Fruit pigmentation is a major signal that attracts frugivores to enable seed dispersal.In mostfleshy fruit,green chlorophyll typically accumulates early in development and is replaced by a range of pigments during rip...Fruit pigmentation is a major signal that attracts frugivores to enable seed dispersal.In mostfleshy fruit,green chlorophyll typically accumulates early in development and is replaced by a range of pigments during ripening.In species such as grape and strawberry,chlorophyll is replaced by red anthocyanins produced by theflavonoid biosynthetic pathway.Eggplant(Solanum melongena)is unique,as its fruit accumulates an-thocyanins beginning from fruit set,and these are later replaced by the yellowflavonoid-pathway interme-diate naringenin chalcone.To decipher the genetic regulation of this extraordinary pigmentation shift,we integrated mRNA and microRNA(miRNA)profiling data obtained from developing eggplant fruit.We discovered that SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING-LIKE(i.e.,SPL6a,SPL10,and SPL15),MYB1,and MYB2 transcription factors(TFs)regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in early fruit development,whereas the MYB12 TF controls later accumulation of naringenin chalcone.We further show that miRNA157 and miRNA858 negatively regulate the expression of SPLs and MYB12,respectively.Taken together,ourfind-ings suggest that opposing and complementary expression of miRNAs and TFs controls the pigmentation switch in eggplant fruit skin.Intriguingly,despite the distinctive pigmentation pattern in eggplant,fruit development in other species makes use of homologous regulatory factors to control the temporal and spatial production of different pigment classes.展开更多
An unprecedented number of studies have explored hormone levels in plants;however,only a small frac-tion includes comprehensive metabolite analyses spanning multiple hormone classes.Here,we aim to establish a unique a...An unprecedented number of studies have explored hormone levels in plants;however,only a small frac-tion includes comprehensive metabolite analyses spanning multiple hormone classes.Here,we aim to establish a unique and detailed resource integrating the absolute concentrations of diverse hormone classes and their metabolites in tomato floral organs and early fruit tissues across developmental stages.We quantified 58 hormone metabolites from six chemical classes in whole flower buds,individual floral organs at five developmental stages,mature pollen,and early fruit tissues up to 15 days after anthesis.Hormone profiling was complemented by matched transcriptomic and shotgun proteomic analyses.This integrated dataset revealed distinct spatial and temporal hormone signatures,including a gradual decline in active auxin levels-especially in stamens-contrasting with the accumulation of oxidized and conjugated auxin forms toward anthesis.Multi-omics analyses identified three GRETCHEN HAGEN 3(GH3)genes(GH3-2,GH3-7,and GH3-15)likely involved in auxin inactivation within reproductive organs.In vitro enzyme assays and transient overexpression in Nicotiana benthamiana confirmed their capacity to conjugate indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)to various amino acids.CRISPR/Cas9-generated single,double,and triple gh3 mutants showed increased levels of free IAA in mature stamens.Proteomic profiling of gh3-2 stamens revealed upregulation of stress-related proteins under normal conditions,whereas under heat stress,gh3-2 stamens exhibited fewer proteomic changes than the wild type.Moreover,pollen from gh3-2 and gh3-7 mutants maintained higher viability after prolonged heat stress.This study offers the most comprehensive hormone-focused multi-omics resource for tomato reproductive development to date.It provides a detailed map of hormone distribution across floral and early fruit tissues,and demon-strates its utility by uncovering a stamen-specific auxin conjugation mechanism that contributes to pollen thermotolerance.展开更多
基金the Abney Foundation,Leona M.and Harry B.Helmsley Charitable TrustJeanne and Joseph Nissim Foundation for Life Sciences+1 种基金Tom and Sondra Rykoff Family Foundation Researchthe Raymond Burton Plant Genome Research Fund for supporting the AA lab activity.
文摘Fruit pigmentation is a major signal that attracts frugivores to enable seed dispersal.In mostfleshy fruit,green chlorophyll typically accumulates early in development and is replaced by a range of pigments during ripening.In species such as grape and strawberry,chlorophyll is replaced by red anthocyanins produced by theflavonoid biosynthetic pathway.Eggplant(Solanum melongena)is unique,as its fruit accumulates an-thocyanins beginning from fruit set,and these are later replaced by the yellowflavonoid-pathway interme-diate naringenin chalcone.To decipher the genetic regulation of this extraordinary pigmentation shift,we integrated mRNA and microRNA(miRNA)profiling data obtained from developing eggplant fruit.We discovered that SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING-LIKE(i.e.,SPL6a,SPL10,and SPL15),MYB1,and MYB2 transcription factors(TFs)regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in early fruit development,whereas the MYB12 TF controls later accumulation of naringenin chalcone.We further show that miRNA157 and miRNA858 negatively regulate the expression of SPLs and MYB12,respectively.Taken together,ourfind-ings suggest that opposing and complementary expression of miRNAs and TFs controls the pigmentation switch in eggplant fruit skin.Intriguingly,despite the distinctive pigmentation pattern in eggplant,fruit development in other species makes use of homologous regulatory factors to control the temporal and spatial production of different pigment classes.
基金supported by the Chief Scientist of the Israeli Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security(grant no.20-16-0007)by the German Federal Office for Agriculture and Food(grant no.2813IL0)as part of the German-Israeli Binational Research Grants Program.
文摘An unprecedented number of studies have explored hormone levels in plants;however,only a small frac-tion includes comprehensive metabolite analyses spanning multiple hormone classes.Here,we aim to establish a unique and detailed resource integrating the absolute concentrations of diverse hormone classes and their metabolites in tomato floral organs and early fruit tissues across developmental stages.We quantified 58 hormone metabolites from six chemical classes in whole flower buds,individual floral organs at five developmental stages,mature pollen,and early fruit tissues up to 15 days after anthesis.Hormone profiling was complemented by matched transcriptomic and shotgun proteomic analyses.This integrated dataset revealed distinct spatial and temporal hormone signatures,including a gradual decline in active auxin levels-especially in stamens-contrasting with the accumulation of oxidized and conjugated auxin forms toward anthesis.Multi-omics analyses identified three GRETCHEN HAGEN 3(GH3)genes(GH3-2,GH3-7,and GH3-15)likely involved in auxin inactivation within reproductive organs.In vitro enzyme assays and transient overexpression in Nicotiana benthamiana confirmed their capacity to conjugate indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)to various amino acids.CRISPR/Cas9-generated single,double,and triple gh3 mutants showed increased levels of free IAA in mature stamens.Proteomic profiling of gh3-2 stamens revealed upregulation of stress-related proteins under normal conditions,whereas under heat stress,gh3-2 stamens exhibited fewer proteomic changes than the wild type.Moreover,pollen from gh3-2 and gh3-7 mutants maintained higher viability after prolonged heat stress.This study offers the most comprehensive hormone-focused multi-omics resource for tomato reproductive development to date.It provides a detailed map of hormone distribution across floral and early fruit tissues,and demon-strates its utility by uncovering a stamen-specific auxin conjugation mechanism that contributes to pollen thermotolerance.
