The latent heat thermal energy storage system with solid-liquid phase-change material(SLPCM-LHTES)as energy storage medium provides outstanding advantages such as system simplicity,stable temperature control,and high ...The latent heat thermal energy storage system with solid-liquid phase-change material(SLPCM-LHTES)as energy storage medium provides outstanding advantages such as system simplicity,stable temperature control,and high energy storage density,showing great potential toward addressing the energy storage problems associated with decentralized,intermittent,and unstable renewable energy sources.Notably,effective heat transfer within the SLPCM-LHTES is crucial for extending its application potential.Therefore,a comprehensive understanding of the heat transfer processes in SLPCM-LHTES from a theoretical perspective is necessary.In this review,we propose a three-stage heat transfer pathway in SLPCM-LHTES,including external heating,interfacial heat transfer,and intrinsic phase transition processes.From the perspective of this three-stage pathway,the theoretical basis of heat transfer processes and typical efficiency enhancement strategies in SLPCM-LHTES are summarized.Moreover,an overview of the typical applications of SLPCM-LHTES in various fields,such as building energy efficiency,textiles and garments,and battery thermal management,is presented.Finally,the remaining challenges and possible avenues of research in this burgeoning field will also be discussed.展开更多
Chalcopyrite and bornite are the main Au-bearing minerals at Cu porphyry deposits,volcanogenic massive sulfide(VMS)deposits,Cu-Ni deposits of the mafic magmatic complexes,and ores of submarine sulfide edifices.Bornite...Chalcopyrite and bornite are the main Au-bearing minerals at Cu porphyry deposits,volcanogenic massive sulfide(VMS)deposits,Cu-Ni deposits of the mafic magmatic complexes,and ores of submarine sulfide edifices.Bornite and intermediate solid solutions with wide compositional variations(bnss and iss–high-temperature chalcopyrite,correspondingly),which can scavenge economic concentrations of Au,appear in the Cu-Fe-S system at ore-forming conditions.However,the state of Au in bnss and iss is yet unknown.To solve this conundrum,we synthesized samples with net chemical composition of bnss and iss,studied them by in situ X–ray absorption spectroscopy(XAS),and used the experimental data to explain the Au distribution among natural ore-forming minerals.The sulfide samples were obtained at 495–700℃ in Au-saturated system by means of salt flux method.The bnss contained1.2–1.6 log units more Au than iss:up to 18 wt.%Au in bnss vs 0.4 wt.%Au in iss at 700C.An increase of temperature resulted in the sharp increase of Au concentration in both phases,1 log unit per 100℃ at f(S2)close to S_((l)) saturation.Analysis of Au L_(3)-edge spectra recorded at 25–675℃ revealed that at 25℃ Au exists mainly in the metallic state.At t>500℃ the spectral features of Audisappear,and “chemically bound”Au predominates.The Au form of occurrence in the iss field is interpreted as Au-bearing clusters with a stromeyerite-like(CuAgS)structure.Digenite Cu_(2–x)S and bnss contain Au in a mixture of stromeyeritelike and petrovskaite-like(Au_(0.8)Ag_(1.2)S)clusters.The chemical composition of both forms is close to CuAuS,where the nearest Au neighbors are two S atoms at R_(Au-S)=2.34–2.36Å.Results of the present study allow to determine the state of Au and its concentration in the main Cu-bearing minerals of sulfide ores as a function of the T-f(S_(2))-compositional parameters.Due to the sharp increase of the CuAuS clusters stability with increasing temperature,in high-temperature ores formed at t>350℃ Au enriches Cubearing minerals in comparison with Cu-free or Cu-deficient ones.As a result,in these ores native gold,being a product of decomposition of the Au-bearing clusters,is associated with Cu-rich minerals–chalcopyrite,bornite,digenite,chalcocite.展开更多
基金financial support was provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52476146,52006008,and 52471219)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2023A1515140059 and 2025A1515011255)+2 种基金the Peking University Third Hospital Haidian transformation project(HDCXZHKC2023210)the National Foreign Expert Individual Human Project(Category H,No.H20240116)the State Key Laboratory of New Ceramic Materials Tsinghua University(No.KFZD202402).
