and regulatory authorities.We have highlighted here some of the crucial issues in mucosal immunization and provided suggestions for the way forward toward a global preparedness effort to prevent infectious diseases and ensure vaccine equity.
基金This study is supported by the Singapore Ministry of Health’s National Medical Research Council under its COVID-19 Research Fund(COVID19RF3-0060)the Singapore Ministry of Health’s National Medical Research Council MOH-000019(MOH-StaR17Nov-0001)the National Research Foundation,Singapore(NRFCRP17-2017-06).
文摘During viral infections,antibodies and T cells act together to prevent pathogen spread and remove virus-infected cells.Virusspecific adaptive immunity can,however,also trigger pathological processes characterized by localized or systemic inflammatory events.The protective and/or pathological role of virus-specific T cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection has been the focus of many studies in COVID-19 patients and in vaccinated individuals.Here,we review the works that have elucidated the function of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in patients and in vaccinated individuals.Understanding whether SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells are more linked to protection or pathogenesis is pivotal to define future therapeutic and prophylactic strategies to manage the current pandemic.
文摘Chronic hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection is a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While multiple treatment modalities are available, liver transplantation remains the sole curative treatment for advanced stages of HCC, and hence new treatment approaches are required to fulfill this unmet need of curative HCC therapy. Our first-in-man proof-of-concept adoptive T-cell immunotherapy against HBV related hepatocellular carcinoma metastases has shown promising results. Here, we review the development of T-cell immunotherapy targeting HBV antigens for the treatment of HBV-HCC and discuss the practical considerations for the safe and effective use in clinics.