文摘The latent heat thermal energy storage system with solid-liquid phase-change material(SLPCM-LHTES)as energy storage medium provides outstanding advantages such as system simplicity,stable temperature control,and high energy storage density,showing great potential toward addressing the energy storage problems associated with decentralized,intermittent,and unstable renewable energy sources.Notably,effective heat transfer within the SLPCM-LHTES is crucial for extending its application potential.Therefore,a comprehensive understanding of the heat transfer processes in SLPCM-LHTES from a theoretical perspective is necessary.In this review,we propose a three-stage heat transfer pathway in SLPCM-LHTES,including external heating,interfacial heat transfer,and intrinsic phase transition processes.From the perspective of this three-stage pathway,the theoretical basis of heat transfer processes and typical efficiency enhancement strategies in SLPCM-LHTES are summarized.Moreover,an overview of the typical applications of SLPCM-LHTES in various fields,such as building energy efficiency,textiles and garments,and battery thermal management,is presented.Finally,the remaining challenges and possible avenues of research in this burgeoning field will also be discussed.
基金the ESRF for the beamtime allocation under proposals No.ES-184(ID26 beamline)and ES-703(BM20 beamline)study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant No.20-17-00184(XAS experiment,interpretation,geological application)Grant of the President of the Russian Federation for the state support of the leading scientific schools of the Russian Federation No.NSh-2394.2022.1.5(synthesis experiments,analysis of the synthesis products)support by the Russian Ministry of Science and Education under grant No 075-15-2022-1107(XAS experimental setup).
文摘Chalcopyrite and bornite are the main Au-bearing minerals at Cu porphyry deposits,volcanogenic massive sulfide(VMS)deposits,Cu-Ni deposits of the mafic magmatic complexes,and ores of submarine sulfide edifices.Bornite and intermediate solid solutions with wide compositional variations(bnss and iss–high-temperature chalcopyrite,correspondingly),which can scavenge economic concentrations of Au,appear in the Cu-Fe-S system at ore-forming conditions.However,the state of Au in bnss and iss is yet unknown.To solve this conundrum,we synthesized samples with net chemical composition of bnss and iss,studied them by in situ X–ray absorption spectroscopy(XAS),and used the experimental data to explain the Au distribution among natural ore-forming minerals.The sulfide samples were obtained at 495–700℃ in Au-saturated system by means of salt flux method.The bnss contained1.2–1.6 log units more Au than iss:up to 18 wt.%Au in bnss vs 0.4 wt.%Au in iss at 700C.An increase of temperature resulted in the sharp increase of Au concentration in both phases,1 log unit per 100℃ at f(S2)close to S_((l)) saturation.Analysis of Au L_(3)-edge spectra recorded at 25–675℃ revealed that at 25℃ Au exists mainly in the metallic state.At t>500℃ the spectral features of Audisappear,and “chemically bound”Au predominates.The Au form of occurrence in the iss field is interpreted as Au-bearing clusters with a stromeyerite-like(CuAgS)structure.Digenite Cu_(2–x)S and bnss contain Au in a mixture of stromeyeritelike and petrovskaite-like(Au_(0.8)Ag_(1.2)S)clusters.The chemical composition of both forms is close to CuAuS,where the nearest Au neighbors are two S atoms at R_(Au-S)=2.34–2.36Å.Results of the present study allow to determine the state of Au and its concentration in the main Cu-bearing minerals of sulfide ores as a function of the T-f(S_(2))-compositional parameters.Due to the sharp increase of the CuAuS clusters stability with increasing temperature,in high-temperature ores formed at t>350℃ Au enriches Cubearing minerals in comparison with Cu-free or Cu-deficient ones.As a result,in these ores native gold,being a product of decomposition of the Au-bearing clusters,is associated with Cu-rich minerals–chalcopyrite,bornite,digenite,chalcocite.
